Short-Term Effects of Using Verbal Instructions and Demonstration at the Beginning of Learning a Complex Skill in Figure Skating

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Haguenauer ◽  
Patrick Fargier ◽  
Pierre Legreneur ◽  
Anne-Béatrice Dufour ◽  
Geneviéve Cogerino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Complex Skill ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Training Control ◽  
Individual Motor

This study examined whether providing verbal instructions plus demonstration and task repetition facilitates the early acquisition of a sport skill for which learners had a prior knowledge of the individual motor components. After one demonstration of the task by an expert, 18 novice skaters practiced a figure skating jump during a 15-min. period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a group provided with a verbal instruction that specified the subgoals of the task (Subgoals group), a group provided with a verbal instruction that used a metaphor (Metaphoric group), and a group not receiving any specific instruction during training (Control group). Subjects were filmed prior to and immediately following the practice session. Analysis indicated that the modifications of performance were related to the demonstration and the subsequent task repetitions only. Providing additional verbal instructions generated no effect. Therefore, guiding the learner toward a solution to the task problem by means of verbal instruction seems to be ineffective if done too early in the course of learning.

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE INDIVIDUAL MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG MALES IN THE PROCESS OF EXERCISE

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1420-1427
Author(s):  
Oleksii V. Tymoshenko ◽  
Valery G. Arefiev ◽  
Zhanna G. Domina ◽  
Tetiana A. Malechko ◽  
Nataliia P. Lymarenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Motor

The aim: Is to develop, theoretically substantiate and experimentally test the effectiveness of the methods of determining the individual motor performance of 17-18 years old young males in the process of exercise. Materials and methods: The research was conducted at the Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov University in 2019-2020. The research involved 17-18 years old male students during the 1st and the 2nd years of their education (n = 168). Two groups of students were formed: the experimental group (EG, n = 84), which consisted of the students who were engaged according to our developed methods of determining the individual motor performance of 17-18 years old young males in the process of exercise, and the control group (CG, n = 84), which consisted of the students who were engaged in classes on physical education according to the generally accepted methods without taking into account the standards of motor performance. Results: The relationship of motor performance with indicators of physical health, morphofunctional and mental features of young males is revealed, the computer program called “Activity for health” which reflects process of definition of individual standard of motor performance, creation of the individual program of training, the analysis and adjustment of the results of practical activities with the help of modern information and communication technologies is developed and introduced in the educational process. Determination of the level of motor performance shows that the young males of the EG showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better indicators than the young males of the CG. Conclusions: The obtained results allow asserting the effectiveness of the developed methods of determining the individual motor performance of 17-18 years old young males in the process of exercise with the use of information and communication technologies which have a positive effect on improving the psychophysical indicators of the students, which in turn increases their motor performance and motivation for physical education.

scholarly journals Effects of steroid growth promoter on morphological and biochemical adaptations in liver of broiler

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2330-2337
Author(s):  
Nasrin Sultana ◽  
Marzia Afrose ◽  
Kazi Rafiq
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Group A ◽  
Liver Morphology ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual

Aim: The study was conducted to observe the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the gross study and histomorphometry of liver and on the alterations of biochemical parameters of broilers. Materials and Methods: Ninety day-old chicks were collected and assigned to one of three groups: The control, Group A, and Group B. The control, Group A, and Group B were fed for 28 days with a homemade ration, a commercial broiler type ration, and a homemade ration with DEX (7 mg/kg feed), respectively. Liver samples were collected from the individual birds after sacrificing on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the experiment. Morphometric characteristics (length, weight, color, and texture) of the liver were examined. Histomorphological alterations of the liver were assessed with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. To measure the biochemical parameters, blood samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the experiment. Liver function test was performed spectrophotometrically by analyzing serum biochemical markers, that is, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed for the detection of hepatic steroids. Results: Hemorrhagic and congested livers were found in broilers of Group B. There were no significant changes found in weight and length of the livers; only numerical decrease in weight and length was observed in birds of Group B. Liver width was increased in Group B on day 21. Histological observation of livers showed accumulation of lipid droplets, congestion of the sinusoids, and central veins in broilers of Group B. Biochemical analyses showed increased levels of ALT in Group B as compared to Group A on day 14 of the experiment. TLC evaluation revealed a positive result in Group B on 28 days of the experiment. Conclusion: The present study results show that DEX may alter the liver morphology and the concentration of ALT in the circulation of broilers.

The ATTEND trial: An alternative explanation with implications for future recovery and rehabilitation clinical trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolee Winstein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Intervention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group A ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
The Individual

Over the past decade, ATTEND is one of only a handful of moderate to large-scale nonpharmacologic stroke recovery trials with a focus on rehabilitation. While unique in some respects, its test of superiority for the experimental intervention returned negative/neutral results, with no differences in outcome between the experimental intervention and an appropriate control group – a result not uncommon to the majority of moderate to large stroke rehabilitation intervention trials (i.e. six out of eight conducted in the past decade). The authors offer a number of potential explanations for the negative outcome, all of which have merit. We choose not to dwell on these possibilities, but rather offer a radically different explanation, one which has implications for future rehabilitation clinical trials. Our premise is that the process of neurorehabilitation is complex and multifaceted, but most importantly, for success, it requires a genuine collaboration between the patient and the clinician or caregiver to effect optimal recovery. This collaborative relationship must be defined by the unique perspective of each patient. By doing so, we acknowledge the importance of the individual patient’s values, goals, perspectives, and capacity. Rehabilitation scientists can design what arguably is a scientifically sound intervention that is evidence-based and even with preliminary data supporting its efficacy, but if the patient does not value the target outcome, does not fully engage in the therapy, or does not expect the intervention to succeed, the likelihood of success is poor. We offer this opinion, not to be critical, but to suggest a paradigm shift in the way in which we conduct stroke recovery and rehabilitation trials.

scholarly journals Verbal Instructions on Learning the Front-Crawl: Emphasizing a Single Component or the Interaction between Components?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa da Silva Pinto Marques-Dahi ◽  
Flavio Henrique Bastos ◽  
Ulysses Okada de Araujo ◽  
Cinthya Walter ◽  
Andrea Michele Freudenheim
Keyword(s):  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Model Execution ◽  
The One ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractIn Front-Crawl swimming stroke, the interaction between two of its components, i.e. arm stroke and breathing, affects the performance of the motor skill as a whole and therefore can be considered a critical aspect of the skill. The purpose of our study was to investigate if a verbal instruction emphasizing this interaction could lead to learning gains when provided along with video demonstrations.Participants (children) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups according to the type of verbal instruction provided. Component and Interaction groups received their specific instructions along with video demonstrations of a model execution of the Front-Crawl. The Control group watched the same video, but received no further instruction concerning the movement pattern. In the Acquisition phase (AQ) all groups performed 160 trials (organized in 4 sessions) of the task that consisted in swimming 8 meters the Front-Crawl at a comfortable velocity. To assess learning gains, a retention test (RT) and a transfer test (TR) were carried out one week after the end of the AQ.Regarding RT and TR, the one-way ANOVA on the movement pattern score showed a significant difference between groups, with post-hoc tests revealing that the Interaction group achieved higher score than the Control group.The results reveal that enhancing aspects of a video demonstration with verbal instruction improves learning gains of the Front-Crawl in children. Additionally, the results suggest that providing verbal instructions about the interaction between stroke and breathing might promote learning gains, compared to providing instructions about the stroke component individually.

Effects of various procedures for synchronisation of parturition in sows

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (05) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Zaremba ◽  
T. Udluft ◽  
H. Bostedt
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Effective Administration ◽  
Group A ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Controlling Measures ◽  
Group D ◽  
Different Doses

Summary Objective: The effects of various parturition controlling measures in sows on the relevant parameters for parturition were investigated. Material and methods: A total of 1975 study animals were divided into five groups: control group: A (n = 710); trial groups: B (n = 719), C (n = 180), D (n = 175), E (n = 191). The control group (A) included sows that spontaneously farrowed until day 114 of gestation. The remaining sows were administered a PGF2α-analogue (175 µg cloprostenol) on day 114. All sows that farrowed within 24 hours after prostaglandin-medication were summarised in trial group B. Dams that did not farrow until day 115 were either administered oxytocin (20 IU i. m., group C) or carbetocin in two different doses (70 µg, group D or 35 µg, group E). The sows were monitored during the peripartal period over 24 hours. Results: 83.8% of the farrowings were without any complications. The percentage of dystocia varied between the individual groups. Given a complication-free farrowing the expulsion stage began 13.0 hours (group B), 2.4 hours (group C), 1.6 hours (group D) and 1.4 hours (group E) after medication. The expulsion interval of the farrowing of two piglets decreased from 21.1 minutes with spontaneous farrowings (group A) to 18.6 minutes (group E) as a result of the administration of 35 µg carbetocin. The rate of stillborn piglets as well as the incidence of puerperal disorders and the losses of the suckling piglets also gradually, partly even significantly (p 0.05) decreased from group A to E. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The results of this study show that the use of the long-acting oxytocin carbetocin has advantages compared to oxytocin (e. g. shortened duration of birth, reduction of stillbirths). The tested dosages of carbetocin (35 µg or 70 µg) proved to be equally effective. Administration of the lower dose is recommended, since this reduces use of the active ingredient.

Lymph drainage in patients with joint immobility due to chronic ulcerated lesions

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Pereira de Godoy ◽  
D M Braile ◽  
M de Fátima Guerreiro Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual

The fibrous process of chronic ulcerated lesions of lower limbs can impair the mobility of the affected limb. The aim of this work was to assess the benefits of lymph drainage in patients who suffer from this disease. Twenty female and five male patients with ages ranging from 53 to 69 years (mean age 60.6 years) were evaluated. All had a history of at least 10 years of varicose veins and/or ulcerated lesions of the lower limbs with initial dermatofibrosis, with the positive Godet sign during the physical examination of the limb. Patients with intermittent claudication, diabetes and trauma were excluded from the study, as well as patients with chronic dermatofibrosis, and in whom positive Godet sign was not seen. Patients with immobility or very limited movement of the ankle and with some limitation in the toe joints were selected. The patients were randomly divided into group A comprising 15 individuals, and group B 10. All the individual treatments were established before the start of the evaluation period. Lymph drainage was performed on the patients of group A four or five times per week. Group B was subjected to a type of massage for the same period and at the same frequency. The mobility of the ankle joints was evaluated using goniometry before the start and after 30 days of treatment. In all the patients who underwent lymph drainage, an improvement of the joint mobility was seen, whereas in the control, group B, there was no obvious change. In conclusion, lymph drainage gave an improvement in the mobility of the ankle joint after impairment due to initial dermatofibrosis in patients with chronic ulcerated lesions.

Etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnostics, pathogenesis of impetigo and treatment methods

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Laknitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual

Currently, one of the priority medical and social problems is the optimization of treatment methods for pyoderma associated with Streptococcus pyogenes — group A streptococcus (GAS). To date, the proportion of pyoderma, the etiological factor of which is Streptococcus pyogenes, is about 6 % of all skin diseases and is in the range from 17.9 to 43.9 % of all dermatoses. Role of the bacterial factor in the development of streptococcal pyoderma is obvious. Traditional treatment complex includes antibacterial drugs selected individually, taking into account the antibiotic sensitivity of pathognomonic bacteria, and it is not always effective. Currently implemented immunocorrection methods often do not take into account specific immunological features of the disease, the individual, and the fact that the skin performs the function of not only a mechanical barrier, but it is also an immunocompetent organ. Such an approach makes it necessary to conduct additional studies clarifying the role of factors of innate and adaptive immunity, intercellular mediators and antioxidant defense system, that allow to optimize the treatment of this pathology.

ZINC IN THE RATIONS OF CALVES

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Zinc Compounds ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Zinc Salts ◽  
Group A ◽  
Hair Cortex

According to the Tambovagrochemcenter data, zinc deficiency in animal rations exceeds 33%. To de-termine the efficiency of ration additives 3 groups of calves were formed, one of which was control and received regular feed, first test group received additional Zinc Sulphate, and second test group received additional Zinc Bioplex. To assess the results, we take into account the following values: chemical com-position and nutritional values of the feed, body mass value, amount of immunoglobulins in blood, bio-chemical and hematological values of blood, morphological values of fur and skin. Noticeable results were achieved in 4 months, with first and second test groups receiving accordingly 3,15% and 6,13% more body mass increase over the control group. A tendency towards higher albumin concentration in both test groups was noted, and calves of the second test group had higher amounts of hemoglobin and higher concentrations of it per erythrocyte. In samples of epidermis and hairs of the second test group the papillary layer was well developed, with the amount of hair and hair follicles exceeding 7 in the field of view, with the thickness of hairs being at least 70 μm. Inner papilla of hair contained 6 to 8 layers of hair, thickness of awn hairs reaching 80-90 μm, down hairs reaching 40 μm, with the hair cortex making up more than 80% of the hair thickness. Thus, introducing zinc salts and chelated zinc compounds to the milk-fed calves’ ration, has resulted in monetary profit increases over the control group by 255,0 and 612,0 roubles accordingly. By all researched values, the highest results were reached from adding zinc bioplex with approximately 360 mg added per animal for the entire duration of the growth process.

Maximum Temperature Through a Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Stringer ◽  
Sarah Malley ◽  
Darrell M. Hutto ◽  
Jason A. Griggs ◽  
Susana M. Salazar Marocho
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Tooth Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Group A

Background: The most common approach to remove yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fixed-dental prostheses (FDPs) is by means of diamond burs attached to a high-speed handpiece. This process is time-consuming and destructive. The use of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for removal of FDPs can lead to efficient and predictable restoration retrievability. However, the heat produced might damage the tooth pulp (>42˚C). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum temperature (T) reached during the use of different settings of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet Er,Cr:YSGG laser through a YSZ ceramic. Methods: YSZ slices (1 mm thick) were assigned into 7 groups. For the control group, a diamond bur was used to cut a 1 mm groove into the YSZ slices. For the 6 experimental groups, the laser was operated at a constant combination of 33% water and 66% air during 30 s with two different power settings (W) at three frequencies (PPS), as follows (W/PPS): 2.5/20, 2.5/30, 2.5/45, 4.5/20, 4.5/30, 4.5/45. The T through the YSZ slice was recorded in degrees Celsius by using a digital thermometer with a K thermocouple. Results: The median T of the control group was 26.5˚C. The use of 4.5 W resulted in the median T (˚C) of 44.2 at 20 PPS, 53.3 at 30 PPS, and 58.9 at 45 PPS, while 2.5 W showed 34.6, 31.6, and 25.0 at 20, 30, and 45 PPS, respectively. KruskalWallis one-way ANOVA showed that within each power setting, the T was similar. The high power and lowest frequency (4.5/20) showed no significant difference from the 2.5 W settings and the control group. Conclusion: The lower power setting (2.5 W) is a potential method for the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to debond YSZ structures. The higher power (4.5 W) with high frequencies (30 and 45 PPS) is unsuitable.

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