Cekaman Garam NaCl danTeknik Aplikasi Azolla pada Tanaman Padi

Efforts to increase production potential can be carried out by extensification in a less productive saline land. Salinity is a major problem in the growth of most plants. Azolla is a plant that is sensitive to salinity, but if it is applied well, it can grow optimally at high salinity levels. The purpose of this study is to obtain an azolla application technique that is effective in increasing the adaptation of rice plants to NaCl saline soil conditions. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the azolla application technique consisted of 3 levels: fresh azolla composted, fresh azolla immersed, and fresh azolla as a ground cover. The second factor was the levels of NaCl salt stress consisted of 4 levels: control DHL 0, 2, 4, and 8 dS m-1. The adaptation ability of rice plants based on variable plants height growth rate, number of tillers, strove dry weight, root dry weight, stomata density, leaf chlorophyll (SPAD), age of flowering, number of paddy grain, and harvest index. The results showed how to test content up to 2 dS m-1 which increased rice growth especially the application of azolla composted. Increasing stress to 4 and 8 dS m-1showed bad effects on vegetative, physiology, and yields of rice components. The stronger of salt stress the higher all plants growth variables except the age of flowering that actually showed the acceleration of flowering. Application of composted azolla can increase the root dry weight and azolla as a ground cover can increase the numbers of paddy grains. Keywords: azolla, NaCl, rice, stress

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Peningkatan Hasil Bawang Merah dan Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah dengan Pemupukan Berimbang Semi Organik pada Tanah Inceptisol

Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science ◽

10.24843/ajoas.2020.v10.i01.p08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

A.A. NYOMAN SUPADMA ◽

I MADE DANA ◽

I DEWA MADE ARTHAGAMA

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Onion Plant ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Number Of Leaves

Increased Yields Onion Plant and Changes of Soil Chemical Properties with Semiorganic Fertilization on Inceptisol Soil Tabanan. Thisexperiment to study the effects of inorganic fertilizer (P) and organic fertilizer (K) on the chemical properties as well as onion yields. A Factorial Randomized Block Design pot Experiment was conducted under Inceptisol soil conditions located at Kerambitan District, Tabanan Regency. The inorganic treatments consisted of P0 (control), P1 (50kg Phonska ha-1 + 200 kg ZA ha-1), P2 (100 kg Phonska ha-1 + 150 kg ZA ha-1), P3 (150 kg Phonska ha-1 + 100 kg.ZA ha-1). The organic treatments consisted of K0 (control), K1 (2 tons ha-1), K2 (4 tons ha-1), K3 (6 tons ha-1). Plant parameters observed including: plant height (cm), maximum number of leaves, maximum number of tubers, fresh and oven dry weight of tubers and hypothetical tubers fresh yields. The observed chemical soil properties including: soil pH and CEC. All data were analyzed using variance analysis and Duncan's test (0.05). The results showed that all fertilization treatments have significant effects on most parameters observed except plant height, soil pH and CEC. The P2K2 (100 kg Phonska ha-1 + 150 kg ZA ha-1) and (4 tons ha-1) treatment resulted in the best effects on the number tubers (7.7 tubers), weight of fresh tubers (37.9 g), tubers dry weight (6.5 g) per pot respectively. The highest hypothetical yields (9.5 tons ha-1) were also found under this treatment as well as the highest soil pH (6.6) and CEC (46.8 me 100g-1 of soil).

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Response of Zea mays var. Jala to Burkholderia sp. and Klebsiella oxytogena under reduced urea dose

Ingeniería Agrícola y Biosistemas ◽

10.5154/r.inagbi.2019.10.070 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 173-182

Author(s):

Dieter Plata-Guzmán ◽

Juan Luis Ignacio-de la Cruz ◽

Juan Carlos Carrillos-Amezcua ◽

Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽

Maize Production ◽

Maize Seeds ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Maize Varieties

Introduction: The growing of maize (zea mays L.) in Latin America is carried out under the intensive production system, which causes loss of soil fertility due to excessive nitrogen fertilizer. Objective: Analyzing the response of maize var. Jala to genera of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) endophytes of maize var. Mexicana (teocintle) when using nitrogen fertilizer such as urea at 50 % under greenhouse and soil conditions. Methodology: A randomized block design was established with five treatments, three controls and twenty repetitions. The treatments with inoculated maize seeds and 50 % urea were: Burkholderia (KO) and Burkholderia sp. 14 (B14); the controls were: non-inoculated maize with 50 % urea (RC1), non-inoculated maize irrigated with water (FC) and non-inoculated maize with 100 % urea (RC2). The experiments were established under greenhouse and soil conditions. The response variables were radical dry weight (RDW) and fresh weight of grain (FWG). ANOVA and Tukey’s mean comparison (P ≤ 0.01) were carried out. Results: In both environments, treatment B14 showed statistically higher values than those obtained with FC (full control), but statistically equal to RC2 (relative control). Study limitations: Maize varieties have specific and beneficial endophytic PGPB genera, which are not necessarily for regional varieties. Originality: PGPB endophytes from teocintle (ancestor of maize) were used because of their close genetic relationship with the maize var. Jala. Conclusion: PGPB endophytes from teocintle are a viable option for sustainable maize production.

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PEMANFATAN CAMPURAN PANGKASAN TUMBUHAN IN SITU DANKOTORAN TERNAK ULAT JERMAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG

BUANA SAINS ◽

10.33366/bs.v17i2.817 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 175

Author(s):

Riyanto Djoko ◽

Presti Ameliawaty

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cattle Dung ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Highest Weight ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Random Block ◽

Test Level

Field trial designed by a randomized block design factorial, three replication. The first factor is plant prunings 3 kinds of material mixed with cattle dung manure worms Germany and the second factor treatment fertilizer composition comprising a mixture of three kinds consists of: Tithoniadiversifolia, Cromolaenaodorata and Gliricidiasepium. Fertilizer composition comprising a mixture of: 90% of plants + 10% manure, 80% growth + 20% manure and 70% growth + 30% manure. Of the two factors obtained 9 treatment combinations. The observationdone for variable of : root dry weight, stem dry weight, dry weight of cob and dry seed weight per ear at harvest. Statistical analysis of the parameters of the observations were made using a variety of tests (test F) Random Block Factorial and continued with Duncan test level of 5%. Results of the experiments showed that: a). The use of a mixture of crop plants in situ with caterpillar droppings German influence on stem dry weight, root dry weight, dry weight and the weight of dry seed cob corn crop. b). The highest weight of dry seed treatment derived from the addition of a mixture of crop Gliricidia sp. 70% with caterpillar droppings Germany 30% (165 grams), while the lowest of the crop mix treatment Titonia sp. 90% with caterpillar droppings Germany 10% (112.3 g).

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Effect of water salinity and potassium doses on physiological traits and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) rootstock

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.11.p2471 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1748-1755

Author(s):

Geovani Soares de Lima ◽

Jailson Batista da Silva ◽

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares ◽

Reginaldo Gomes Nobre ◽

Hans Raj Gheyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Photosystem Ii ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Potassium Fertilization ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Salinity Levels

In the semiarid regions, plants are constantly exposed to different conditions of abiotic stresses due to the occurrence of excess salts in both soil and water. Thus, it is extremely important to identify an alternative capable of minimizing the effects of salt stress on plants as a way to ensure the expansion of irrigated areas. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the chloroplast pigments, photochemical efficiency and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew as a function of irrigation with saline water and potassium fertilization in the rootstock formation stage. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Pombal, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and two doses of potassium fertilization - KD (100 and 150% of the recommendation corresponding to 150 and 225 g K2O kg-1 soil), with two plants per plot and three replicates. Water salinity from 0.4 induced reductions in chlorophyll a and b synthesis, maximum and variable fluorescence and growth in sexually propagated precocious dwarf cashew seedlings and increases in carotenoid content and initial chlorophyll fluorescence. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II in cashew plants was decreased sharply with the increment in water salinity levels, standing out as indicative of damage to the photosystem II reaction centres. 'Embrapa 51' precocious dwarf cashew plants can be classified as sensitive to water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1. Potassium doses of 100 and 150% of the recommendation did not alleviate the effects of salt stress during the precocious dwarf cashew rootstock production phase.

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TOMATO (Solanum esculentum Mill.) YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL TRAITS ENHANCEMENT AS AFFECTED BY BIOCHAR, ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2021.2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 63-72

Author(s):

Seyed Mahdi Nabaei ◽

Mohammad Reza Hassandokht ◽

Vahid Abdossi ◽

Mohammad Reza Ardakani

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Total N ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Soluble Solid

This experiment studied the effects of biochar and chicken manure tea compost on growth, productivity, and nutritional traits of tomato (Solanum esculentum MILL). A factorial based experiment within complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted to evaluate the traits. The results showed that the biochar + chemical fertilizer (TIB1) contained the significantly highest values of soil EC (1.81 dsm–1), total N (0.39%), available P (156.92 ppm), available K (442.22 ppm), leaf N (3.54%), leaf K (6.73%), and shoot dry weight (463 g). The treatment of (TIB1) increased the production of tomatoes by 393.9% above the control soil conditions. Signiﬁcant differences in fruit quality were observed. The biochar + chicken manure compost tea (1 : 4) (T3B1) treatment contained the highest values of total polyphenols (378.83 mg) and vitamin C (29.03 mg/100 g–1), it but did not significantly affect total soluble solid and titratable acidity values on average compared with control conditions. However, the application of biochar at 10 tons ha–1 cannot fully substitute for fertilizers. Therefore, nutrition management can be achieved by biochar plus inorganic and organic fertilizer to increase tomato productivity and quality, respectively.

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Variabilitas Genetik dan Fenotipik Karakter Pertumbuhan dan Komponen Pertumbuhan Benih Hasil Perbanyakan Vegetatif Klon-klon Teh yang Diperoleh melalui Persilangan Buatan

Jurnal Agro ◽

10.15575/158 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14

Author(s):

Heri Syahrian Khomaeni ◽

Vitria Puspitasari Rahadi ◽

Endi Ruhaendi ◽

Budi Santoso

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Plant Material ◽

Phenotypic Variability ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Almost All ◽

Growth Ability

Perbanyakan tanaman teh dengan menggunakan setek satu daun saat ini merupakan cara yang umum untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan tanaman dalam jumlah yang banyak dengan waktu yang singkat. Salah satu syarat dalam perakitan klon teh unggul baru adalah kemudahan klon tersebut untuk diperbanyak secara vegetatif. Hal ini dikarenakan klon yang mudah diperbanyak secara vegetatif lebih disukai oleh para pekebun. Salah satu pengujian yang harus dilakukan dalam proses pemuliaan tanaman teh adalah uji perbanyakan vegetatif pada kandidat klon unggul baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variabilitas kemampuan pertumbuhan dan beberapa komponen pertumbuhan benih setek dalam uji perbanyakan vegetatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Persemaian Pemuliaan Kebun Percobaan Pusat Penelitian Teh dan Kina Gambung. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 19 klon sebagai perlakuan yang diulang tiga kali, setiap perlakuan ditanam 52 benih setek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruh variabilitas genetik pada karakter yang diamati tergolong dalam kategori luas, kecuali untuk karakter panjang akar, dan berat kering akar. Variabilitas fenotipik menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruh karakter yang diamati tergolong dalam kategori luas, kecuali berat kering akar. Currently, propagation of tea plant using one leaf is a common way to fulfil the need of plant material in large quantity also short in time. One of requirements in assembling new superior tea clone is the easy of clone to be propagated vegetatively. Clone which is easy to propagate in vegetative way is apt more by the gardeners. One required test on tea plant breeding process is vegetative propagation test of new superior clone candidates. This research aimed to determine variability of growth ability and several growth components of cutting seed in vegetative propagation. The research was carried out in Breeding Nursery, Experimental Field of Tea and Cinchona Research Institute Gambung. The trial was set in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 19 clones as the treatment which was repeated three times, each treatment consisted of 52 cutting seeds. The result showed that almost all genetic variability of characters observed were included to wide category, except for root length and root dry weight characters. Phenotypic variability showed that nearly all characters observed were comprised to wide category, except root dry weight.

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PENGARUH POPULASI TANAMAN DAN PENGGUNAAN MULSA TERHADAP POPULASI GULMA DAN HASIL PUCIL JAGUNG MANIS (ZEA MAYS SACCHARATA STURT) DI LAHAN KERING

AGRICA ◽

10.37478/agr.v6i2.433 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 124-133

Author(s):

I Ketut Arsa Wijaya

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Block Design ◽

Plant Population ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Corn Kernel ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Combination Treatments ◽

Randomized Block Design

This study was conducted in Balai Benih Induk (BBI) Luwus, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, with the high of place 506m above sea level occurring in March to May 2014. This research used randomized block design arranged per factor, namely population of plants (P) including three steps: P1=80.000 plants per hectare, P2= 100.00 plants per hectare, P3= 120.000 per hectare; and mulch (M) that include: M0= without mulch and without cleaning, M1= without mulch with clean weeding, M2= rice plants straw mulch (5 ton per hectare) and M3= black silver plastic mulch. Eventually, there were 12 combination treatments, each of which was repeated 3 times to obtain 36 land slots. The research indicates that there was no real interaction between the treatment of plant population and mulch usage in all variables observed. The 100.000 plant population per hectare can produce the weight of dry and fresh oven corn kernel without highest cornhusk that was to say 4.79 tons and 0.53 tons or 11.66 % and 20.45% higher compared to 120.000 plant population per hectare. The use of black silver plastic and rice plants straw mulch can produce the weight of fresh and dry oven corn kernel without cornhusk per hectare each of which is 4.69 tons, 4.57 tons, and 0.54 tons, 0.47 tons or 26.76%, 38.46 %, and 23.51 %, 20.51 % higher than without mulch and without clean weeding. Clean weeding treatment can produce the weight of fresh and dry oven corn kernel without cornhusk per hectare with its weight of 4.63 tons and 0.51 tons or 25.35 % and 35.90 % higher than without mulch and cleaning. Clean weeding treatment was not obviously different from mulch treatment. The identification of weed types were 19 kinds of weeds and Cyperus rotundus L. Weeds. They have the highest density and each absolute frequent of 1249.333 stems m-2 and 1.00.

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Assessment of Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Antioxidant Responses of Tomato Landraces to Salinity Stress

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040696 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 696

Author(s):

Reem H. Alzahib ◽

Hussein M. Migdadi ◽

Abdullah A. Al Ghamdi ◽

Mona S. Alwahibi ◽

Abdullah A. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Proline Content ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Carotene Content ◽

Antioxidants Activity ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Salinity Levels

Understanding salt tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces will facilitate their use in genetic improvement. The study assessed the morpho-physiological variability of Hail tomato landraces in response to different salinity levels at seedling stages and recommended a tomato salt-tolerant landrace for future breeding programs. Three tomato landraces, Hail 548, Hail 747, and Hail 1072 were tested under three salinity levels: 75, 150, and 300 mM NaCl. Salinity stress reduced shoots’ fresh and dry weight by 71% and 72%, and roots were 86.5% and 78.6%, respectively. There was 22% reduced chlorophyll content, carotene content by 18.6%, and anthocyanin by 41.1%. Proline content increased for stressed treatments. The 300 mM NaCl treatment recorded the most proline content increases (67.37 mg/g fresh weight), with a percent increase in proline reaching 61.67% in Hail 747. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 65% in Hail 548, while it relatively increased in Hail 747 and Hail 1072 treated with 300 mM NaCl. Catalase (CAT) activity was enhanced by salt stress in Hail 548 and recorded 7.6%, increasing at 75 and 5.1% at 300 mM NaCl. It revealed a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) at the 300 mM NaCl concentration in both Hail 548 and Hail 1072 landraces. Increasing salt concentrations showed a reduction in transpiration rate of 70.55%, 7.13% in stomatal conductance, and 72.34% in photosynthetic rate. K+/Na+ ratios decreased from 56% for 75 mM NaCl to 85% for 300 mM NaCl treatments in all genotypes. The response to salt stress in landraces involved some modifications in morphology, physiology, and metabolism. The landrace Hail 548 may have better protection against salt stress and observed protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing enzymatic “antioxidants” activity under salt stress.

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Halotolerant Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Mitigation of Salinity Stress, Growth Promotion, and Mineral Uptake in Tomato Plants and Soil Nutrient Enrichment

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158369 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8369

Author(s):

Chintan Kapadia ◽

R. Z. Sayyed ◽

Hesham Ali El Enshasy ◽

Harihar Vaidya ◽

Deepshika Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Microbial Consortia ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Mineral Uptake ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Secondary Roots

Salinity significantly impacts the growth, development, and reproductive biology of various crops such as vegetables. The cultivable area is reduced due to the accumulation of salts and chemicals currently in use and is not amenable to a large extent to avoid such abiotic stress factors. The addition of microbes enriches the soil without any adverse effects. The effects of microbial consortia comprising Bacillus sp., Delftia sp., Enterobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., was evaluated on the growth and mineral uptake in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under salt stress and normal soil conditions. Salinity treatments comprising Ec 0, 2, 5, and 8 dS/m were established by mixing soil with seawater until the desired Ec was achieved. The seedlings were transplanted in the pots of the respective pH and were inoculated with microbial consortia. After sufficient growth, these seedlings were transplanted in soil seedling trays. The measurement of soil minerals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, and pH and the Ec were evaluated and compared with the control 0 days, 15 days, and 35 days after inoculation. The results were found to be non-significant for the soil parameters. In the uninoculated seedlings’ (control) seedling trays, salt treatment significantly affected leaf, shoot, root dry weight, shoot height, number of secondary roots, chlorophyll, and mineral contents. While bacterized seedlings sown under saline soil significantly increased leaf (105.17%), shoot (105.62%), root (109.06%) dry weight, leaf number (75.68%), shoot length (92.95%), root length (146.14%), secondary roots (91.23%), and chlorophyll content (−61.49%) as compared to the control (without consortia). The Na and K intake were higher even in the presence of the microbes, but the beneficial effect of the microbe helps plants sustain in the saline environment. The inoculation of microbial consortia produced more secondary roots, which accumulate more minerals and transport substances to the different parts of the plant; thus, it produced higher biomass and growth. Results of the present study revealed that the treatment with microbial consortia could alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and improve the growth of tomato plants under salinity stress. Microbial consortia appear to be the best alternative and cost-effective and sustainable approach for managing soil salinity and improving plant growth under salt stress conditions.

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Genome-wide association analysis unveils novel QTLs for seminal root system architecture traits in Ethiopian durum wheat

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07320-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Admas Alemu ◽

Tileye Feyissa ◽

Marco Maccaferri ◽

Giuseppe Sciara ◽

Roberto Tuberosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Root System ◽

System Architecture ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

High Density ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Seminal Roots

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of root system architecture is essential to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of crops or to boost their productivity under stress or non-optimal soil conditions. One hundred ninety-two Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 historical landraces and 25 modern cultivars were assembled for GWAS analysis to identify QTLs for root system architecture (RSA) traits and genotyped with a high-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina. Results Using a non-roll, paper-based root phenotyping platform, a total of 2880 seedlings and 14,947 seminal roots were measured at the three-leaf stage to collect data for total root length (TRL), total root number (TRN), root growth angle (RGA), average root length (ARL), bulk root dry weight (RDW), individual root dry weight (IRW), bulk shoot dry weight (SDW), presence of six seminal roots per seedling (RT6) and root shoot ratio (RSR). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all RSA traits. Four major (− log10P ≥ 4) and 34 nominal (− log10P ≥ 3) QTLs were identified and grouped in 16 RSA QTL clusters across chromosomes. A higher number of significant RSA QTL were identified on chromosome 4B particularly for root vigor traits (root length, number and/or weight). Conclusions After projecting the identified QTLs on to a high-density tetraploid consensus map along with previously reported RSA QTL in both durum and bread wheat, fourteen nominal QTLs were found to be novel and could potentially be used to tailor RSA in elite lines. The major RGA QTLs on chromosome 6AL detected in the current study and reported in previous studies is a good candidate for cloning the causative underlining sequence and identifying the beneficial haplotypes able to positively affect yield under water- or nutrient-limited conditions.

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