scholarly journals Evolution of payment methods in Greece – Determinants of their use

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Pantelis Kyrmizoglou ◽  
Aikaterini Daoultzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Capital Controls ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Debit Cards

From society’s point of view and the exchange of products, metal and gold, till the digital era of cryptocurrencies mediated a lot of phases in payment methods that Greeks used. In this assignment, means of payment are presented and analyzed through the years, differentiations and trends are examined as well as Greek citizens’, and not only, choices are commented according to the means of payment they use via statistical reports conducted by related entities. The aim of this primary research that has been developed in Delta Municipality is the specifying of factors which have an impact on users’ payment choices and also the discovery of a relation probably between those choices and those of sex, age, level of income or level of education. Findings show the general dominations of debit cards in all ages and level of income, for each kind of transaction (natural or digital), confirming the raise of plastic money in Greece after capital controls’ arrival. Speed, directness and convenience are the characteristics which are necessary to be fulfilled by a means of payment, but also another modern reason and necessity of plastic money is the new tax-free builder regime. Furthermore, loyalty programs that cards provide most of the time are really tempting. There is no familiarization neither with cryptocurrencies nor the new contactless media, but only for the concept, independently of age. Finally, grey payments are still a concerning issue, which are preferred by everyone verifying the Greek reality.

Estimacion de Economias de Escala en el Mercado de Tarjetas de Pago

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Main Banks ◽  
Debit Cards

During the last years, the growth of transactions made through credit and debit cards has presented quite signif- icant increases both in number and in amounts. This paper studies the existence of economies of scale in the pro- cessing of such transactions, a situation that would exist if it were compatible with the existence of a single firm destined to the processing of said operations. The existence of a single firm for processing is not in itself a problem per se, which does generate problems for the competition is the structure of said firm, because for the period of time analyzed, its shareholder composition was composed of The main banks that issue these cards, but also have given them the function of being the acquirer of the merchants for these payment methods, which generates a vertically inte- grated structure, which creates competition problems in the market. After estimating the model indirectly from a cost function, this work determines the existence of economies of scale in the industry.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Budaya Literasi Anak di Taman Kanak-Kanak Nurul Fikri Bekasi Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-299
Author(s):  
Fadilla Ayuningtyas ◽  
Ellita Permata Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Used Goods ◽  
And Training

In this millennial era our society’s ability to read is increasingly eroded by the presence of technology. Gadget is not only enjoyed by adults, but also by children even from an early age. At TK Nurul Fikri, Alamanda Regency Housing in North Bekasi, 100% of parents said that they gave a gadget to their children. Mothers also have a relatively low level of education. The Community Empowerment Program is carried out through an awareness method by providing material and training related to child care in the digital era. This program involves speakers and trainers who have been involved in parenting world. The storytelling training programs, which was carried out to improve maternal skills in educating children, are also supported by training in making story-telling materials from used goods. Through the skill playing method, children are also stimulated to be closer to literacy culture. Through this program, mothers become more open-minded and trained to build their children literacy culture. Thus children are expected to get more positive values ​​from their close environment.

The effect of prescriptivism on comparative markers in spoken Dutch

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdy Hubers ◽  
Helen de Hoop
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Prescriptive Grammar

Dutch prescriptive grammar rules dictate that the complementizer dan ‘than’ should be used in comparative constructions of inequality. This has been an issue for grammarians from the sixteenth century onwards when als ‘as’ started to be used as an alternative form in this type of context. In order to find out why and when people choose one comparative marker over the other, we examined the use of these markers in the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN). We found that the use of dan is overall more common than als in comparative constructions of inequality, even though from a linguistic point of view als might be favoured. The choice between als and dan turns out to be strongly correlated with the level of education. Although this factor has been assumed to be of influence for a long time, as far as we know it has never been quantitatively tested before. We conclude that the effect of the level of education we found reflects the strong influence of the prescriptive rule taught in schools, repressing the use of als in comparatives of inequality.

SHORTCOMINGS OF COMMONLY USED METHODS OF MEASURING THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE COUNTRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wojciechowski ◽  
Tomasz Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
State And Society ◽  
State Of The Environment

The article analyzes the flaws of the classical measures of economic growth. It is based on the assumption that, while not questioning the quality of the GDP indicator as a tool for measuring economic activity, it points out that the way this indicator is constructed influences the actions of governments, citizens and other actors, affecting also non-productive areas. What we measure affects what we do - if production is measured, then the criterion determining the success of the state and society will be the growth of production, and not the level of education, health or state of the environment. Gross domestic product in many cases includes production that, from the point of view of the community, indicates unfavorable processes. These are the so-called anti-goods, i.e., phenomena that increase GDP, although they worsen well-being and are socially undesirable).

On-Line Credit Card Payment Processing and Fraud Prevention for e-Business

2010 ◽  
pp. 455-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Williams ◽  
Wichian Premchaiswadi
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
On Line ◽  
Card Payment ◽  
Debit Cards ◽  
Cyber Criminals

As the volume of purchases for products and services on the Internet has increased and the chosen method of payment is a credit or debit card, e-commerce merchants must be capable of accepting such payment methods. Unfortunately, cyber-criminals have found ways to steal personal information found on credit cards and debit cards and fraudulently use this information to purchase products and services which costs merchants lost revenue and fees for chargebacks. This article discusses the process by which credit card payments are processed beginning with the e-commerce merchant’s web site to a credit card processor or service gateway to the credit card company’s network to the issuing bank’s network with an accept or decline response being returned to the merchant’s shopping cart system via the same networks. The article addresses the issue of credit card fraud in terms of how the cyber-criminals function and the potential solutions used to deter these attempts by the cybercriminals. A list of preventive measures that should be used by e-commerce merchants is provided.

scholarly journals Sinking in Quicksand: The Demise of Victorian High Culture in America 1870-1915

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Sharafi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Ideal

Today, the term Victorian implies snobbishness and rigidity. Our world, the result in part of a rebellion against Victorian formality and social hierarchy, celebrates the classless, the democratic, and the popular. It professes faith in the artistic judgment of all members of society regardless of ethnic origin, level of education or wealth. From the Victorian point of view, however, twentieth-century mass culture is accessible to all by appealing to the lowest common denominator; it is inclusive at the cost of a loss of education, refinement, and profundity. Turn-of-the-century America is the ideal subject for a study of the interaction between Victorian high culture and modern mass culture; the period from 1870 to 1915 was one of drastic cultural metamorphosis. Social change threatened the foundations of high culture and eventually killed it, but not without the unintentional help of the Victorians' own self-alienating behaviour.

scholarly journals Brand importance across product categories in the Czech Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-354
Author(s):  
Tomáš Formánek ◽  
Radek Tahal
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Empirically Supported

Abstract This paper deals with customer loyalty to brands and provides an analysis of brand-related attitudes among Czech consumers. Brand loyalty is a very important aspect of competitive marketing and we contribute an empirically supported point of view on the topic. Based on primary data from a complex consumer survey carried out for the purpose of this study, we investigate the extent of brand loyalty across different product categories, mostly fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). For convenience, the analysis of our survey-data may be divided in two main areas. First, product categories are ranked according to their potential power to attract customers’ interest and loyalty towards brands. When loyalty programs are prepared, it is important to discern product categories where loyalty potential is weak from those categories that attract consumer loyalty. Second, sociodemographic features and lifestyle factors from the survey are evaluated with respect to different product categories, by means of logistic regression and subsequent average partial effect (APE) analysis. A detailed and practically oriented interpretation of the empirical results is provided by the authors. However, both corporate marketers and academic readers can use the tables with empirical estimation outputs that are provided in this article to draw their own conclusions, which may be focused on the product category of interest and/or focused on any specific consumer group that is of particular interest. Among other topics, this paper emphasizes the fact that brand loyalty is a highly complex phenomenon and that it can and should be analysed from different perspectives.

scholarly journals Research results in the field of information support for innovation activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Žižlavský ◽  
Petra Šmakalová
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Future Market ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Innovation Activities

The paper deals with an actual issue focused on one of the world wide problem – effective development of an innovation process in the company. Just innovation is deemed as an essential part of company’s efficiency and its development with an impact on overall performance and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss knowledge and findings of original primary research into South-Moravian companies within two projects of Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Business and Management Brno University of Technology, which were conducted in 2009 and 2010. For this analysis a questionnaire survey was used – the results of the primary research reflect innovative activities from the top managers’ point of view. The scientific aim of the paper is to gain knowledge and analyse the present status of innovative activities as it pertains to Czech and foreign professional literature and in the Czech business environment. Authors proved with help of questionnaire survey that many companies still neglect information support of their innovation activities although given the importance of innovation as an engine of growth. Moreover, as shown by the primary research, the majority of companies lack a sophisticated marketing information system, modelling and analysis of the future market, analyses of customers, their behaviour and unsaid needs, definition of price strategies, and analysis of new expansion areas. These findings are not affirmative for our business environment.

scholarly journals Data Infrastructures in Ecology: An Infrastructure Studies Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Millerand ◽  
Karen S. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Data Infrastructures ◽  
Infrastructure Studies

The development of information infrastructures that make ecological research data available has increased in recent years, contributing to fundamental changes in ecological research. Science and Technology Studies (STS) and the subfield of Infrastructure Studies, which aims at informing infrastructures’ design, use, and maintenance from a social science point of view, provide conceptual tools for understanding data infrastructures in ecology. This perspective moves away from the language of engineering, with its discourse on physical structures and systems, to use a lexicon more “social” than “technical” to understand data infrastructures in their informational, sociological, and historical dimensions. It takes a holistic approach that addresses not only the needs of ecological research but also the diversity and dynamics of data, data work, and data management. STS research, having focused for some time on studying scientific practices, digital devices, and information systems, is expanding to investigate new kinds of data infrastructures and their interdependencies across the data landscape. In ecology, data sharing and data infrastructures create new responsibilities that require scientists to engage in opportunities to plan, experiment, learn, and reshape data arrangements. STS and Infrastructure Studies scholars are suggesting that ecologists as well as data specialists and social scientists would benefit from active partnerships to ensure the growth of data infrastructures that effectively support scientific investigative processes in the digital era.

scholarly journals Education as an income situation determinant of a consumer

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-490
Author(s):  
Ladislav Stejskal ◽  
Jana Stávková
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Average Monthly Income ◽  
Financial Income ◽  
Direct Proportionality

The article is focused on an analysis of educational attainment of an individual and income ­situation of their household. At the beginning, a compendious summary of secondary sources is introduced. It resumes data supporting and contradicting the hypothesis about education as a determinant of an income situation. The preliminary theses analysis is performed by results quantification of a project called European Union – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Aim of the paper is to verify the input thesis assumed from secondary resources. The thesis concerns the direct ­proportion between a level of education achieved and level of financial income. An introduction of a methodolo­gy and research summarized data forms a basis for particular analyses which are based on a conjunction of obtained information on household average monthly income and the educational attainment of their leading member. Analyses are sustained by contingency which characteri­zes social groups, i.e. spheres in which leading members are mostly involved with regard to income.Research results proved the validity of the preliminary thesis about correlation, respectively direct proportionality of educational attainment and monthly income amount. Education is consequently identified as one of income situation determinants. The authors anticipate specificity of the selected point of view. Results are therefore presented only as a partial argument and a possible base for further enquiries.

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