Some Common Indices of Group Diversity: Upper Boundaries

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Solanas ◽  
Rejina M. Selvam ◽  
José Navarro ◽  
David Leiva
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Workgroup Diversity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Characteristics

Workgroup diversity can be conceptualized as variety, separation, or disparity. Thus, the proper operationalization of diversity depends on how a diversity dimension has been defined. Analytically, the minimal diversity must be obtained when there are no differences on an attribute among the members of a group, however maximal diversity has a different shape for each conceptualization of diversity. Previous work on diversity indexes indicated maximum values for variety (e.g., Blau's index and Teachman's index), separation (e.g., standard deviation and mean Euclidean distance), and disparity (e.g., coefficient of variation and the Gird coefficient of concentration), although these maximum values are not valid for all group characteristics (i.e., group size and group size parity) and attribute scales (i.e., number of categories). We demonstrate analytically appropriate upper boundaries for conditional diversity determined by some specific group characteristics, avoiding the bias related to absolute diversity. This will allow applied researchers to make better interpretations regarding the relationship between group diversity and group outcomes.

Opening the Black Box: The Influence of Perceived Diversity and a Common In-Group Identity in Diverse Groups

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Previous research on diversity has been criticized for failing to include intervening and process variables. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of two intervening variables, perceived group diversity and a common in-group identity, on the relationship between group diversity and group outcomes. Data were collected from 45 track-and-field coaching staffs (N= 175 participants). Hierarchical-regression analysis revealed that actual diversity was positively related to perceptions of such differences, and, in turn, perceptions of diversity were related to a common in-group identity. Finally, a common in-group identity was negatively related to organizational turnover intentions of the group and positively related to two measures of group effectiveness. Theoretical contributions and implications for diverse groups are discussed.

scholarly journals Expressive Tempo Modifications in Adelina Patti's Recordings: An Integrated Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Massimo Zicari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Textual Content ◽  
The Relationship

This paper explores the extent of expressive tempo modifications as a function of textual content in four operatic arias recorded by Adelina Patti between 1905 and 1906. Their analysis made it possible to determine to what extent significant tempo modifications coincide with those moments in the music, in which special emphasis is demanded by the lyrics. A twofold approach was adopted: the paradigms of historical musicology provided the conceptual tools necessary to define the context, reconstruct the vocal practice, and understand the relationship between the lyrics and the compositional solutions underpinning them; the degree of tempo variability for each aria was determined by empirically measuring the crotchet beat lengths and by calculating the value of mean, mode, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Results show that Patti's renditions of the four arias present tempo modifications which are instrumental to the expression of their dramatic content, as recommended by the singing methods and treatises which appeared in the course of the nineteenth century. Most crucially, they challenge the assumption that interpreters trained in the late romantic culture abused the composer's intentions and indulged in tasteless, exaggerated interpretive choices.

scholarly journals Assessing the Correlation between Skeletal and Corresponding Soft-Tissue Equivalents to Determine the Relationship between CBCT Skeletal/Dental Dimensions and 3D Radiographic Soft-Tissue Equivalents

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da In Kim ◽  
Manuel O. Lagravère
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Spinal Level ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Tissue Equivalents ◽  
Left Corner ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. Compare measurements of skeletal and dental areas on the CBCT to the corresponding soft-tissue measures taken from a 3D Facial Scanner. Methods. 30 patients with CBCT and 3D Facial scanner photos were selected from the orthodontic program database. 30 different distance measurements were obtained from CBCT and facial scan. OrthoInsight software was used to obtain the measurements from the facial scan images, and AVIZO software was used for corresponding CBCT landmarks. The Euclidean distance formula was used to determine the distances for the corresponding x, y, and z coordinates of the CBCT. Reliability for CBCT and Facial Scanner was completed by calculating 30 distances for 10 patients, 3 times. Once reliability was determined, all 30 distances were calculated once for CBCT and facial scanner on each patient and descriptive statistics and paired t-test were applied. Results. All distances measured presented excellent reliability, the lowest one being the left eye width for the facial scanner (ICC 0.847). The landmark with the highest mean error on the CBCT was 2.0 ± 1.6 mm on the z-axis for the spinal level landmark. The Facial Scanner’s largest mean measurement error was 1.5 ± 0.9 mm for the distance of the left corner of the mouth to gonion. All data except width between outer eye corners were statistically significant (p<0.05). The average differences between facial scan and CBCT measurements ranged between 0.77 mm (left canine to cheekbone) to 26.94 mm (left subnasale to gonion) and are thus comparable. All measurements show a reasonable standard deviation between 2.57 mm (left eye width) to 9.91 mm (left gnathion to EAM). Conclusion. Distances obtained from CBCT and facial scan present mild differences giving the perspective of a relationship between them. Understanding this difference and relationship can make it plausible to expect certain underlying skeletal distances under soft-tissue structures.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis to Understand the Relationship between Pig Body Weight and Variation from Birth to Market

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2088
Author(s):  
Andres F. Tolosa ◽  
Joel M. DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Robert D. Goodband ◽  
Jason C. Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This meta-analysis aims to understand the changes in pig body weight (BW) variation from birth to market and develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Standard deviation is the measure of dispersion of a set of values from the mean and CV is the SD expressed as a percentage of the mean. Data collected from 16 papers and data sets yielded 117,268 individually weighed pigs with sample size ranging from 120 to 4108 pigs. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. The resulting prediction equations (CV (%) = 20.04 − 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) − 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95) suggest that there is a quadratic decreasing relationship between the CV of a population and BW, the slope gets smaller as mean BW increases from birth to market. A quadratic increasing relationship is observed for SD, with slope being smaller as mean BW of pigs increases from birth to market. These prediction equations can be used by swine producers to estimate expected CV and SD of BW among a population of pigs.

Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Mancini ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tang-Chuan Wang ◽  
Helena Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

Does crossing the road in a group influence pedestrians’ gaze behavior?

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1938-1942
Author(s):  
Mirjam Lanzer ◽  
Martin Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Gender Influence ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Characteristics

So far, research on pedestrians’ gaze behavior while crossing roads has mainly focused on individual pedestrians rather than groups. However, pedestrians often travel in groups especially in downtown areas. This observational study investigated how group characteristics (group size and movement of the group), situational factors (presence of traffic), and demographic variables (age and gender) influence pedestrians’ gaze behavior towards traffic during road crossing. A total of N = 197 pedestrians were observed of whom n = 24 traveled alone, n = 128 traveled in groups of two or three, and n = 45 traveled in groups of four or more. Results indicated that with increasing group size, the odds to observe traffic decreased. Diffusion of responsibility among group members might explain this effect. Finally, pedestrians’ group characteristics should be considered when developing automated vehicles that interact with vulnerable road users.

Small Project Management Strategy and its Relationship to Satisfaction on Life as Recognized by its Employees

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-61
Author(s):  
Neama Mostafa RaKaban ◽  
Hanaa Saeed Salama
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Young People ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship

The research aims to study the relationship between the management strategies of the small projects of the workers in their dimensions: (Project phase strategy, making decisions, the project management strategy of financial production, Marketing Productive Management Strategy, the strategy of managing productive legal projects) with satisfaction with life dimensions: (Psychological compatibility, Self-compliance, Work environment, and Social compatibility) . The research sample consisted of 102 persons working in four small projects, "Ceramics - Bamboo - Serma - Hand Carpets". They were selected in a pesky-purpose manner from the employees of these projects in Sakiet Abu Shaara village, Sentris, Menoufia Governorate and 10th of Ramadan City. "General data form", "Project Management Strategies scale", and "measure of satisfaction with life" were applied. The study followed the descriptive and analytical approach. The data were categorized and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods through the SPSS statistical program such as number and percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square and F-test. The most important results are related to the relationship between the project management strategy and the financial productivity and self-compliance at the level of significance of 0.01, which means that the realization of the requirements of the project in terms of finance and meet the needs, resulting in self-compatibility.  There is also a correlation between the project management strategy and the business environment at the level of 0.01 meaning that whenever the project needs to be met in terms of funding and meet the needs of the project as this leads to compatibility with the place of residence of the project and the surrounding environment, there is an inverse correlation Between the social situation and the decision-making at the level of significance of 0.01, which means that the greater the number of employees are married the less ability to make the decisions needed in those small projects, which means the impact of the ability to make decisions on the social situation of the individual. There were statistically significant differences between the averages of the different projects in terms of the overall project management strategy according to the dwelling. The highest value was for the medium in the ceramics project and the lowest in the hand carpets where the ceramic represents the highest average 2.000 while the carpets represent the lowest average by 1.809 at the level of significance 0.1. There were significant differences between the mean of the various projects in terms of satisfaction with total life according to the dimension of psychological compatibility and the highest value for the average in the hand carpet project where the results showed that the average and standard deviation of hand carpets is (23.745 ± 4.38) The recommendations of the government, decision-makers and ministries to establish a culture of entrepreneurship and motivate young people to set up private projects through the media, paying attention to the enactment of laws on small projects to motivate young people to establish and develop small and micro enterprises, In various stages to ensure the success and continuity of the project.

scholarly journals Classroom Instructional Practices of Islamic Education Teachers in the Basic Stage at Al-Mafraq Governorate and Its Relation to Gender and Experience Variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Nosiba Ali Al-Mousa
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Instructional Practices ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
T Test ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Social Standard ◽  
Basic Stage ◽  
The Relationship

<p>This study aimed to identify Classroom Instructional Practices of Islamic education teachers<br />at basic stage in AL- Mafraq and to identify the relationship between these practices and<br />gender and experience variables as well as interaction between them. The researcher prepared<br />a scale which its reliability and validity were checked to measure the level of classroom<br />instructional practices. The sample of study which consisted of (64) teachers (male and<br />female) was chosen randomly.<br />Data were collected and analyzed statistically using means, standard deviation, t-test and<br />Tuky test. Results revealed that the classroom studying practices of Islamic education<br />teachers in basic stage in AL- Mafraq agreed with acceptable educational and social standard<br />(80%), whereas the percentage of the classroom instructional practices was (81-89%). The<br />results also revealed lack of statistical significant differences in the classroom instructional<br />practices of Islamic education teachers in the basic stage in AL- Mafraq due to the gender<br />variable but there were statistical significant differences at (0,05=OC) in classroom<br />instructional practices due to experience variable in favor of respondents with experiences ( 4<br />years and less) and 10 years and more).Additionally, there were no statistical significant<br />differences in the classroom instructional practices of Islamic education teachers due to<br />interaction between gender and experience variable. The researcher recommended conducting<br />further studies with different variables.</p>

scholarly journals Objective measurement of physical activity in Macaca fascicularis

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
Wayne T. Corbett ◽  
Harry M. Schey ◽  
A. W. Green
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Active Intermediate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The mean and standard deviation over 24 h for 3 groups of animals - active, intermediate and inactive - in physical activity units were 10948 ± 3360, 2611 ± 1973 and 484 ± 316 respectively. The differences were significant ( P = 0·004), demonstrating the ability of the method to distinguish between groups that can be visibly differentiated. The small within-animal physical activity standard deviation (18·85 PAU) obtained in another group, suggests that it also yields reliable physical activity measurements for non-human primates. The monitoring device used can discriminate between individual nonhuman primate physical activity levels in a free-living environment and does not alter daily behaviour. This makes possible the study of the relationship between physical activity and atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates.

scholarly journals Classification of the coefficient of variation to variables in beef cattle experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos André Braz Vaz ◽  
Paulo Santana Pacheco ◽  
Enio Júnior Seidel ◽  
Angela Pellegrin Ansuj
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Theses And Dissertations

ABSTRACT: This research was conducted to propose a classification of the coefficient of variation (CV%) in many categories of variables of production and carcass of beef cattle experiments. The data was collected from theses and dissertations. We used the methods of classification considering mean and standard deviation, and considering median and pseudo-sigma. The two methods showed similar results so both can be used to classify CV%. We propose only three categories to rank CV%: low, medium and high.

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