scholarly journals MITIGATION OF EXCESSIVE SOLAR RADIATION AND WATER STRESS ON ‘KEITT’ MANGO Mangifera indica TREES THROUGH SHADING

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Ayman E.A. Shaban ◽  
Ahmed A. Rashedy ◽  
Mohammed I.M. El-Banna
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Relative Water

Excessive solar radiation “global warming” and water scarcity are consider the main environmental constraints for plant growth and production under arid and semi-arid regions. The current research was aimed to study the effect of irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 70% of irrigation requirements), and shading levels (60%, 40%, 0%) on the growth and productivity of ‘Keitt’ mango trees. This experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018) at El Behera Governorate, Egypt. Decreasing irrigation level (IR) decreased leaf area, malformed panicle, powdery mildew infection, final fruit set, fruit numbers, yield but it increased chlorophyll content, proline content, leaf water content. While, increasing shading levels (SH) increased leaves number, leaf area, fruit set, powdery mildew infection, malformed panicle but it decreased fruit sunburn damage, proline content, chlorophyll content and relative water content. Moreover, accumulative effects of 85% IR + 40% SH significantly increased leaf area, fruit set, fruit number, yield, chlorophyll content, WUE, proline content, relative water content, leaf water content while decreasing powdery mildew and sunburn damage. Results suggest that shading at 40% increased the yield up to 20% and decreased sunburn damage up to 0% under irrigation level of 70%. Shading may be a new technique to alleviate the adverse effects of water stress beside their role in avoiding excessive solar radiation on ‘Keitt’ mango trees.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTER MORFO-FISIOLOGI PENENTU PRODUKTIVITAS JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
IRENG DARWATI ◽  
ROSITA S.M. ◽  
SETIAWAN SETIAWAN ◽  
HERA NURHAYATI
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Physiological Characters

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Produktivitas jambu mete di Indonesia masih rendah karena<br />budidayanya yang masih sederhana dan belum menggunakan bahan<br />tanaman unggul. Hasil tanaman ditentukan oleh beberapa karakter morfo-<br />fisiologi seperti luas dan tebal daun, jumlah stomata, laju fotosintesis,<br />kandungan klorofil, relative water content (RWC), dan potential osmotik<br />daun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter morfo-fisiologi<br />yang menentukan hasil jambu mete. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun<br />Percobaan Cikampek dan Laboratorium, Balittro, Bogor, Jawa Barat, pada<br />bulan Januari-Desember 2012. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah dua<br />varietas jambu mete produksi tinggi (B02 dan GG1) dan tiga varietas<br />produksi rendah (Laode Gani, Laode Kase, dan Laura). Tanaman<br />dibedakan dalam tiga kelompok umur (5, 8, dan 17 tahun). Parameter yang<br />diamati karakter morfologi seperti ketebalan daun (μm), luas daun (cm 2 ),<br />produksi gelondong (kg/tanaman), berat kering daun (g/daun), anatomi<br />(jumlah stomata), dan parameter fisiologi meliputi kandungan klorofil<br />(a+b) (%), laju fotosintesis (μmol CO 2  m -2 s -1 ), karbohidrat daun (%),<br />potensial air daun (bar), dan Relative Water Content (RWC) (%). Untuk<br />mengetahui parameter morfo-fisiologi yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap<br />produksi dilakukan uji komponen penentu hasil, yaitu peubah morfo-<br />fisiologi terhadap produksi gelondong mete. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan<br />peubah klorofil tanaman jambu mete berpengaruh nyata antar aksesi. Hasil<br />analisis antar peubah morfo-fisiologi dan komponen hasil menunjukkan<br />hanya peubah klorofil yang berkorelasi positif terhadap hasil gelondong<br />aksesi jambu mete yang berproduktivitas tinggi. Fungsi hasil digambarkan<br />dalam formula ln hasil gelondong = 2,01 + 11,0 ln klorofil , sedangkan pada aksesi<br />yang produktivitasnya rendah peubah klorofil tidak berpengaruh nyata.<br />Fungsi ini mengindikasikan apabila kandungan klorofil meningkat 1%<br />maka produksi gelondong akan meningkat 11%.<br />Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale, karakter morfo-fisiologi, produksi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Cashew productivity in Indonesia is still low, due to improper<br />cultivation technique and the use of unimproved varieties. Crop yield is<br />determined by several morpho-physiological characters such as leaf area,<br />leaf thickness, the number of stomata, the rate of photosynthesis,<br />chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), and leaf osmotic<br />potential. This study aimed to obtain morpho-physiological characters<br />affecting cashew production. The research was conducted in the Cikampek<br />Experimental Station and in the Laboratory, ISMECRI, Bogor, West Java,<br />from January to December 2012. The plant material used were two<br />selected high-yielding varieties (B02 and GG1) and three low-yielding<br />varieties (Laode Gani, Laode Kase, and Laura). The plants were divided<br />into three age groups (5, 8, and 17 years). Parameters measured were<br />morphological characteristics such as leaf thickness (µm), leaf area (cm 2 ),<br />leaf dry weight (g/leaf), and nut yield (kg/tree), as well as anatomical<br />characteristic such as the number of stomata, and physiological parameters<br />consisted of chlorophyll content (a+b) (%), photosynthetic rate (µmol CO2<br />m -2 s -1 ), leaf carbohydrate content (%), leaf water potential (bar) and<br />relative water content (RWC) (%). Data were analysed using component<br />test to find morpho-physiological characteristics which was affecting nut<br />yield. The result showed chlorophyll content was significantly affected nut<br />yield among varieties as shown in the following function: ln nut yield = 2.01 +<br />11.0 ln chlorophyll . The result indicated that when the chlorophyll content<br />increased 1% the nut yield would increase 11%.<br />Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, morpho-physiological characteris-<br />tic, production</p>

EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON YIELD, RELATIVE LEAF WATER CONTENT, LEAF PROLINE ACCUMULATION AND CHLOROPHYLL STABILITY INDEX OF COTTON–MAIZE CROPPING SEQUENCE

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. SAMPATHKUMAR ◽  
B. J. PANDIAN ◽  
P. JEYAKUMAR ◽  
P. MANICKASUNDARAM
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Moisture Gradient ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Stability Index ◽  
Soil Moisture Gradient

SUMMARYWater stress induces some physiological changes in plants and has cumulative effects on crop growth and yield. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of deficit irrigation (DI) on yield and some physiological parameters in cotton and maize in a sequential cropping system. Creation of soil moisture gradient is indispensable to explore the beneficial effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) irrigation and it could be possible only through alternate deficit irrigation (ADI) practice in paired row system of drip layout that is commonly practiced in India. In the present study, PRD and DI concepts (creation of soil moisture gradient) were implemented through ADI at two levels of irrigation using drip system. Maize was sown after cotton under no till condition without disturbing the raised bed and drip layout. Relative leaf water content (RLWC) and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) of cotton and maize were reduced under water stress. A higher level of leaf proline content was observed under severe water-stressed treatments in cotton and maize. RLWC and CSI were highest and leaf proline content was lowest in mild water deficit (ADI at 100% crop evapotranspiration once in three days) irrigation in cotton and maize. The same treatments registered higher values for crop yields, net income and benefit cost ratio for both the crops.

scholarly journals Effect of cold stress on boro rice seedlings

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1036-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kumari ◽  
H. K. Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Membrane Stability Index ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Boro Rice

Cold stress at seedling stage is a major constraint in boro rice production. Nine boro rice lines were crossed in diallel fashion excluding reciprocals to obtain 36 crosses. All the 36 crosses along with parents were grown in nursery in three seasons (boro-2014, kharif-2015 and boro-2015). Performance of seedlings for survival per cent, chlorophyll content, relative water content, membrane stability index was recorded just before transplanting in all the three seasons. Scoring for cold tolerance was done in both boro seasons. Gautam showed highest survival rate over three seasons. Among crosses, IR 64 x Krishna Hamsa showed highest survival (84%) in boro-2014, MTU 1010 x Jaya (86.33%) in boro-2015 and MTU 1010 x Krishna Hamsa (95.67%) in kharif-2015. Jaya x Krishna Hamsa was most cold tolerant cross over both boro seasons. Significant positive correlation was observed among survival per cent, chlorophyll content, relative water content and membrane stability index over seasons.

Leaf growth and K+/Na+ ratio as an indication of the salt tolerance of three sorghum cultivars grown under salinity stress and IAA treatment

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Azooz ◽  
M. A. Shaddad ◽  
A. A. Abdel-Latef
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Relative Water

The salt tolerance of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars (Dorado, Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113) and their responses to shoot spraying with 25 ppm IAA were studied. Salinity stress induced substantial differences between the three sorghum cultivars in the leaf area, dry mass, relative water content and tolerance index of the leaves. Dorado and Hagen Shandawil tolerated salinity up to 88 and 44 mM NaCl, respectively, but above this level, and at all salinity levels in Giza 113, a significant reduction in these parameters was recorded. The rate of reduction was lower in Dorado than in Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113, allowing the sequence Dorado ? Hagen Shandawil ? Giza 113 to be established for the tolerance of these cultivars to salinity. The differences in the tolerance of the sorghum cultivars were associated with large differences in K+ rather than in Na+, which was found to be similar in the whole plant. The youngest leaf was able to maintain a higher K+ content than the oldest leaf. Consequently the K+/Na+ ratios were higher in the most salt-tolerant cultivar Dorado than in the other sorghum cultivars, and in the youngest than in the oldest leaf. In conformity with this mechanism, the stimulatory effect of the exogenous application of IAA was mostly associated with a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Shoot spraying with IAA partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of salinity on leaf growth and on the K+ and Ca2+ contents, especially at low and moderate levels of salinity, while it markedly retarded the accumulation of Na+ in the different organs of sorghum cultivars. Abbreviations: LA: Leaf area, DM: Dry mass, I Indole acetic acid, RWC: Relative water content,TI: Tolerance index

Evaluation of diverse cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] germplasm accessions for drought tolerance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Nkoana ◽  
Abe Shegro Gerrano ◽  
E.T. Gwata
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

The genetic potential for drought tolerance in cowpea within the small holder sector has not been fully exploited in South Africa. Thus, a drought evaluation experiment was conducted at the ARC-VOP to evaluate 28 cowpea germplasm accessions including two controls viz. IT96D-602 (drought tolerant) and TVU7778 (susceptible to drought) in the drought screening house using plastic box evaluation method in January, 2017. Genotypes raised for three weeks were subjected to 5 weeks of water stress treatment to determine their physiological response through leaf wilting index, relative water content and proline content followed by re-watering to determine genotype (s) with ability to recover from drought stress. Analyses of variance showed highly significant differences in response to moisture stress among the cowpea accessions for the selected physiological traits except for leaf wilting index at week two of drought stress. Stem greenness and recovery appeared to be a reliable indicator of drought tolerant genotypes which was readily observed in Acc1257, Acc1168, Acc2355, IT96D-602 and Acc5352 which also correlated significantly and positively with relative water content and proline content. The genotypes responded differently to drought stress indicating that there is sufficient genetic variability that can be utilized further in breeding for drought stress within the cowpea species.

scholarly journals Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Morpho-physiological Traits along with Grain Fe and Zn Content

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Mainak Barman ◽  
Vinay Kumar Choudhary ◽  
Satish Kumar Singh ◽  
Rabiya Parveen ◽  
Abhishek K. Gowda
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Path Coefficient Analysis ◽  
Relative Water

Character association studies help in assessing the relationship among yield and its components to enhance the selection utility. In view of this, the present research was carried out for assessing correlation and path coefficients among 30 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using fifteen quantitative parameters. Correlation analysis demonstrated a noteworthy positive relationship of days to fifty per cent flowering, number of tillers/plant, flag leaf area, spike length, plant height, chlorophyll content, relative water content, number of grains/ ear, thousand-grain weight, days to maturity and harvest index, with grain yield per plant at both the phenotypic and genotypic level except canopy temperature which showed a significant negative relationship. Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height, flag leaf area, relative water content and grain per ear had the maximum positive direct effect on grain yield. Hence, the present investigation can be helpful in executing a reliable selection of parental lines based on these above mentioned traits in addition to developing high-yielding varieties for further breeding programme.

scholarly journals Respon Pemupukan Terhadap Hasil dan Kualitas Hasil Salak Gula Pasir (Salacca zalacca cv. Gula Pasir) di Luar Musim Serta Kandungan Air Dan Klorofil Daun

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
NI MADE KESUMA DEWI ◽  
I NYOMAN RAI ◽  
I WAYAN WIRAATMAJA
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Short Time

Fertilization Response to Off-Season Production and Fruit Quality of Salak Gula Pasir (Salacca Zalacca cv. Gula Pasir) and water and Chlorophyll Content of Leaves. Naturally salak Gula Pasir (Salacca zalacca cv. Gula Pasir) flowers every three months a year, but only one to two seasons of the flowers can develop into fruit. Failure of flowers develop into fruit, usually call fruit-set failure, causes the fruits be available seasonally in a short time period, only 2-3 months a year, i.e. during the harvest time (on-season period) from December to February. This research aimed to know response of fertilization to off-season production and fruits quality of salak Gula Pasir and its ralatinship to water and chlorophyll content of leaves. The study used a randomized block design with the treatment was fertilization, consists of 14 levels (fertilized according farmers’ way with leaf midrib only/control, fertilized with compost, mycorrhizal biofertilizer, inorganic NPK, combination of farmers' way and compost, combination of farmers’ way and mycorrhizal biofertilizer,  combination of farmers' way and inorganic NPK, combination of compost and mycorrhizal biofertilizer,  combination of compost and inorganic NPK,  combination of mycorrhizal and inorganic NPK,  combination of farmers’ way, compost, and mycorrhizal biofertilizer,  combination of farmers’ way, compost, inorganic NPK,  combination of farmers’ way, mycorrhizal biofertilizer and inorganic NPK, and  combination of farmers’ way, compost, mycorrhizal biofertilizer, and inorganic NPK). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The study was carried out in the off season period from April to Nopember 2018 at the production center of salak Gula Pasir plantation i.e. at Sibetan Village, Bebandem District, Karangasem Regency. The results showed that the highest fruit weight per tree at the off-season was obtained on combination of fertilization of farmers' way and mycorrhizal biofertilizer  (of 2536.67 g) and the lowest was on  control/fertilized according farmers’ way  (1,220.00 g). Fertilization with compost, mycorrhizal biofertilizer, and inorganic NPK singly, or by combining it, increases the quality of off-season fruit of salak Gula Pasir, reflected by the increase of weight per fruit, fruit diameter and fruit sweetness compared to control. The lower of yield per tree and quality of fruit on control compared to other fertilization treatments was relate to low relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves.

scholarly journals Effects of Foliar Spray on Morpho-Physiological Parameters under High Temperature Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (june) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Devi M ◽  
◽  
Vincent s ◽  
Babu Rajendra Prasad ◽  
Anandham R ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Relative Water

High temperature is a critical barrier in most cotton growing areas, limiting cotton growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar spray on KC 3 cotton variety grown under ambient (32.66°C) and high temperature (37.21°C) stress in open-top chamber (OTC) with a temperature of 5°C from the ambient temperature for 10d from flowering to boll development stage. Foliar spray of kaolin @ 3% and calcium carbonate @ 5% were sprayed separately to the set of pots both in ambient and elevated temperature on 70th day of flowering. Observations on morphological and physiological parameters were recorded on viz., plant height (cm plant-1), leaf area (cm2 plant-1), relative water content (%), canopy temperature (°C), SPAD, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio). Kaolin @ 3% foliar spray significantly increased the plant height, leaf area, relative water content, chlorophyll content and reduced the canopy temperature both in high temperature and ambient temperature conditions. Among these treatments, T2 - kaolin 3% (Ambient) followed by T5 - Kaolin 3% (elevated temperature of 5 °C) recorded higher values as compared to calcium carbonate treatment both in ambient temperature and high temperature condition.

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