ACUTE VIRAL INFECTIONS WITH COMBINED LESIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - A SCOURGE OF OUR TIME

Viral infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The association of pathogens often changes not only the typical clinical picture of the infection, but also its course, which often becomes the reason for the delayed diagnosis and lack of adequate treatment. The variety and discovery of new respiratory viruses, their variability, the rapid formation of strains resistant to antiviral agents and modifying adaptive immune responses in humans, lead to an increase in the frequency of mixed viral infections, which dictates the need to develop and implement new diagnostic and treatment algorithms. This review is devoted to the problem of acute viral infections with combined lesions of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) among the population of children. The etiological structure of causative agents of acute respiratory infections (ARI), acute intestinal infections (AII) and infections with combined lesions of the respiratory tract and GIT in children is presented. The features of the pathogenesis and clinical features of rotavirus, coronavirus infections are considered. An algorithm for making a decision on the appointment of a treatment-and-prophylactic complex for children with AII and ARI is proposed.

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Nanobiocide Based-Silver Nanomaterials Upon Coronaviruses: Approaches for Preventing Viral Infections

Nanoscale Research Letters ◽

10.1186/s11671-021-03558-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kamyar Khoshnevisan ◽

Hassan Maleki ◽

Hadi Baharifar

Keyword(s):

Viral Entry ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Silver Nanomaterials ◽

Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Nano Graphene

Abstract The effectiveness of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs), as antiviral agents, has been confirmed in humans against many different types of viruses. Nanobiocides-based AgNMs can be effectively applied to eliminate coronaviruses (CoVs), as the cause of various diseases in animals and humans, particularly the fatal human respiratory infections. Mostly, these NMs act effectively against CoVs, thanks to the NMs’ fundamental anti-viral structures like reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photo-dynamic and photo-thermal abilities. Particularly, the antiviral activity of AgNMs is clarified under three inhibitory mechanisms including viral entry limitation, attachment inhibition, and viral replication limitation. It is believed that nanobiocide with other possible materials such as TiO2, silica and, carbon NMs exclusively nano-graphene materials can emerge as a more effective disinfectant for long-term stability with low toxicity than common disinfectants. Nanobiocides also can be applied for the prevention and treatment of viral infections specifically against COVID-19. Graphic Abstract

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Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1758

Author(s):

Ines Cordeiro Filipe ◽

Mariana Soares Guedes ◽

Evgeny M. Zdobnov ◽

Caroline Tapparel

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Genome Organization ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Tissue Tropism ◽

Functional Elements ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Causative Agents

Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.

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Antibiotic therapy of acute upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media in adults

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0011.6681 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Aleksandra Paź ◽

Magdalena Arimowicz

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Symptomatic Treatment ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

An estimated 50% of antibiotic prescriptions may be unjustified in the outpatient setting. Viruses are responsible for most acute respiratory tract infections. The viral infections are often self-limiting and only symptomatic treatment remains effective. Bacteria are involved in a small percentage of infections etiology in this area. In the case of a justified or documented suspicion of a bacterial infection, antibiotic therapy may be indicated. Based on the Polish „Recommendations for the management of non-hospital respiratory infections 2016”, the indications, the rules of choice, the appropriate dosing schedules and the therapy duration, in the most frequent upper respiratory tract infections in adults, have been presented. Implementation of the presented recommendations regarding our Polish epidemiological situation, will significantly reduce the tendency to abuse antibiotics, and thus will limit the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms.

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Analysis of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces over the last 10 years (2010–2019)

Marine Medicine ◽

10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-4-63-72 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 63-72

Author(s):

V. I. Evdokimov ◽

P. P. Sivashchenko

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Military Personnel ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Total Contribution ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

Icd 10

The purpose of the study is to analyze the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces over the last 10 years from 2010–2019.Methodology. We conducted a selective statistical analysis of medical reports on the health status of personnel and the activities of the medical service in the form of 3/MED of military units, in which served about 80% of the total number of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces. The primary incidence of conscript military personnel was correlated with the chapters of the International Classiﬁcation of Diseases, 10 th revision (ICD-10).Results and their discussion. The average annual incidence rate of conscript military personnel for the Navy amounted to 1143,4–59,1‰, of the Ground Forces was higher at the level of trends — 1345,9–86,1‰. The dynamics of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy showed a decrease in data, the Ground Forces — resembled an inverted U-curve with maximum rates in 2013–2014. The leading chapters of diseases of the primary incidence of the Russian Navy and the Army were respiratory diseases (X chapter), skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (XII chapter), some infectious and parasitic diseases (chapter I), digestive diseases (XI chapter) and bone disease -muscular system and connective tissue (XIII chapter). The total contribution of these classes to the structure was 83,9 and 84,5%, respectively. Indicators of primary morbidity of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (J00–J06), infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00–L08), and other acute lower respiratory infections were of a different signiﬁcance for the conscripts of the Russian Navy and the Ground Forces of rank 1–6 respiratory tract (J20–J22), ﬂu and pneumonia (J10–J18), diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20–K31) and viral infections characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes (B00–B09). The distinctive features of the primary morbidity of military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces by disease classes and leading nosologies are revealed. The total contribution of the listed nosologies (groups in chapters) to the structure was 71,3 and 73,2%, respectively.

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Seasonal Coronaviruses and Other Neglected Respiratory Viruses: A Global Perspective and a Local Snapshot

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak ◽

Tomislav Meštrović ◽

Ivana Lukšić ◽

Maja Mijač ◽

Jasmina Vraneš

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Local Context ◽

Virological Diagnosis ◽

Tract Infections

Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently routinely sought for, and can thus be considered neglected from a diagnostic and clinical standpoint. Timely detection of seasonality of certain respiratory viruses (e.g., enveloped viruses such as seasonal coronaviruses) in the local context can aid substantially in targeted and cost-effective utilization of viral diagnostic approaches. For the other, non-enveloped and year-round viruses (i.e., rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus), a continuous virological diagnosis needs to be implemented in clinical laboratories to more effectively address the aetiology of respiratory infections, and assess the overall impact of these viruses on disease burden. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still actively unfolding, we aimed to emphasize the persistent role of seasonal coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses in the aetiology of respiratory infections. Consequently, this paper concentrates on the burden and epidemiological trends of aforementioned viral groups on a global level, but also provides a snapshot of their prevalence patterns in Croatia in order to underscore the potential implications of viral seasonality. An overall global prevalence in respiratory tract infections was found to be between 0.5 and 18.4% for seasonal coronaviruses, between 13 and 59% for rhinoviruses, between 1 and 36% for human adenoviruses, and between 1 and 56.8% for human bocaviruses. A Croatian dataset on patients with respiratory tract infection and younger than 18 years of age has revealed a fairly high prevalence of rhinoviruses (33.4%), with much lower prevalence of adenoviruses (15.6%), seasonal coronaviruses (7.1%), and bocaviruses (5.3%). These insights represent a relevant discussion point in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic where the testing of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses has been limited in many settings, making the monitoring of disease burden associated with other respiratory viruses rather difficult.

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Bioactive compounds from fungi with antiviral activities: Mechanism of action and biosynthetic pathways

Mexican Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.1.165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 165-189

Author(s):

Brenda Hernández-Sánchez ◽

◽

Ericka Santacruz-Juárez ◽

David Moore ◽

Carmen Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Hepatitis Virus ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Biosynthetic Pathways ◽

Ganoderic Acid

Viral infections have affected human health, causing critical pandemics and mortality worldwide. Viruses can also cause enormous economic problems for society globally. Bioactive compounds isolated from fungi (both edible and nonedible) have shown potential activity against viruses. In this review, we describe the fungal natural compounds that have exhibited capability to inhibit some human pathogenic viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, bovine herpes virus, influenza virus, respiratory syndrome virus, hepatitis virus among others. We focused on the biosynthetic pathways of fungal bioactive compounds and addressed the current knowledge about their antiviral mechanisms of action and specific targets. Fungal bioactive compounds are able to inhibit viral reproduction, blocking viral penetration, replication or translation as well as integrase or protease action. Fungal compounds able to inhibit protease such as. ganodermatriol, ergosterol, terpenoids, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderiol, sterigmatocystin, emericellin, cordycepin, ergosterol peroxide, myristic acid among others, may have a significant value to society at present, as they may have the potential to treat severe viral respiratory infections. Fungi represent a potential natural source of bioactive molecules that can be exploited for treating viral infections, which represent one of the main causes of disease worldwide. However, extensive investigations on clinical trials are required for the introduction of new antiviral agents into the market.

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Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02374-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Maitrayee Chatterjee ◽

Jos P. M. van Putten ◽

Karin Strijbis

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Mucin Production ◽

Mucin Glycoproteins ◽

Microbial Invasion ◽

Age Related ◽

Mucin Expression ◽

Airway Mucus ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Mucus plays a pivotal role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections. It acts as a primary contact site to entrap microbes and facilitates their removal from the respiratory tract via the coordinated beating of motile cilia. The major components of airway mucus are heavily O-glycosylated mucin glycoproteins, divided into gel-forming mucins and transmembrane mucins. The gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B are the primary structural components of airway mucus, and they enable efficient clearance of pathogens by mucociliary clearance. MUC5B is constitutively expressed in the healthy airway, whereas MUC5AC is upregulated in response to inflammatory challenge. MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 are the three major transmembrane mucins of the respiratory tracts which prevent microbial invasion, can act as releasable decoy receptors, and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. Pathogens have evolved virulence factors such as adhesins that facilitate interaction with specific mucins and mucin glycans, for example, terminal sialic acids. Mucin expression and glycosylation are dependent on the inflammatory state of the respiratory tract and are directly regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and microbial ligands. Gender and age also impact mucin glycosylation and expression through the female sex hormone estradiol and age-related downregulation of mucin production. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the role of respiratory mucins and their glycans during bacterial and viral infections of the airways and their relevance for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the impact of microbe-mucin interaction in the respiratory tract could inspire the development of novel therapies to boost mucosal defense and combat respiratory infections.

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Results of Detecting SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia by PCR in the Tyumen Region

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-146-149 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 146-149

Author(s):

I. V. Bakshtanovskaya ◽

T. F. Stepanova ◽

G. V. Sharukho ◽

A. N. Letyushev ◽

K. B. Stepanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

The aim of this work was to identify the causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia and coinfection using PCR study of biomaterial from patients.Materials and methods. PCR testing of 268 samples from 258 patients was carried out to identify RNA/DNA of viral and bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections.Results and discussion. In 43.3 % of samples SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected, in 4.5 % – RNA/DNA of acute respiratory viral infections pathogens, in one sample – DNA of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Co-infection was detected only in patients of the anti-tuberculosis dispensary (SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In the examined patients with pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was significantly more often detected in biomaterial from the lower respiratory tract (52 %) than in respiratory smears (8.5 %). In the first week from the onset of the disease, 19.2 % of positive samples were found, in the second – 56.5 %.

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Probiotics for prevention of acute respiratory infections in children: therapeutic potential.

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-254-260 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 254-260

Author(s):

Irina N. Zakharova ◽

Narine G. Sugyan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Local Immunity ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Acute respiratory viral infections represent a group of clinically, pathomorphologically similar acute inflammatory respiratory diseases that manifest by fever, a runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, a general feeling of ill health of varying severity. Activation of latent, persistent infections of viral and/or bacterial origin may occur in recurrent respiratory infections. Decreased production of local immunity contributes greatly to the development of viral and bacterial infections, persistence of pathogenic micro-organisms. Intestinal microflora can directly or indirectly affect the human respiratory tract through increased production of cytokines, short-chain fatty acids. In recent years, there has been a scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Earlier studies have shown a positive effect of probiotics on the respiratory tract with a view to prevent and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory infectious diseases by expending the number of IgA secreting cells in the bronchial mucosa. Studies showed that the use of probiotics can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections, duration of fever, cough, and the need for antibacterial agents in children. Peptidoglycans and muramyl peptides that are constituents of the bacterial cell wall have antiviral activity. Probiotics can also inhibit virus attachment through a process of competing for the specific receptors. The regeneration of the mucous membrane is enhanced by the ability of mucin to prevent the virus from attaching to epithelial cells and suppress virus replication. The antiviral effect of probiotics may be caused by the ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, dehydrogenases and NOs. Probiotics can modulate the functions of epithelial and dendritic cells, CD4 +, CD8 + T lymphocytes, NK cells, stimulate the synthesis of secretory immunoglobulins, helping to neutralize the virus.

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Acute Respiratory Infections in Children: Etiology and Epidemiology

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.9.5.135 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 135-146

Author(s):

Floyd W. Denny

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Complete Discussion ◽

Major Factors ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Microbial Agents

Acute respiratory infections are the most common affliction of humans, and their tendency to occur with much greater frequency in children makes them especially important to the pediatrician. A host of microbial agents can cause acute respiratory infections but only a few are responsive to antimicrobial agents. Because of the paucity of definitive laboratory tools that allow the easy recognition of the cause of acute respiratory infections, it is important for the practicing pediatrician to have other methods that aid in the clinical management of children with these infections. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections with emphasis on how this knowledge can guide the clinician in their management. The groundwork for the major emphasis of the paper will be laid by suggesting a classification of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Causative agents will be enumerated and put into perspective. The major factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections will be discussed in some detail and several risk factors will be evaluated. It is important for the reader to understand that the field of acute respiratory tract infections is so extensive and complex that a complete discussion of the entire field is not possible in this review.

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