scholarly journals Urban-rural linkages as an urban survival strategy among urban dwellers in Botswana: the case of Broadhurst residents

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen N. Lesetedi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Survival

This paper studies the role of urban-rural linkages as survival strategies and as a form of economic security in the face of increasing levels of urban unemployment. The study focuses on the residents of Broad hurst,a suburb of Gaborone, Botswana and presents the result of a survey of 360 households.The households contained 1560 people of whom 90.9% were 45 years old or less. Urban-rural linkages included the continuation of part time work and residence in the rural area and the continued management of land and livestock in the rural area. In all, 91.9% of the households interviewed owned property in rural areas while 70.3% owned residential land, 64.7% owned farmland, 63.9% owned livestock, 56.7% owned grazing lands, 14.4% owned business plots and an additional 9.4% owned other forms of rural property. Linkages with the rural area were reinforced through participation in social activities, exchange of goods and services, and the consultation with rural people primarily over family matters and the consultation by rural relatives on work or financial matters.Key words: urban-rural linkages, survival strategy, economic security, Botswana, Gaborone, Broadhurst, rural-urban migration, migrants, land tenure, property, livestock, household, rural development, urban survey. 

RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽  
KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Urban Rural

SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.

Data Sources and Issues in Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Robert E.B. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Migrant Flow ◽  
Previous Location

This chapter details the data sources deployed and the approaches to deriving measures from them. National definitions of urban settlements vary but are demonstrated to match satellite imagery surprisingly well. Most selected sources ask if the place of origin was rural or urban, though in several censuses this is imputed on the nature of the location of origin, rejecting instances where locations prove too diverse; significant contrasts are not found between the two approaches. Those sources that ask place of birth show significantly lower lifetime migration from urban to rural areas than those reporting only location during childhood; their rural-urban migration propensities do not differ. Measures of migrant flow rates, return migration, and other temporary moves require interim location information. Sources reporting the previous location and duration of residence prove more useful than those asking location five years before. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected.

Rural to Urban Migration of Mexican Americans, Negroes and Anglos

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Price
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration

This study compares rural to urban Mexican-American, Negro and Anglo migrants with non-migrants continuing to live in the areas from which the migrants came. Virtually all of the migrants were better off financially than they had been before migration and better off than the non-migrants in the rural areas. The migrants also had better levels of living as measured by several indicators. The Anglos maintained the closest ties to the rural area from which they came, but the Negroes had the highest proportion sending money back. Expressed happiness in the urban area did not show much association with improvements in financial status, but most members of each group reported feeling happier in the urban than in the rural area.

scholarly journals Does Rural to Urban Migration Improves Indian Women's Health Status and Knowledge of AIDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutapa Agrawal ◽  
Praween Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Condition Of Women

The present paper explores the effect of patterns and duration of migration upon health and morbidity condition of women and knowledge and awareness of AIDS. Cross-sectional data from India's second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99) is used for this study. Analysis is based on 73,558 women age 15-49 years who belonged to different streams of migration. Bivariate as well as multivariate techniques have been used for data analysis.Women migrating towards rural area are more underweight than migrating towards urban area whereas reverse for overweight. However, women migrating from rural to rural area were more anaemic than women migrating from rural to urban area. Significant differences were also found for morbidity conditions like Asthma, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Malaria and some reproductive health problems according to streams of migration. Knowledge of AIDS also significantly differs according to the stream and duration of migration. We found stream of migration and duration of migration plays a key role in health, morbidity condition and knowledge of AIDS among women. Therefore, quality of health care in urban areas should be more widely disseminated in rural areas to improve the health status of women. Also the information-education-communication (IEC) programmes related to AIDS should be made more strengthened and effective through television, radio and also through the school teachers to reach the rural masses in India.

The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward Migration

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-330
Author(s):  
Robert E.B. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Onward Migration ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
At Home

Several, independent data analyses demonstrate that neither rural-urban nor urban-rural migrations are as permanent as one normally assumes; return is common within a few years. Return from rural-urban migration is more prevalent among men and the less-well-educated and is strongly associated with rejoining a spouse. Age of return to a rural area is bimodal, peaking around age 20 and among children; no evidence of return upon retirement is apparent. Across countries, more than half return to a district other than their origin. Returned migrants’ rural incomes are greater than those of people who remained at home, both on average and among measurably equivalent groups. Upward mobility in income in towns is affirmed, particularly for the less-well-educated. Seasonal migration is more common among men and the better educated and by individuals, not joint families. Seasonal migration in India as well as step and onward migration elsewhere are not as common as is popularly claimed.

Crossing the Divide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E.B. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Nationally Representative

The magnitude, nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between rural and urban sectors of developing countries are examined. The prior literature is reviewed and is found to be limited in key dimensions. Evidence presented from a new database encompasses nationally representative data on seventy-five developing countries. Several measures of migration propensities are derived for the separate countries. The situation in each country is documented, both in historical context and following the time of enumeration. Rural-urban migrants enjoy major gains; those who do not move forego substantial, potential gains. Barriers to migrating are very real for disadvantaged groups. Migration among ethnolinguistic communities is a pervasive theme; the context in which each group lives is detailed. Upward mobility in incomes in towns is affirmed, and the departure of adults from rural homes raises the living standards of the family left behind, but consequent separation of married couples is endemic to particular societies. Reclassification of rural areas as urban is shown to be more important than net rural-urban moves in incremental urbanization and rural-urban moves are less permanent than normally portrayed. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected, and indications that these twin movements result in sorting of labor by skills are not supported. Moreover, step and onward migration are not as common as popularly claimed. Previously neglected topics studied include autonomous migration by women, child migration, and networks at origin. Policies to limit rural-urban migration are questioned, and as climate change continues, planning for managed urban growth is vital.

scholarly journals Urban–rural and socioeconomic status: Impact on multimorbidity prevalence in hospitalized patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2235042X1989347
Author(s):  
Lynn Robertson ◽  
Dolapo Ayansina ◽  
Marjorie Johnston ◽  
Angharad Marks ◽  
Corri Black
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Urban Rural

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe multimorbidity prevalence in hospitalized adults, by urban–rural area of residence and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Linked hospital episode data were used. Adults (≥18 years) admitted to hospital as an inpatient during 2014 in Grampian, Scotland, were included. Conditions were identified from admissions during the 5 years prior to the first admission in 2014. Multimorbidity was defined as ≥2 conditions and measured using Tonelli et al. based on International Classification of Diseases-10 coding (preselected list of 30 conditions). We used proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to summarize the prevalence of multimorbidity by age group, sex, urban–rural category and deprivation. The association between multimorbidity and patient characteristics was assessed using the χ 2 test. Results: Forty one thousand five hundred and forty-five patients were included (median age 62, 52.6% female). Overall, 27.4% (95% CI 27.0, 27.8) of patients were multimorbid. Multimorbidity prevalence was 28.8% (95% CI 28.1, 29.5) in large urban versus 22.0% (95% CI 20.9, 23.3) in remote rural areas and 28.7% (95% CI 27.2, 30.3) in the most deprived versus 26.0% (95% CI 25.2, 26.9) in the least deprived areas. This effect was consistent in all age groups, but not statistically significant in the age group 18–29 years. Multimorbidity increased with age but was similar for males and females. Conclusion: Given the scarcity of research into the effect of urban–rural area and SES on multimorbidity prevalence among hospitalized patients, these findings should inform future research into new models of care, including the consideration of urban–rural area and SES.

Elections and Rural Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-34
Author(s):  
Robin Harding
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Democratic Elections

Chapter 2 presents the theoretical argument underlying the hypothesis that the introduction of competitive elections across Africa results in pro-rural development. This argument is motivated by a puzzle: despite widespread acceptance that party competition in Africa is dominated by issues of ethnicity and clientelism, not by an urban–rural cleavage, urban residents across Africa are significantly less likely to support incumbents than their rural counterparts. How can this stark urban–rural electoral cleavage be accounted for? After reviewing relevant existing literature, Chapter 2 argues that democratic elections make African governments more responsive to rural interests. This follows from acknowledgement of the particular demographic contexts in which electoral institutions are embedded across Africa. Because a majority of Africans live in rural areas, competitive elections create incentives for governments to implement pro-rural policies to win the support of the rural majority, thereby generating dissatisfaction among urban voters. The argument rests on the assumption that voters in Africa condition their votes on the provision of public goods and services, at least in part. This assumption is crucial, because if it does not hold then there would be no reason to think that politicians should implement pro-rural policies in order to win rural votes. This argument implies an important conditional effect, that incentives to implement pro-rural policies should dissipate as the size of the rural majority decreases. Consequently, the extent of urban–rural differences in development outcomes resulting from electoral competition should be conditional on levels of urbanization. Taken together, the theoretical argument implies three key empirical implications: (1) across Africa, urban hostility towards incumbents and dissatisfaction with democracy should be conditional on levels of urbanization; (2) the distribution of benefits resulting from democratic electoral competition should be targeted primarily towards rural areas; (3) the extent of pro-rural targeting of the democratic dividend should be conditional on levels of urbanization.

scholarly journals SYNTHETIC MEASURE OF RURAL AREA ATTRACTIVENESS FOR LIVING , WORKING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES – CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Uglis ◽  
Magdalena Kozera-Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Space Material

The aim of writing the article was to present a concept of constructing a synthetic measure which defines the attractiveness of rural areas as a place to live, work and run business activities. The proposed measure was also empirically verified in the context of time and space. Material comprised data concerning 2,172 rural and urban-rural municipalities, in 2013, 2014 and 2017, following the territorial division of Poland into voivodeships. The data was obtained from the Local Data Bank at the Central Statistical Office (GUS). In the course of the study, for the purpose of constructing the measure, the author used 15 diagnostic variables, describing various functions of rural areas. The variables underwent normalization in order to make them comparable. The author originally chose five methods of normalization and one for further analysis, which caused the smallest dispersion of results. To select it, a variance analysis was conducted. The resulting synthetic measure of rural area attractiveness was verified empirically, in the context of time and space, which confirmed its diagnostic usability and indicated the temporally changeable diversity of Poland’s territory, as a system of voivodeships with regard to their attractiveness as places to live, work and run business activities.

Country-Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban Sectors

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-114
Author(s):  
Robert E.B. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Across seventy-four countries, six migration propensities of men and women are tabulated in this chapter: notably, for gross and net, lifetime and five-year flow, rural-urban and urban-rural moves. China is purported to have the highest rate of rural-urban migration in recent history, but neither reliable estimates nor sufficient data to permit computations appear to be available. The conventional wisdom is that India has a low rural-urban migration rate, but our estimates contradict this claim. The five-year flow rates are only loosely correlated with lifetime movements. It is important to understand the situation in each country at the time of enumeration, and these specific circumstances are described in the second half of the chapter. Gross rural-urban migration rates increase at higher urbanization levels, but net rural-urban migration proves positive virtually everywhere. Yet a decomposition for twenty-two countries indicates that reclassification of rural areas as urban is far more important than net rural-urban moves in incremental urbanization.

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