Current perspectives on the remediation methods of marine plastic pollution: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Andreea Lup ◽  
Mihai Gorea ◽  
Denisa Bruhs
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Waves And Tides ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Plastic debris represents a contemporary point of concern for the marine environment, being discharged into the ocean at an alarming scale. However, the quantity of waste that is found in the ocean is unknown. Where does this waste come from, and where does it end up are questions that scientists and researchers are still trying to accurately answer. The majority of plastic products that make their way into the ocean come mainly from human activities. Most of them land on beaches, and eventually find their way into the ocean, being washed away by waves and tides. To assess the impact of these pollutants that are found in the marine environment, it is necessary to determine the concentration of the chemicals accumulating in the biomass, and the effects they cause. There are numerous biological effects which lead to many obvious diseases in marine species. Also, these harmful effects determine changes in community structure, the modification of the habitat and local or complete extinction of many aquatic species. This review aims to lay out the present situation of the marine environment, and the effects of the pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization. Different types of remediation approaches have been discussed, such as physical remediation techniques. Besides that, the role of numerous bacteria and fungi that are capable of breaking down these chemicals that surround us, has been highlighted and point at some of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals Threat or Corrective? Assessing the Impact of Populist Parties in Government on the Qualities of Democracy: A 19-Country Comparison

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Davide Vittori
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Scholars have long debated whether populism harms or improves the quality of democracy. This article contributes to this debate by focusing on the impact of populist parties in government. In particular, it inquires: (1) whether populists in government are more likely than non-populists to negatively affect the quality of democracies; (2) whether the role of populists in government matters; and (3) which type of populism is expected to negatively affect the quality of liberal-democratic regimes. The results find strong evidence that the role of populists in government affects several qualities of democracy. While robust, the findings related to (2) are less clear-cut than those pertaining to (1). Finally, regardless of their role in government, different types of populism have different impacts on the qualities of democracy. The results show that exclusionary populist parties in government tend to have more of a negative impact than other forms of populism.

The Role of Understanding on Architectural Beauty: Evidence From the Impact of Semantic Description on the Aesthetic Evaluation of Architecture

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110021
Author(s):  
Sizhe Liu ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xianyou He ◽  
Xiaoxiang Tang ◽  
Shuxian Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Appearance Design ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Impact

There is evidence that greater aesthetic experience can be linked to artworks when their corresponding meanings can be successfully inferred and understood. Modern cultural-expo architecture can be considered a form of artistic creation and design, and the corresponding design philosophy may be derived from representational objects or abstract social meanings. The present study investigates whether cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design is perceived as more beautiful and how architectural photographs and different types of descriptions of architectural appearance designs interact and produce higher aesthetic evaluations. The results showed an obvious aesthetic preference for cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design (Experiment 1). Moreover, we found that the aesthetic rating score of architectural photographs accompanied by an abstract description was significantly higher than that of those accompanied by a representational description only under the difficult-to-understand design condition (Experiment 2). The results indicated that people preferred cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design due to a greater understanding of the design, providing further evidence that abstract descriptions can provide supplementary information and explanation to enhance the sense of beauty of abstract cultural-expo architecture.

scholarly journals Mental Health Among Employed Family Caregivers: A Gender-Based Analysis on the Role of Workplace Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Lun Li ◽  
Yeonjung Lee ◽  
Daniel W L Lai
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Workplace Support ◽  
Employment Adjustment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Compared to men, women undertake more family caregiving responsibilities, and thus take more toll in health and wellbeing when they are employed. The current study examined the gender difference in mental health among employed family caregivers, focusing on the role of workplace support in balancing work and caregiving roles. Guided by the social role theory and the moderated-mediation model of employment adjustment and mental health, we analyzed a nationally representative data from the 2012 Canada General Social Survey - Caregiving and Care Receiving with a sample of 2,426 participants selected. Moderated-mediation analysis based on the SPSS macro PROCESS 3.3 was used. Women employed family caregivers are more likely to undertake higher intensive caregiving, make more employment adjustment, and further report worse mental health status than their men counterparts. Gender difference was apparent in regards to the workplace support. For women, the moderating effect of workplace support is significant only when there are at least 5 different types of workplace support available at their workplaces, while for men, the moderating effect is significant when there are at least 2-3 different types of workplace support available. Women employed family caregivers experience worse mental health when employment adjustment is needed for their care responsibility. Findings have implications for providing workplace support for family caregivers given that women benefit less from workplace support compared to men. Further study is needed to explore the impact of various types of workplace support for women employed family caregivers, and to provide tailored support to them.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2034
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmed Ratan ◽  
Fazla Rabbi Mashrur ◽  
Anisha Parsub Chhoan ◽  
Sadi Md. Shahriar ◽  
Mohammad Faisal Haidere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact

Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.

scholarly journals The Impact of the earlySTEM Program on Teacher and Student Outcomes: The Role of Teachers’ Involvement in the Program Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-405
Author(s):  
Zerrin Doganca Kucuk ◽  
Defne Yabas ◽  
Hayriye Sinem Boyaci ◽  
Mehmet Sencer Corlu
Keyword(s):  
Program Development ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Development Process ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Professional Outcomes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Academic Year

This research aimed to investigate and compare teachers’ conceptualizations of their students’ and their own outcomes of our earlySTEM program at the K4 level in two distinct roles: practitioners only and practitioners and program developers jointly. The study group included 66 teachers, 26 of whom had actively contributed to the development of the earlySTEM program. Teachers in both roles were supported by teacher guides, student books and workshops throughout the 8-month long academic year. Data was collected at the end of the academic year through an open-ended survey. The program developer teachers identified more student outcomes under more diverse categories while the practitioner teachers mainly concentrated on cognitive outcomes and limited their conceptualizations to the national curriculum. In addition, the program developer teachers valued their involvement in the program development process and expressed more diverse professional outcomes referring to different types of teacher knowledge.

scholarly journals Paracrine interactions between epithelial cells promote colon cancer growth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Jacquemin ◽  
Annabelle Wurmser ◽  
Mathilde Huyghe ◽  
Wenjie Sun ◽  
Meghan Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Tumour Formation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTumours are complex ecosystems composed of different types of cells that communicate and influence each other. While the critical role of stromal cells in affecting tumour growth is well established, the impact of mutant cancer cells on healthy surrounding tissues remains poorly defined. Here, we uncovered a paracrine mechanism by which intestinal cancer cells reactivate foetal and regenerative Yap-associated transcriptional programs in neighbouring wildtype epithelial cells, rendering them adapted to thrive in the tumour context. We identified the glycoprotein Thrombospondin-1 (Thbs1) as the essential factor that mediates non-cell autonomous morphological and transcriptional responses. Importantly, Thbs1 is associated with bad prognosis in several human cancers. This study reveals the Thbs1-YAP axis as the mechanistic link mediating paracrine interactions between epithelial cells, promoting tumour formation and progression.

China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-148
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Engineering Projects

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. The chapter highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors, on both the Chinese and African sides. It then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations is then analyzed econometrically.

scholarly journals Influence of Pomace Matrix and Cyclodextrin Encapsulation on Olive Pomace Polyphenols’ Bioaccessibility and Intestinal Permeability

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Radić ◽  
Bisera Jurišić Dukovski ◽  
Dubravka Vitali Čepo
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Simple Formulation ◽  
Antioxidant Efficiency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Impact

Olive pomace is a rich source of biologically active compounds, mainly polyphenols. Recently, an efficient and sustainable cyclodextrin (CD)-enhanced extraction was developed. It enabled a relatively simple formulation of high-quality olive pomace extracts (OPEs) that can be used as alternative sources of olive-derived polyphenols in the nutrition and pharma industries. However, biological effects and nutraceutical potential of OPEs are primarily limited by generally low oral bioavailability of major polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives) that can be significantly influenced by OPE matrix and the presence of CDs in formulation. The major goal of this research was to investigate the impact of complex matrix and different types of CDs on gastrointestinal stability and intestinal permeability of major OPE polyphenols, and provide additional data about mechanisms of absorption and antioxidant activity in gut lumen. Obtained results showed high bioaccessibility but relatively low permeability of OPE polyphenols, which was negatively affected by OPE matrix. CDs improved antioxidant efficiency of tested OPEs and tyrosol gastrointestinal stability. Effects of CDs on permeability and the metabolism of particular OPE polyphenols were CD- and polyphenol-specific.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INDONESIAN TERASI IN THE BEEF CONSOMMÉ, A SENSORY ASSESSMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Mery Tambaria Damanik Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Sensory Assessment ◽  
Sensory Acceptability ◽  
Sensory Acceptance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pungent Odor ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of terasi, a traditional Indonesian condiment which is made from salted fermented seafood, on the sensory acceptance of beef consommé. Fifty four panelists compared the acceptance of beef consommé containing rebon terasi to the consommé containing fish terasi. The results showed that upon adjusting the salt content, the consommé containing rebon terasi was more preferred than the consommé containing fish terasi. By combining more strong spices or ingredients the acceptance of consommé might be improved while masking the pungent odor of terasi. In addition, six different types of rebon terasi varying in proximate composition, salt and water activity (aw) were added to beef consommé and were evaluated by 10 trained panelists for their specific intensity of taste/flavor (saltiness, sourness, sweetness, bitterness, umami, fishy and rebon). Together with those samples, other consommés were also compared; however, the salt was also added to adjust with the highest salt content among six types of terasi. The results showed that variations of terasi influenced the sensory characteristics of consommé. The salt content of rebon terasi influenced the sourness, bitterness and saltiness in consommé, whilst the salt content should also reach the certain level to fit their acceptance. The distinct flavor from each terasi did have a profound effect on the sensory acceptability. The knowledge of the flavor characteristics of consommé and the role of terasi when mixed in consommé will help to improve the sensory acceptability and marketability of terasi.

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