scholarly journals Understanding Malay Corpora: A Content Analysis of 15 Malay Corpora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Jowati Juhary ◽  
Erda Wati Bakar ◽  
Mardziah Shamsudin ◽  
Asniah Alias
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
National Language ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Military Operations

Corpus research becomes an important area of research of late, especially in Malaysia and for the national language, Malay language. A corpus includes texts and transcriptions of speeches for variety of situations. For this short paper, the focus is on Malay language, which is the national and official language of Malaysia. The purposes of this paper are to identify features and types of Malay Corpora and to determine the needs for a military biased Malay Corpus. In so doing, as a short paper, the methodology involves only content analysis of relevant documents on the development of Malay language corpora. Preliminary findings suggest that there are at least 15 Malay corpora in existence, and that some of the features in these corpora overlap. Further, the researchers argue for the need for a Malay Corpus for Military Operations since the existing corpora do not fully cater for this type of corpus.

‘So much Gaelic to me’: Beckett and the Irish Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Graham
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
History Of

This essay explores the ways in which Ireland's sacralised national language figures in Beckett's work. Oblique references to Irish in the Beckett oeuvre are read against a history of Anglo-Irish investment in the language as a mode of ‘impatriation’, a means by which to circumscribe anxieties surrounding an identity fraught with socio-political anomalies. In addition, the suspicion of ‘official language’ in Beckett's work is considered in light of his awareness of the ‘language issue’ in his native country, particularly in relation to the powerful role of the Irish language in the reterritorialisation of the civic sphere in post-independence Ireland.

scholarly journals National language issue in Soviet Azerbaijan (1920’s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Khagan Balayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

On April 28, 1920, the Peoples Republic of Azerbaijan was overthrown as a result of the intrusion of the military forces of Russia and the support of the local communists, the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan. The Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan and the Council of Peoples Commissars continued the language policy of the Peoples Republic of Azerbaijan. On February 28, 1921, the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan issued an instruction on the application of Russian and Turkish as languages for correspondences in the government offices. On June 27, 1924, the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic executed the resolution of the second session of the Central Executive Committee of Transcaucasia and issued a decree “on the application of the official language, of the language of the majority and minority of the population in the government offices of the republic”. Article 1 of the said decree declared that the official language in the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic was Turkish.

scholarly journals Social injustice in learning of the second language among immigrant children in Finland: conventional narratives and perceptions

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
Frank Ojwang
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Primary School ◽  
International Schools ◽  
National Language ◽  
School Level ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Host Countries

This is a comparative ethnographic research, comparing the primary school level migrant learners’ performance in the learning of the national language of the host countries in Finland and Tanzania. A response from nine teachers, drawn from Tanzanian International Schools, attended by expats’ children, was collected through structured interviews. Additionally, two In-Depth Interviews, targeting Tanzanian Swahili teachers at the international schools, was conducted using the narration approach. The study uses MAXQDA to comparatively analyze the findings of fourteen research articles on immigrant pupils’ learning challenges of the Finnish language as a second language in Finland, and gathered information from this study’s survey is used to analyze the use of Kiswahili as a second language in Tanzania. The research focuses on a comparative analysis of the learning and use of official languages of the host countries as second languages, used in facilitating learning among primary school learners. In Finland, the official language analyzed is Finnish, whereas in Tanzania, the official language analyzed is Kiswahili. The International schools in Tanzania offer Kiswahili lessons to all learners in primary school as guided by national education policy, whereas all public and international schools in Finland offer Finnish lessons for all learners under the education policy. The responses in both Finland and Tanzania are deconstructed qualitatively to illuminate the similarities and differences between European migrant learners and African migrant learners using a second language for learning, and to further deconstruct the nuanced epistemological injustice against minorities. The theories in this research are derived using the grounded theory approach.

Institutionalizing Multilingualism

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-156
Author(s):  
Janny H.C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Institutional Adaptation ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Current State ◽  
Language Status ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legal Meaning

This chapter compares some of the ways official multilingualism has transformed public institutions across jurisdictions, and comments on why these transformations fall short of expectations. This gap is a product of, among other things, the general lack of specificity in constitutional provisions. The status of official or national language does not carry a fixed legal meaning. What does a government have to do to “enforce” an official language status? Polities that have granted official language status diverge in their understanding of the legal implications of such a status, their degree of commitment, and their corresponding institutional adaptation. The chapter goes on to consider the significance of the current state of legal implementation. It is observed that bureaucratic and funding structures of official language offices limit their power and representativeness, and attempts to create linguistic equality may inadvertently enlarge inequalities among speakers of the same language.

Situation Understanding for Operational Art in Cyber Operations

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuija Kuusisto ◽  
Rauno Kuusisto ◽  
Wolfgang Roehrig
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social System ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Capability Development ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Operational Art

This paper presents a theoretically motivated framework and methodology that has been designed for finding out the emergent phenomena and information needs for planning and decision-making. The approach is based on complexity thinking, system modeling, communication and cognition philosophy, social system theories and content analysis research technique. It provides results with the analysis of quite small sets of information. The paper demonstrates the approach with a case study. The study was performed in an international cyber experiment of the Multinational Capability Development Campaign (MCDC) 2013-2014. The case study shows that the proposed approach is plausible for increasing understanding about complex situations. This is needed in operational art for creating such compositions and resources that enable success in military operations.

De Nederlandse taal als luxe-waar op de Surinaamse markt?

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Hugo W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
European Population ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
The Government ◽  
Attitudinal Changes

In the multilingual community of Surinam the official language is Dutch. This language has occupied the official status during almost three centuries of colonial government, the intermediate stage of self-government (as part of the kingdom of the Netherlands from 1954 through 1975) and after complete independence in 1975. Though the status of official language did not change, a different language policy had to be adopted with respect to different role components in each of four historical periods. The language policy adopted in each of these periods can be considered the result of social changes which took place, and of attitudinal changes with respect to the functioning of other languages in the community. The changing role of the Dutch language in the four periods is discussed in terms of its changing socio-linguistic profile. The first change was that from an ethnic group specific position (the European population only) to an obligatory position which concerned the whole population. In each of these two periods Dutch was used in relation to all main functions (communication* education., religion and literature). During the period in which Dutch played the ethnic specific role the language Sranan was used as a promoted language to perform the same functions for the slave population of the 17th, 18th and 19th century. This language was also used as language of communication between the Europeans and the slaves. The social change from a slavery society to a society of citizens only had forced the governement to discourage the use of Sranan and to consider Dutch the only language in the country. This obligatory position was eventually disregarded in favor of a partial role of the Dutch language in a multicultural society. The recognition by the government of a multitude of cultural ambitions has led it to accept the possibility of the sharing of functions among languages. Especially with respect to intergroupcoinmunication and literature, the recognition-of the role of Sranan as national language became the main feature of this period. However, the emergency of Surinam-Dutch, as a variety (xized language) of the Dutch language used by the majority of the Dutch speaking community in Surinam, has given the governement of the new republic of Surinam an opportunity to promote cultural integration by means of this language variety. Though this too will have to share functions with Sranan (inter-group communication, literature, etc.), it is suggested that a stan-dardized version might not only change its promoted language status into that of national official language but also give a better criterion to judge and to stimulate performances in education and literature.

Re-thinking balanced bilingualism

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Juarros-Daussà ◽  
Tilman Lanz
Keyword(s):  
Language Revitalization ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Globalized World

Traditionally, Catalonia is seen as a successful example of language revitalization, through the achievement and maintenance of a fairly stable Castilian/Catalan bilingualism for the last thirty years or so. Recently, however, Catalonia has experienced significant immigration in the context of globalization. The autonomous government is now supporting an agenda in which Catalan alone is presented as the national language, the language of convergence, while Castilian, despite its long historical presence in the region, is portrayed as one of three hundred languages spoken there today. We examine how this policy interacts with everyday linguistic realities and with a preservationist agenda. Catalan speakers are divided between those who feel liberated from the imposition of Spanish identity and culture and those who fear an exclusivist nationalism which they feel would be anachronistic in the globalized world of today. Spanish speakers, in turn, feel threatened and targeted. New immigrants, coming from all corners of the world, are caught in a climate in which official language policies hardly reflect their own needs. Linguistic policies have to be re-thought to tend to the needs of immigrants while also ensuring the survival of Catalan.

scholarly journals Interplay between Socio-Economic Factors and Language Shift: A Study of Saraiki Language in D.G. Khan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-417
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mujtaba Yasir ◽  
Prof. Dr. Mamuna Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
National Language ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Multiple Choice Questionnaire ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Pakistan is among those very few multicultural and multilingual countries which are celebrated for their ethnic as well as linguistic diversity. From the coastal areas of Karachi to the mountainous terrain of Gilgit Baltistan six major and more than 70 minor languages are spoken in various parts of Pakistan. Urdu relishes the position of National Language whereas the official language of the country is English and is mostly used by the power-wielding strata of the country namely the government functionaries, corporate sector, and education sector. The purpose of the study was to find out the interplay between socioeconomic factors and the phenomenon of language shift. The present research is descriptive in which 300 Urdu speaking children of Saraiki families of D.G. Khan District were selected for data collection. A multiple-choice questionnaire was devised and administered to collect the required data. The results insinuated a strong interplay between socio-economic factors and the language shift.

scholarly journals Urdu as Official Language: A Constitutional Mandate Compliance; Challenges; Prospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-271
Author(s):  
Saqib Jawad ◽  
Barkat Ali ◽  
Muhammad Assad ◽  
Muhammad Sohail
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Government

Though Urdu language has no religious background, it is inspired by Arabic a mother-tongue of Islam. However, after its development, Urdu was exclusively attributed to be the language of Muslims of the Sub-continent. They faced many challenges for the survival of Urdu during the Movement of Independence. For the same reason, after independence, Urdu was declared to be the National Language of Pakistan. Afterward, certain bodies were established for its proper implementation as official language of the country. This aspect is recognized as constitutional obligation in term of Article 251 of Constitution, 1973. Though, the government was given sufficient time for the compliance of the same, this task could not have been accomplished despite of lapse of almost fifty years. Even, the judicial verdicts could not make the concerned institutions mindful. Instead, English is the official language of Pakistan since independence. Of course, there is difference of opinion on the matter of Official Language. Among others, the medium of education and legislation including policy papers are the major issues which are on English pattern. However, if these issues are addressed, the constitutional obligation of implementing Urdu as official language may be ensured.

scholarly journals Functional and Facilitating: A Look into the Promotion and Standardization of Dutch as the Official Language in the Netherlands

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Zhang Jiachen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
World Trade ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
The Status ◽  
Language Capacity ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Language Promotion ◽  
Research Show

Dutch society is open and international-oriented. A long standing tradition of world trade has contributed to the English proficiency of Dutch citizens. This, however, brings challenges to the status of Dutch as the national official language in the Netherlands. This paper takes the framework of national language capacity building proposed by Wen Qiufang and inspects the Dutch language policy in official language promotion and standardization. Results of the research show that coming from other languages that undermines the position of Dutch as national official language is gradually increasing. The Dutch solution is to put facilitating measures in place and to develop functional tools to support language users and learners. This solution can be valuable for the building of European multilingual landscape with its facilitating feature.

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