scholarly journals Chemical Induced Liver Injury: Types, Mechanisms and Biomarkers

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Sachan 1 ◽  
Rajbala Singh 2
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Anticancer Agent ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Hepatic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

Liver is a primary organ involved in biotransformation of foods and drugs. Liver diseases are a major worldwide problem; Hepatic disorders are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, e.g. - alcohol, carbon tetra chloride, anticancer agent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-tuberculosis agent and heavy metals. Various risk factors for liver damage include age, gender, alcoholism, nutrition and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 have also been considered. The present review enumerate various hepatic diseases, risk factors and chemicals induced hepatic injury via different mechanical pathway  as well as numerous biochemical changes viz. serum biomarkers, proteomics biomarkers, genomic biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers and micro RNA. This review could be immensely useful for researchers especially for pharmacologists, toxicologist working on hepatotoxicity and drug research organization.

Current Studies of Aspirin as an Anticancer Agent and Strategies to Strengthen its Therapeutic Application in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong H.L. Tran ◽  
Beom-Jin Lee ◽  
Thao T.D. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agent ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Aspirin Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Risk Of Bleeding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

: Aspirin has emerged as a promising intervention in cancer in the past decade. However, there are existing controversies regarding the anticancer properties of aspirin as its mechanism of action has not been clearly defined. In addition, the risk of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract from aspirin is another consideration that requires medical and pharmaceutical scientists to work together to develop more potent and safe aspirin therapy in cancer. This review presents the most recent studies of aspirin with regard to its role in cancer prevention and treatment demonstrated by highlighted clinical trials, mechanisms of action as well as approaches to develop aspirin therapy best beneficial to cancer patients. Hence, this review provides readers with an overview of aspirin research in cancer that covers not only the unique features of aspirin, which differentiates aspirin from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but also strategies that can be used in the development of drug delivery systems carrying aspirin for cancer management. These studies convey optimistic messages on continuing efforts of scientist on the way of developing an effective therapy for even patients with a low response to current cancer treatments.

scholarly journals Path Analysis on Determinants of Childhood Obesity and Associated Risk Factors of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Hepatic Diseases: The CASPIAN-V Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e148-e158
Author(s):  
Vahid Mansouri ◽  
Marjan Mansourian ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Roya Riahi ◽  
Rahele Karimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hepatic Diseases

AbstractThe interaction between several lifestyle and obesogenic environmental factors is considered as the main underlying factor for the escalating trend of childhood obesity and its adverse consequences. In this study, we assessed the mutual influence of lifestyle habits and body mass index (BMI) as well as risk factors for cardiometabolic, hepatic, and renal disorders to define the causality power of each item. This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted as the fifth round of a school-based surveillance program. Overall, 14,800 students living in Iran were studied, and blood samples were obtained from 4,200 of them. Demographic factors, anthropometric and biochemical measures were used to define lifestyle-related latent variables as well as cardiac, renal, and hepatic risk indicators. Total, direct, and indirect effects between factors were analyzed using the standardized regression weights for each pathway. Data from 14,274 students (participation rate of 99%) and 3,843 blood samples were included. All of the latent variables had a significant direct effect on BMI, with the most potent effect of unhealthy nutrition (β ≅ 0.63) in boys and girls. BMI has significant direct effects on risk indicators of cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic diseases with the most powerful effect on cardiovascular risk factors (β ≅  − 0.08). The most important predisposing factor for obesity was unhealthy nutrition, whereas increased activity, adequate sleep, and better hygiene had protective roles. BMI shows the strongest association with indicator of cardiovascular diseases. These findings underscore the importance of implementing public health programs for the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Power of Circulatory Metabolic Biomarkers as Metabolic Syndrome Risk Predictors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Northwest of England (A Feasibility Study)

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Razieh Hassannejad ◽  
Hamsa Sharrouf ◽  
Fahimeh Haghighatdoost ◽  
Ben Kirk ◽  
Farzad Amirabdollahian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Diagnostic Power ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases with pathophysiology strongly linked to aging. A range of circulatory metabolic biomarkers such as inflammatory adipokines have been associated with MetS; however, the diagnostic power of these markers as MetS risk correlates in elderly has yet to be elucidated. This cross-sectional study investigated the diagnostic power of circulatory metabolic biomarkers as MetS risk correlates in older adults. Methods: Hundred community dwelling older adults (mean age: 68.7 years) were recruited in a study, where their blood pressure, body composition and Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) were measured; and their fasting capillary and venous blood were collected. The components of the MetS; and the serum concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-I (PAI-I), Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Cystatin-C, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), insulin and ferritin were measured within the laboratory, and the HOMA1-IR and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) were calculated. Results: Apart from other markers which were related with some cardiometabolic (CM) risk, after Bonferroni correction insulin had significant association with all components of Mets and AIP. These associations also remained significant in multivariate regression. The multivariate odds ratio (OR with 95% confidence interval (CI)) showed a statistically significant association between IL-6 (OR: 1.32 (1.06–1.64)), TNF-α (OR: 1.37 (1.02–1.84)), Resistin (OR: 1.27 (1.04–1.54)) and CRP (OR: 1.29 (1.09–1.54)) with MetS risk; however, these associations were not found when the model was adjusted for age, dietary intake and adiposity. In unadjusted models, insulin was consistently statistically associated with at least two CM risk factors (OR: 1.33 (1.16–1.53)) and MetS risk (OR: 1.24 (1.12–1.37)) and in adjusted models it was found to be associated with at least two CM risk factors and MetS risk (OR: 1.87 (1.24–2.83) and OR: 1.25 (1.09–1.43)) respectively. Area under curve (AUC) for receiver operating characteristics (ROC) demonstrated a good discriminatory diagnostics power of insulin with AUC: 0.775 (0.683–0.866) and 0.785 by cross validation and bootstrapping samples for at least two CM risk factors and AUC: 0.773 (0.653–0.893) and 0.783 by cross validation and bootstrapping samples for MetS risk. This was superior to all other AUC reported from the ROC analysis of other biomarkers. Area under precision-recall curve for insulin was also superior to all other markers (0.839 and 0.586 for at least two CM risk factors and MetS, respectively). Conclusion: Fasting serum insulin concentration was statistically linked with MetS and its risk, and this link is stronger than all other biomarkers. Our ROC analysis confirmed the discriminatory diagnostic power of insulin as CM and MetS risk correlate in older adults.

Adverse reactions with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
M. L. Maksimov ◽  
N. M. Kiseleva ◽  
D. G. Semenikhin ◽  
B. K. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Prevention Method ◽  
Effective Medication ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are included in a pharmacological group of drugs with different chemical structures providing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions, as well as antiplatelet action to a certain degree. Unfortunately, NSAIDs can cause a wide range of adverse reactions (AR) posing a serious risk to the health and life of patients. Therefore, the rational use of NSAIDs should include methods for effective prevention of drug complications. Many NSAIDs have a pronounced therapeutic effect, simultaneously causing many undesirable effects, so the drug shall be chosen considering the development of predicted side effects and modern algorithms. According to clinical recommendations, risk factors and administration of safer NSAIDs shall be considered as the main prevention method. Besides, it is possible to protect the patient from the upper gastrointestinal tract complications using proton pump inhibitors. It should be noted that there are no effective medication methods for kidney and liver protection to reduce the risk of NSAID-associated complications.

scholarly journals Uncommon case of pericardial effusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Andrea D'Amato ◽  
Costantino Mancusi ◽  
Maria Viviana Carlino ◽  
Veronica Lio ◽  
Federica De Pisapia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pericardial Effusion ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Uncommon Case ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Diagnostic Work Up

We present the case of a 59-year-old patient with severe aortic stenosis, asymptomatic mild to moderate pericardial effusion and no major risk factors for poor prognosis. He underwent four-week course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen 600 mg TID) with no improvement of the effusion. After complete diagnostic work-up and examination, we discovered that he had a prostate cancer with bone metastasis. On the bone scintigraphy, there was particular involvement of ribs and sternum. We decided to treat our patient with an association of docetaxel and hormone therapy, after six months we observed a reduction in the pericardial effusion. Even in the presence of a patient without risk factor of poor prognosis, pericardial effusion can be the first sign of occult neoplasia.

scholarly journals Rheumatoid arthritis: influence of inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy on cardiovascular risk factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
D. I. Trukhan ◽  
D. S. Ivanova ◽  
K. D. Belus
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Rheumatoid arthritis is a frequent and one of the most severe immuno-inflammatory diseases in humans, which determines the great medical and socio-economic importance of this pathology. One of the priority problems of modern cardiac rheumatology is an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, traditional cardiovascular risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, smoking and hypodynamia) and a genetic predisposition are expressed. Their specific features also have a certain effect: the “lipid paradox” and the “obesity paradox”. However, chronic inflammation as a key factor in the development of progression of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction plays a leading role in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in rheumatoid arthritis. This review discusses the effect of chronic inflammation and its mediators on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and its independent significance in the development of CVD. Drug therapy (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, basic anti-inflammatory drugs, genetically engineered biological drugs) of the underlying disease also has a definite effect on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A review of studies on this problem suggests a positive effect of pharmacological intervention in rheumatoid arthritis on cardiovascular risk factors, their reduction to a level comparable to the populations of patients not suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The interaction of rheumatologists, cardiologists and first-contact doctors (therapist and general practitioner) in studying the mechanisms of the development of atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis will allow in real clinical practice to develop adequate methods for the timely diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

FEATURES OF PERICARDIAL DISEASES IN ELDERLY PERSONS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Н.Ю. Шимохина ◽  
М.М. Петрова
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Pericardial Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
European Society Of Cardiology

В рекомендациях Европейского общества кардиологов (ESC), выпущенных в 2015 г., представлены ограниченные данные о ведении пожилых пациентов с перикардитом. У лиц пожилого возраста высока вероятность наличия таких факторов риска перикардита, как злокачественные новообразования или почечная недостаточность. Трудности диагностики заболеваний перикарда могут возникнуть в группе пожилых пациентов с сопутствующей ИБС и развитием острого инфаркта миокарда. В терапии перикардита у пожилых пациентов в первую очередь используют нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты, предпочтительно аспирин. Лицам пожилого возраста не рекомендован прием индометацина. Сложности медикаментозного лечения могут быть связаны с полипрагмазией и когнитивными нарушениями у пожилых пациентов с коморбидными заболеваниями. Прогноз в группе пациентов старше 60 лет, перенесших перикардит, менее благоприятен в сравнении с более молодыми лицами. The recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), released in 2015, provide limited data on the management of elderly patients with pericarditis. Elderly people are more likely to have pericarditis risk factors such as malignant neoplasms or renal failure. Difficulties in diagnosing pericardial diseases may occur in a group of elderly patients with concomitant coronary heart disease and the development of acute myocardial infarction. In the treatment of pericarditis in elderly patients, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, preferably aspirin, are primarily used. Elderly people are not recommended taking indomethacin. Difficulties of drug treatment may be associated with polypharmacy and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with comorbid diseases. The prognosis in the group of patients older than 60 who have undergone pericarditis is less favorable in comparison with younger persons.

scholarly journals Alkoholos májbetegség: a genetikai-epigenetikai tényezők szerepe és az absztinencia hatása

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (14) ◽  
pp. 524-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alajos Pár ◽  
Gabriella Pár
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Abstract: The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease depends not only on the toxic effects of alcohol, but also on the complex interaction of host’s and environmental factors. Thus, the genetic pre-disposition, co-morbidities and behavioral factors all play a role in the individual variations in the disease outcomes. On the other hand, the essential part of the therapeutic strategy is the complete withdrawal of the harmful etiological agent. The present paper is devoted to overview the genetics, the environmental factors and the effects of abstinence in alcoholic liver disease. Genetic variants in two enzymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol, alcohol-dehydrogenase ADH1B *2 and aldehyde-dehydrogenase ALDH2 *2 through increasing the blood level of acetaldehyde, may play a “protective” role against alcoholism. The P450 CYP2E1 *5 c2, an inducible microsomal oxidase, upregulated by ethanol and by formation of acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species, increases liver toxicity. Three novel gene polymorphisms – such as the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3 I148M C>G), the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2 E167K), and the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MB0AT7 rs641738 C>T) – have been proven as risk factors of steatosis, fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Alcohol-induced epigenetic effects, reversible but inheritable gene expression alterations – as histon modulations, DNA methylation and micro-RNA-s – are of importance in the pathogenesis as well, and in the future, they may serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Women are at greater risk of developing alcoholic cirrhosis, furthermore, malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hepatitis virus infections are also risk factors. Alcoholic liver disease should be regarded as a preventable disease. Several clinical studies revealed that abstinence may result in the regression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis, compensation of cirrhosis, improving disease outcome and increasing survival even in patients with advanced stages. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary interventions are highly required to achieve long-term abstinence and to prevent alcoholic cirrhosis. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(14): 524–532.

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