scholarly journals The influence of chlorine-contaminated fuel on NOx emission control elements in compression engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 414-420
Author(s):  
Joanna Faber ◽  
Rafał Sala ◽  
Jarosław Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Engine Failure ◽  
The Impact

In paper the impact of intentionally chlorine-contaminated fuel on nitrogen oxides emission control elements in compression engine was described. The quality of fuel used is of key importance for the failure-free operation of the engine. Fuel contamination can occur mainly at the transport or storage stage.The main attention was paid to the EGR heat exchanger, which is used for exhaust gases recirculation, being one of the ways to reduce the emission of harmful NOx. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions (research engine stand tests) in cycles consisting of four phases. The fuel used was intentionally contaminated with chlorine. The test was interrupted after 250 hours at the engine failure and deposits appearance at the EGR heat exchanger. Test results of chemical composition of deposits, analytical methods used and sources and the cause of deposits appearance were described in present paper.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kedalaman Keprasan Tebu dengan Menggunakan Mesin Kepras Traktor Roda Dua Terhadap Kualitas Keprasan dan Pertumbuhan Tunas

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
Arzal Bili ◽  
Syafriandi Syafriandi ◽  
Mustaqimah Mustaqimah
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tractor Engine

Tebu kepras adalah menumbuhkan kembali bekas tebu yang telah ditebang. Keprasan tebu bertujuan untuk memperbaiki pertumbuhan tebu supaya tunas yang keluar tidak mengambang diatas permukaan tanah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh kedalaman keprasan tebu dengan menggunakan mesin kepras traktor roda dua terhadap kualitas keprasan dan pertumbuhan tunas. Hasil uji F analisis sidik ragam menyatakan kedalaman keprasan tebu tidak memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap kualitas keprasan, namun berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan yaitu berpengaruh terhadap diameter batang umur 21 HSK dan umur 28 HSK. Potongan utuh yang paling banyak dijumpai pada kedalaman keprasan 6-9 cm, dan potongan pecah banyak dijumpai pada kedalaman 0-3 cm, sedangkan tunggul yang terbongkar banyak dijumpai pada kedalaman 3-6 cm.The cutting of sugarcane is regrow trace sugar cane that has been cut down. The cutting of sugarcane aim to process  growth of sugarcane  which shoots out of floating off the ground. The purpose of this study to determine the influence of the depth cutting of  sugar cane using a tractor engine two wheels on the quality of cutting and growth buds. The test results were famous analysis of fingerprint range of express the depth of cuts in sugar cane has no noticeable effect on the quality of cutting, but the effect on the growth of the impact on the diameter of the age of 21 HSK and the age of 28 HSK. The cutting intact the most prevalent at a depth of cutting 6-9 cm, and broke out lots of found at a depth of 0- 3 cm, while the uncovered a lot of found at a depth of 3-6 cm.

Durability and Permanence in the Quality – Contemporary Parameters, Defining the Papers and Cardboards for Printing Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denitsa Ivanova-Alexandrova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
Long Period ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Composition Properties ◽  
The Impact

The long lifecycle, also known as durability and the permanence / invariability in the quality of papers and cardbords for graphic art, are today the basic requirements, imposed by printed art in terms of high quality parameters. These two factors are a manifestation, depending on different internal chemical-composition properties of the paper consistency and external influences of the ambience. Longevity and permanence are perceived as a function of aging and are actually observed at a later point in time. It is important to clarify that they are terms with different contents where „durability” is perceived as the ability of the paper or cardboard to resist the impact of wear during use, and the „permanence” is the possibility of product to remain chemically and physically stable for a long period of time.

Utilization of sewage sludge ashes in the brick and tile industry

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Wiebusch ◽  
Carl Franz Seyfried
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Sludge Incineration ◽  
Brick And Tile ◽  
The Impact

Several aspects of using ashes from sewage sludge incineration in the brick and tile industry have been examined. After discussing the item of ash production in Germany, the impact of different wastewater treatment methods is described; for instance, the use of precipitation agents containing iron will considerably influence the ash quality. Depending on their respective chemical composition, different ashes have different effects on the ceramic qualities of the bricks made of clay blended with ashes. These effects will be shown in regard to the major ceramic parameters. Similarly, the quality of the ashes also influences the elution behaviour and the mineral fixation of heavy metals.

scholarly journals The Impact of Foliar Application of Calcium Fertilizers on the Quality of Highbush Blueberry Fruits Belonging to the ‘Duke’ Cultivar

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Dariusz OCHMIAN
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
The West ◽  
The Impact

The studies were conducted in the period of 2010-2011, in the Laboratory of Orcharding at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, and related to the bushes of the highbush blueberry of the Duke cultivar. The authors examined the impact of foliar calcium fertlizers (Calcinit, Calcium chloride, Fruton Calcium Calcium, Folanx®Ca29 Lebosol Calcium Forte Calcium Forte) on the fruit size and firmness, their chemical composition, content of macronutrients in the foliage and fruits, and their colour. It was found that the applied fertlizers have varied impact on the examined attributes. The bushes sprayed with the Lebosol Calcium Forte and Calcinit preparations had big fruits with a high content of K and Mg, and dark foliage. The application of the Lebosol Calcium Forte fertilizer increased the content of polyphenols and vitamin C in the fruits. The smallest amounts of such compounds were determined in the fruits sprayed with the Calcinit fertilizer. The highest firmness and resistance to mechanical damage were achieved in the case of the fruits collected from the bushes sprayed with the foliar fertlizers containing calcium chloride, such as Fruton Calcium and Folanx Ca29. It was determined that the application of the calcium preparations resulted in the increase of the calcium content in the fruits and foliage. The highest amounts of this element were determined in the case of the plants sprayed with the Folanx Ca29 and Lebosol Calcium Forte preparations.

scholarly journals LINKING THE EVIDENCE: INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES IN MEDICAL TEST ASSESSMENTS

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas P. Staub ◽  
Suzanne Dyer ◽  
Sarah J. Lord ◽  
R. John Simes
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Medical Test ◽  
Intermediate Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: The aim of this study is to review how health technology assessments (HTA) of medical tests incorporate intermediate outcomes in conclusions about the effectiveness of tests on improving health outcomes.Methods: Systematic review of English-language test assessments in the HTA database from January 2005 to February 2010, supplemented by a search of the Web sites of International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) members.Results: A total of 149 HTAs from eight countries were assessed. Half evaluated tests for screening or diagnosis, a third for disease classification (including staging, prognosis, monitoring), and a fifth for multiple purposes. In seventy-one HTAs (48 percent) only diagnostic accuracy was reported, while in seventeen (11 percent) evidence of health outcomes was reported in addition to accuracy. Intermediate outcomes, mainly the impact of test results on patient management, were considered in sixty-one HTAs (41 percent). Of these, forty-seven identified randomized trials or observational studies reporting intermediate outcomes. The validity of these intermediate outcomes as a surrogate for health outcomes was not consistently discussed; nor was the quality appraisal of this evidence. Clear conclusions about whether the test was effective were included in approximately 60 percent of HTAs.Conclusions: Intermediate outcomes are frequently assessed in medical test HTAs, but interpretation of this evidence is inconsistently reported. We recommend that reviewers explain the rationale for using intermediate outcomes, identify the assumptions required to link intermediate outcomes and patient benefits and harms, and assess the quality of included studies.

The Influence Factors of Silicon Steel Magnetic Property

2014 ◽  
Vol 884-885 ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Shang ◽  
Hai Li Yang ◽  
Hong Xu ◽  
Yun Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Property ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Size Type ◽  
The Impact

Magnetic properties of silicon steel mainly depend on the internal organizational structure and chemical composition. The main factors affecting magnetic properties of silicon steel are analyzed and summarized, including grain size, inclusions (size, type, quantity, and morphology), crystal texture, internal stress, dimensional accuracy, the surface quality of steels, and chemical composition. The impact mechanism of the factors influencing silicon steel magnetic property is explained and these influence factors are interrelated.

scholarly journals Condensation of refrigerant R407C in multiport minichannel section

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Bohdal ◽  
Henryk Charun ◽  
Małgorzata Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

AbstractAnalysis of the state of-the-art in research of refrigerant condensation in miniature heat exchangers, so-called multiports, was made. Results of refrigerant R407C condensation in a mini condenser made in the form of two bundles of tubular minichannels from stainless steel with an inside diameter 0.64 mm and length 100 mm have been presented. Two exchangers consisted of four minichannels and 8 minichannels have been investigated. The values of average heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drops throughout the condensation process were designated. The impact of the vapor quality of refrigerant and the mass flux density on the intensity of heat transfer and flow resistance were illustrated. A comparative analysis of test results for various refrigerants in both mini heat exchangers were made.

scholarly journals Effect of Scientific Approach toward Students' Critical Thinking Skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Triyani Triyani ◽  
Lovy Herayanti ◽  
Syifaul Gummah
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Impact

The role of education is to improve the quality of education, especially in producing high-quality students. High-quality students are those who are able to think critically, creatively, logically and take initiatives in responding to issues in society caused by the impact of the development of science and technology. This study aims to determine the effect of a scientific approach to students' critical thinking skills. This study is an experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample of this study consisted of one class (28 students), which was treated using a scientific approach. Critical thinking skills are measured using a test instrument and then analyzed statistically (t test). Hypothesis test results indicate that there is an effect of using a scientific approach toward students' critical thinking skills.

scholarly journals Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaldi Zahran ◽  
Nafti Mounir ◽  
Jilani Tabarek
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Quality Aspects ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study was planned to investigate the raw milk characteristics and quality aspects and to evaluate the impact of nongenetic factors on physicochemical composition and microbial quality of milk from local Maghrebi camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept under a traditional system in oasis areas, southern west, Tunisia. Forty-nine individual milk samples were collected from lactating Negga over two periods of the year (winter and summer). Animals belonging to private flocks were between 5 and 17.5 years of age, with parity numbers ranging from first to sixth. Samples were analyzed for physical parameters, chemical composition, mineral concentrations, and microbiological features according to standard methods. The overall means of physical characteristics were 6.63 ± 0.22, 1030.63 ± 2.54, and 19.11 ± 4.08 for pH, density, and acidity, respectively. No significant association (P > 0.05) between physical characteristics and nongenetic factors has been observed. The average results of chemical composition for dry matter, protein, fat, casein, lactose, ash, and casein/protein ratio were 115.24±15.67g/L, 30.98±6.40 g/L, 32.84±4.88 g/L, 22.77±4.27 g/L, 37.21±4.64 g/L, 6.87±1.59 g/L, and 0.74±0.06 g/L respectively. Season, parity, and age were confirmed to impinge significantly on chemical components, except for lactose. The maximum contents of total solids, protein, casein, and fat content were observed during winter. The third lactation was characterized with the highest content of total solids, protein, casein, and lactose; while the highest fat content was recorded in the second lactation. Lactose content was stable throughout all the studied age classes (P > 0.05), whereas the other chemical constituents, showed an obvious superiority in the age class of 7≤ age ≤ 9 years. Season, parity, and age of the animal exerted a significant effect on all minerals. The highest levels of Ca, P, and K were recorded in the winter (P<0.01) whereas Na showed an opposite pattern and was higher in the summer (P<0.01). All major minerals were higher in milk from multiparous than primiparous camels, with maximum concentrations at the fourth lactation. The uppermost levels of mineral concentrations were recorded in the age class of 7≤ age ≤ 9 years. The lowest ones were those of animals over 12 years old. The microbial analysis of raw milk which is affected by season, parity, and age showed higher overall contamination levels in all studied bacterial counts. The highest levels were observed in winter, among the multiparous and oldest Negga. The results highlighted the complete absence of the two dangerous pathogens Salmonella and CSR in all analyzed samples.

Improving quality of care and reducing costs with angiogenesis-specific imaging tests in metastatic breast cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 150-150
Author(s):  
Carolyn Bodnar ◽  
L. Clark Paramore ◽  
Kevin B. Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Impact

150 Background: Anti-angiogenesis (AA) drugs (e.g., bevacizumab) are expensive and their clinical benefit in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has been challenged. Healthcare reform and financial pressures prioritize programs which improve patient quality of care and reduce costs of unnecessary care. Angiogenesis-specific imaging tests (A-IT) under development have potential to offer earlier, accurate determination of response. For A-IT-identified responders, AA treatment would be continued. For patients identified as non-responders, futile AA treatment and associated toxicities can be avoided and alternative therapies initiated. Methods: A decision-tree model was developed to estimate the impact of A-IT from determination of AA therapy eligibility through to disease progression. Key decision nodes were presence/absence of A-IT (assessing change in biomarker expression across 2 PET/CT scans: at AA eligibility, then after one cycle of AA), A-IT sensitivity/specificity (SE/SP) and clinician adherence to test results (tied to belief that results are valid enough to stop AA therapy). Key model inputs (and base case values): 1) median time to progression (TTP) for current MBC patients on AA therapies (9.5 months); 2) median TTP for A-IT identified responders (13 months); 3) costs of bevacizumab, one cycle ($5,200); 4) percentage of AA patients with hemorrhage (4%); 5) costs of hemorrhaging, per event ($14,694); 6) per patient costs for A-IT ($6,000); 7) estimated SE/SP of A-IT – 95%/75%; and 8) clinician adherence to test results (75%). Results: Based on a cohort of 100 MBC patients, use of A-IT results in 29 patients avoiding futile AA therapy with a saving of $460,000, versus a scenario where A-IT was not used. One-way threshold sensitivity analysis shows A-IT is cost-saving if SP >62% or when clinician adherence is ≥63%; results are not sensitive to AA hemorrhage rate. Conclusions: Use of A-IT could improve quality of care by optimizing AA therapy, i.e., by identifying responders who will experience survival benefit and non-responders who can avoid futile therapy and toxicity risks. Significant cost savings may be possible as a result of early determination of response to AA drugs.

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