scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Water Quality Assessment of Dumate Al-Jandal Lake (KSA) Using Environmetric Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 412-437
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sharif Al-Sheraideh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Lake Management ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Environmentally, the objective of the study conducted in evaluating the spatiotemporal water quality asessment using some statistical techniques. Physicochemical characteristics determination applied on Dumate al-Jandal Lake, whether the analysis of water quality is good for agricultural irrigation or other ecosystem services.  Sampling and measurements were taken weekly at five sites started from February 2009 to January 2011. Descriptive analysis as well as the 95% confidence intervals, Wilks’ Lambda Statistics, MANOVA and ANOVA showed no presence of significant difference at the level of p < 0.05 among seasons and between sites, except the mean effect only for some parameter like Iron on the physiochemical parameters whereas a significant difference among the mean of physiochemical characteristics of water data to sites for the parameters like pH and nitrate, while there are no differences among the mean of physiochemical characteristics of water data of sites for the other parameters. Multiple comparison t-test shows the differences between means Sites of (1, 3) and (2, 5) as well as between (3) and (5) for the parameter pH.  Results showed a significant difference at (p < 0.05) between the means of Site (1) and all Sites (3, 4 and 5) as well as between Site (2) and (3) for nitrate,  but a significant difference at (p < 0.05)  among the mean associated with seasons for temperature, electrical conductivity, specific density, sulphate, nitrite, ammonia, chloride, total hardness, total alkalinity, manganese, magnesium and calcium hardness, while there are no differences among the mean of seasons for the other parameters. Whereas results of multiple comparison t-test showed that a differences between the means of season (i) and season (j), for each parameter. The study concluded that some of physicochemical parameters were reflected the presence of pollutants and absence of good ecosystem activities. To avoid seasonal pollution, water lake management are recommended.

scholarly journals Application of multivariate statistical techniques for investigating climate change and anthropogenic effects on surface water quality assessment: case study of Zohreh river, Hendijan, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal Valiallahi ◽  
Saideh Khaffaf Roudy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
T Test ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIn the present study, evaluation of spatial variations and interpretation of Zohrehh River water quality data were made by using multivariate analytical techniques including factor analysis and cluster analysis also the Arc GIS® software was used. The research method was formulated to achieve objectives herein, including field observation, numerical modeling, and laboratory analyses. The results showed that dataset consisted of 11,250 observations of seven-year monitoring program (measurement of 15 variables at 3 main stations from April 2010 to March 2017). Factor analysis with principal component analysis extraction of the dataset yielded seven varactors contributing to 82% of total variance and evaluated the incidence of each varactor on the total variance. The results of cluster analysis became complete with t-test and made water quality comparison between two clusters possible. Results of factor analysis were employed to facilitate t-test analysis. The t-test revealed the significant difference in a confidence interval of 95% between the mean of calculated varactors 1, 2, 6 and 7 between two clusters, but there was no significant difference in the mean of other varactors 3, 4 and 5 between two groups. The result shows the effect of agricultural fertilizers on stations located at downstream of the ASK dam.

scholarly journals KOMPARASI RISK DAN RETURN SAHAM DAN SAHAM SYARIAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Abil Finda Farrukhy
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inferential Analysis ◽  
The Difference

Abstract   This research aims to identify the difference in the mean return and risk of regular and sharia stock listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as a provider of secondary data listed in the consumer goods industry in the 2019 period. The data analysis techniques in this research are using descriptive and inferential statistics analysis. The results of descriptive analysis within 1 year showed that the average return of regular stock is -0.0018342 or -0.18% while the average return of Sharia stock 0,0009238 or 0.09%. The risk level of regular stock during the period of 1 year is 0.0539309 or 5.39%. while the risk level of sharia stock is 0.0142570 or 1.43%. Based on the results of inferential analysis research using a different test (Independent Sample t-test), obtained result that there is no significant difference between return and risk of regular stock and Sharia stock. Keywords: Return, Risk, Regular Stock, Sharia Stock   Abstrak   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan rata-rata return dan risk saham reguler dan saham syariah yang tercatat pada Bursa Efek Indonesia sebagai penyedia data sekunder yang tercantum di bidang industri barang konsumsi periode 2019. Teknik analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Hasil analisis deskriptif pada kurun waktu 1 tahun menyatakan bahwa rata-rata return saham reguler senilai -0,0018342, sedangkan rata-rata return saham syariah senilai 0,0009238. Tingkat Risk saham reguler selama kurun waktu 1 tahun senilai 0,0539309, sedangkan tingkat risk saham syariah senilai 0,0142570. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian analisis inferensial dengan menggunakan uji beda (Independent Sample t-test) dihasilkan bahwa tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan antara return dan risk saham reguler dengan saham syariah. Kata Kunci: Return, Risk, Saham Reguler, Saham Syariah

scholarly journals Investigation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Pollution Impact on Groundwater Quality and Agricultural Soils

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
S. A. Nta ◽  
I. J. Udom ◽  
S. O. Udo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pollution Impact ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

A field study was conducted to investigate palm oil mill effluent (POME) pollution impact on ground water quality and agricultural soils. Raw POME and two water samples were also collected from the downstream and upstream locations away from the effluent discharge point using 1 litre capacity container. This was found less than 100 m from the mill. Soil samples from the POME dumpsite as well as non-POME soil were collected. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total hardness, turbidity, sulphate, COD, BOD5, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and percentage saturation for water samples were determined. pH, water holding capacity, total organic carbon (TOC), total organic matter (TOM), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations: K, Na, Ca, Mg and cation exchange capacity for soil. Data obtained from the study were subjected to statistical analyses of variance (ANOVA). Significant variations exist in most of the physicochemical variables among the sampled parameters. Data for water samples were also compared with world health organization and Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Most of these parameters indicated pollution but were below the standard limits for consumption. pH, EC, total hardness, turbidity, sulpahte, COD, BOD5, TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, % saturation were all significant difference from each other. Soil pH, EC, TOC, total nitrogen, available P, TOM, Ca and exchangeable acidity were also all significant difference from each other. It is concluded that a strong move towards quality and environmental management through ecological improvement and cleaner technology approach within manufacturing industries in Nigeria is implemented.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Imabolo Stream Water Quality in Ankpa Urban Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Johnmark Friday Ocheje ◽  
Michael Chukwuma Obeta ◽  
Eze, Eberechukwu Jennifer ◽  
Nwankwoala, Hycienth Ogunka ◽  
Wali, Elekwachi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
T Test ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Stream Water Quality ◽  
Significant Difference

Changes in season is one of the important drivers responsible for pollutants transported into surface waters. This study examined the seasonal variations in the quality of Imabolo stream water within Ankpa urban, Kogi State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of the study, water samples were collected at the peak of the two seasons from seven points along the stream reach corresponding to the different land-use activities in the study area in March and June, 2018. In-situ and laboratory analysis of eighteen physico-chemical and two microbiological parameters were carried out according to standard procedures. Descriptive statistics and t-test were employed to analyze the data obtained for both dry and rainy seasons. The results were compared with WHO and NSDWQ standards for drinking water quality for characterization. The analysis revealed that water samples from six points had elevated values of parameters above the recommended limits for human consumption. The observed seasonal variation indicated that wet season values were higher for all the parameters except DO and Ca2+, while t-test showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the level of temperature, EC, TDS, turbidity, BOD, COD, nitrate, sulphate, iron, calcium, lead, cadmium, alkalinity, total hardness, total coliforms and E. coli betweendry and rainy season. The study advances innovative recommendations to remediate and improve the quality of the stream water in order to meet the water needs of the users.

scholarly journals [Interaction Factors with Al-Quran in The Appreciation Process of Students’ Religious Lives in Ukm ] Faktor Interaksi dengan al-Quran dalam Proses Penghayatan Kehidupan Beragama Pelajar-Pelajar UKM

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
Hasnan Kasan ◽  
Mohd Fadzhil Mustafa ◽  
Siti Sarah Haimi ◽  
Umar Faruk
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Interaction Factors ◽  
The Mean

Al-Quran has elements of therapy to offer peace in daily life. Furthermore, the miracle of al-Quran via its sacred verses is able to treat the physical and spiritual illness. This miracle was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad as the Muslim holy book that is much different than any other books. However, the main concern to various parties, particularly among the students, is the neglect of interaction with al-Quran intensively. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the level of the UKM students’ internalization towards al-Quran and the differences among them in interacting with al-Quran. This study applied quantitative method and the findings were presented descriptively based on frequency and t-test analyses. The study concluded that the interaction between sub-factors believe and practice showed high mean score, while the mean scores of the other six sub-factors of interaction with al-Quran were found to tend to be higher. Further, the t-test showed a significant difference between genders in terms of interaction with al-Quran. Key Words: Miracle of al-Qur'an, interaction with al-Quran, internalization, religious life.   Al-Quran sebenarnya mempunyai unsur terapi bagi mendapatkan ketenangan dalam kehidupan seharian. Malah mukjizat al-Quran melalui ayat-ayat sucinya mampu merawat penyakit-penyakit zahir dan batin. Mukjizat ini telah diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW sebagai kitab suci umat Islam yang jauh berbeza dengan kitab-kitab lain. Namun, kenyataan yang sering membimbangkan banyak pihak khususnya terhadap para pelajar ialah pengabaian daripada sudut interaksi dengan al-Quran secara intensif. Justeru, kajian ini berusaha menjelaskan sejauh mana penghayatan para pelajar lelaki dan perempuan di UKM serta perbezaan di antara mereka dalam interaksi dengan al-Quran. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan dapatan dipersembahkan secara deskriptif berasaskan ujian frekuensi dan ujian-t. Hasil kajian merumuskan bahawa sub faktor interaksi beriman dan mengamalkan menunjukkan nilai skor min yang tinggi, manakala enam sub faktor daripada interaksi dengan al-Quran berada pada skor min cenderung tinggi. Seterusnya, keputusan ujian-t menunjukkan perbezaan interaksi dengan al-Quran yang signifikan antara pelajar lelaki dan pelajar perempuan.   Kata kunci: Mukjizat al-Quran, interaksi dengan al-Quran, penghayatan, kehidupan beragama.

scholarly journals Investigation of water quality of two rivers in Agbede –Wetlands in Southern Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Mean

<div> <p>Water quality of Edion and Omodo Rivers were assessed chemically from March to October, 2010. The abstracted water samples were also subjected to bacteriological examination. The Rivers were each sampled at upstream and downstream locations. Twenty (20) physico-chemical characteristics which included heavy metals were determined in the laboratory. Air temperature ranged from the mean 30.69 to 31.38 &deg;C, water temperature 26.50 to 27.00 &deg;C, pH 7.05 to 7.15, electrical conductivity 7.99 to 25.55mScm<sup>-1</sup>, turbidity 24.11 to 54.65FTU, total dissolved solids 6.14 to 7.78mgl<sup>-1</sup>, total hardness 25.10 to 30.38mgl<sup>-1</sup>, chlorine 22.06 to 25.02mgl<sup>-1</sup>, BOD<sub>5</sub> 0.88 to 2.42mgl<sup>-1</sup>, DO 3.81 to 6.50mgl<sup>-1</sup> and the nutrient elements such as&nbsp; sulphate,&nbsp; phosphate and Nitrate ranged between 0.03 and 3.81mgl<sup>-1</sup>, sodium 1.87 to 3.81mgl<sup>-1</sup> and potassium 1.08 to 1.27mgl<sup>-1</sup>. Heavy metals levels were low, ranging from 0.0025 to 5.6650mgl<sup>-1</sup> (Copper 0.0350 to 0.0910mgl<sup>-1</sup>, Iron 0.2825 to 0.5112mgl<sup>-1</sup>, cadmium 0.0015 to 0.0104mgl<sup>-1</sup>, lead 0.0025 to 0.0230mgl<sup>-1</sup>, zinc 2.7013 to 5.6650mgl<sup>-1</sup> and chromium 0.0025 to 0.0263mgl<sup>-1</sup>). Conductivity, sulphate, zinc and fecal coliform count showed significant difference (<em>P&lt;0.05</em>) with low values indicating good water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that Stations 2 and 4 respectively had good water quality. All the characteristics had their values within FEPA Limit except for Zn (&gt; 3.0mgl<sup>-1</sup>).</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Comparison of results of spiroergometry on running and bicycle ergometer of athletes with running and cycling specialization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marko
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
T Test ◽  
Load Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: A choice between a running or bicycle ergometer is not possible in every labora-tory. Significant differences may appear in measuring results of ergometers with different load specificity. The objective of our paper is to determine a difference in values measured during a spiroergometry test on a bicycle ergometer and a running ergometer in adolescent endurance sportsmen, with different specializations, for mountain cyclists and middle- and long-distance runners. Methods:The experiment involved 10 cyclists and 10 runnersat the national top level. The cyclists and runners were dividedin two groups: one half of the tested group completed the first test on a running ergometer and the other on a bicycle ergometer. The test on the other ergometer was taken after three days’ time. The progressed load test up to “vita maxima” was used for both ergometers. The examined parameters included values of VO2max, VT, VE, BF, HRmax and WRmax. Results were evaluated in terms of both statistical and substantial significance. Statistical significance was ascertained by means of t-test at the level α = 0.05. Cohen’s d was used to evaluate substantial significance. Results: The results showed substantially significant differences for runners in all examined pa-rameters. Asubstantially significant difference in measurement results of cyclists was discovered for parameters VO2max, V , VE and WRmax. In runners, the mean of values for the most important parameter VO2max reached 60.6 ± 4.24 ml.min-1.kg-1 when running, and 56.0 ± 5.34 ml.min-1.kg-1 when cycling; values reached by cyclists were 56.6 ± 5.16 ml.min-1.kg-1 when running, and 61.30 ± 4.47 ml.min-1.kg-1 when cycling. The only parameter not to correspond with the sportsmen’s specializations was VT, as it revealed larger values on a bicycle also for runners. Conclusion: Results confirmed the correspondence between the load specificity according to the ergometer selected and the specificity of sports pursued. It was proven that it is nec-essary to select a suitable type of appliance for determining VO2max according to the sports pursued.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

scholarly journals Pattern of symptom improvement following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

BMC Surgery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma S. Al Sharhan ◽  
Mohammed H. Al Bar ◽  
Shahad Y. Assiri ◽  
Assayl R. AlOtiabi ◽  
Deemah M. Bin-Nooh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
T Test ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
P Value ◽  
Psychological Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Snot 22

Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammation of the nose and the paranasal sinuses. Intractable CRS cases are generally treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Although the effect of ESS on CRS symptoms has been studied, the pattern of symptom improvement after ESS for CRS is yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and sequence of symptom improvement after ESS for CRS, and to assess the possible preoperative factors that predict surgical outcomes in CRS patients. Methods This was a longitudinal prospective study of 68 patients who had CRS (with or without nasal polyps). The patients underwent ESS at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire was used for assessment at four time points during the study: pre-ESS, 1-week post-ESS, 4 weeks post-ESS, and 6 months post-ESS. Results The difference between the mean scores recorded for the five SNOT-22 domains pre-ESS and 6 months post-ESS were as follows: rhinologic symptoms (t-test = 7.22, p-value =  < 0.001); extra-nasal rhinologic symptoms (t-test = 4.87, p-value =  < 0.001); ear/facial symptoms (t-test = 6.34, p-value =  < 0.001); psychological dysfunction (t-test = 1.99, p-value = 0.049); and sleep dysfunction (t-test = 5.58, p-value =  < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean scores recorded for the five domains pre-ESS and 6 months post-ESS. Rhinologic symptoms had the largest effect size (d = 1.12), whereas psychological dysfunction had the least effect size (d = 0.24). The only statistically significant difference in the SNOT-22 mean scores recorded 4 weeks post-ESS was observed between allergic and non-allergic patients (t = − 2.16, df = 66, p = 0.035). Conclusion Understanding the pattern of symptom improvement following ESS for CRS will facilitate patient counselling and aid the optimization of the current treatment protocols to maximize surgical outcomes and quality of life. Level of evidence Prospective observational.

scholarly journals AB0100 EVALUATION OF PGA LEVEL FOR CLINICAL REMISSION WITH BOOLEAN CRITERIA, 10MM OR 20MM?

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1078.1-1079
Author(s):  
I. Yoshii
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Remission ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Remission Criteria ◽  
The Mean

Background:Patient’s global assessment (PGA) is one important component of Boolean composite criteria for remission in treat with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, PGA no more than 10mm is sometimes obstacle to attain clinical remission. In recent few years, one opinion that PGA no more than 20mm may be comparable as no more than 10mm.Objectives:The aim of this study is to analyze how difference of these PGA level affect disease activity and daily activities in living, and evaluate which is optimal for the remission with Boolean remission criteria from real world setting.Methods:RA patients who were followed up for more than three years in the institute were picked up in the study. Each patient was monitored with tenderness joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), PGA, evaluator’s global assessment (EGA), serum C-reactive protein level (CRP), calculated disease activity score with simplified disease activity index(SDAI), Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and pain score using visual analog scale (PS-VAS) every consulted time from the first encounter (Baseline). Patients were classified according to achievement of Boolean remission criteria. Group 1: a patient group who attained Boolean remission wih TJC≦1, SJC≦1, CRP≦1mg/dl, and PGA≦1 (G-1), Group 2: a patient group who could not attained the Boolean remission used in the G-1 evaluation, but could attained another Boolean remission with TJC≦1, SJC≦1, CRP≦1mg/dl, and PGA≦2 (G-2), and Group 3: a patient group who could not attain Boolean remission for neither criterion.Mean values of measured parameters at Baseline and after the Baseline were compared statistically with Student T-test. Mean values of the same parameters in the G-1 and G-2 at the time of attain Boolean remission for each criteria, mean values of each of these parameters thereafter, and changes of these parameters were compared statistically with Student T-test.Results:A total of 438 patients 385 in the G-1 group, 16 in the G-2 group, and 37 in the G-3 group, were recruited. In parameters at Baseline, level of TJC, SJC, PGA, EGA, SDAI, and HAQ-DI in the G-1 was significantly lower than in the G-3, whereas no significant differences in any parameters demonstrated between in the G-2 and G-3. Level of HAQ-DI, and PS-VAS after Baseline in the G-1 was lower than in the G-3, whereas no significant difference of these parameters after Baseline demonstrated between in the G-2 and G-3. TJC, SJC, PGA, and EGA demonstrated significant less level in the G-1 than in the other two groups. The mean SDAI score at the time of first achievement of Boolean remission in the G-1 and G-2 were 1.08 and 2.57, respectively. The mean value of SDAI score after remission in the G-1 and G-2 were 3.35 and 6.44, respectively. These values and PS-VAS including change of the SDAI score demonstrated significant difference between the two groups (p<0.01), whereas HAQ-DI in the two groups demonstrated no significant difference.Conclusion:These results suggested that setting PGA as no more than 10mm should be reasonable for the evaluation of clinical remission with the Boolean criteria.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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