Young Children's Divergent Movement Ability

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances E. Cleland ◽  
David L. Gallahue

To examine the relations of age, gender, movement experience, and gross motor development to young children's scores on divergent movement (i.e., ability to perform and modify fundamental movement patterns), 40 boys and girls ages 4, 6, and 8 years were tested. Ability to make divergent movements was evaluated by having subjects perform 3 different fundamental movement tasks. Movement experience was assessed by asking parents to complete a questionnaire. Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development was used to evaluate subjects' gross motor skill. Testing sessions were videotaped for analysis. Based on a forward stepwise regression analysis, experience and age accounted for 45% of the variance in children's gross motor skill.

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Cooley ◽  
Rebecca Oakman ◽  
Lars McNaughton ◽  
Todd Ryska

Gross motor development, using the Test of Gross Motor Development was investigated in 7– and 10-yr.-old Tasmanian school children ( N = 574) to provide normative data for primary school children. The effects of daily physical education, time spent on physical education per week, schools with and without a trained physical educator, motor skill training programs, and their effects upon development of fundamental movement patterns was also investigated. Time spent on physical education instruction per week, significantly influenced Gross Motor Development scores in that the more time spent on physical education, the higher the score. Having a motor skill training program in the school was significant for 10-yr.-olds. A review of daily physical education with perhaps a goal of greater emphasis on manipulative control skills such as kicking, throwing, and striking should take place especially for girls, as their scores were significantly lower than those of boys.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Nurul Arifiyanti

Every stage in human development has different phase. Not only in every stage but also in gender, motor skill has their own characteristics. Moreover, there is a question of the validity and reliability of some tests used by the researcher. The study was conducted in Purworejo, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. A total of 82 children enrolled in this study, including 12 children aged between 3-4 years, 36 children aged between 4 and 5 years, and 34 children aged between 5 and 6 years. The test of gross motor development-second (TGMD-2) edition was used to evaluate gross motor skill. Independent T-test was used to analyzed the final result. The findings of this study demonstrated that the boys have higher gross motor skills performance than the girls. The school can use this fact to plan curriculum that not based in gender. School must be a campaign system for gender equality


2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Cristina Valentini

Fundamentado em teorias de motivação (Ames, 1987, 1992a, b; Epstein, 1988, 1989; Nicholls, 1984) o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência de uma intervenção motora, com técnica de motivação orientada para a maestria (TMOM), no desenvolvimento motor e na percepção de competência física de crianças com idades entre seis e 10 anos que demonstraram atrasos motores previamente identificados. Noventa e uma crianças com atrasos motores foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos: intervenção (N = 41) e controle (N = 50). Os participantes do grupo de intervenção foram submetidos a 12 semanas (duas sessões semanais). Ao início e término da intervenção, todos os participantes realizaram o Test o f Gross Motor Development - TGMD organizado por Ulrich (1985). Os participantes que experienciaram a intervenção também responderam a Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance - PSPCSA (Harter & Pike, 1984) no início e no término da intervenção. A influência da intervenção na percepção de competência física foi avaliada através de ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Os resultados evidenciaram que a intervenção promoveu mudanças significantes e positivas em relação à percepção de competência física de meninos e meninas com atrasos no desenvolvimento motor. A ênfase na TMOM propicia ao professor oportunidades para criar experiências motoras que suprem as necessidades de todas as crianças, indiferentes de suas experiências prévias e diferentes níveis de habilidades, promovendo a autonomia das crianças colocando-as como sujeitos de suas conquistas. Em outras palavras, permite as crianças explorarem seu próprio processo de aprendizagem


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Andrew Pitchford ◽  
Willie Leung ◽  
E. Kipling Webster

Delays in fundamental motor skill (FMS) competency have been observed in a variety of children with disabilities. However, evidence of FMS delays is largely limited to small, geographically specific, limitedly diverse, and non-representative samples. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between FMS competency and reported disability status among pre-school children, ages 3–5 years, using the 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey (NYFS). In total, 329 preschool children (49% female; 4.00 ± 0.04 years of age) from the 2012 NYFS completed the Test of Gross Motor Development−2, including 43 preschoolers identified with a disability based on parental report (44% female; 4.20 ± 0.16 years). Associations were examined with logistic regression using sampling weights. Poor FMS competency, defined as gross motor quotient scores ≤ 79, was observed in significantly more children with disabilities (29%) than children without disabilities (10%, OR = 3.5, p = 0.04). While not statistically significant, there was a growing disparity in FMS competency at age 5 (41 vs. 11%) compared to age 3 (15 vs. 9%, OR = 1.80, p = 0.30). The results provide additional evidence for poor FMS competency among pre-school children with disabilities. FMS should be an early part of comprehensive assessments for all children suspected of disability or development delay as it is critical to identify and intervene upon FMS delays before discrepancies can widen.


2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia E. Longmuir ◽  
Laura Banks ◽  
Brian W. McCrindle

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the gross motor skills of school-aged children after the Fontan procedure and compare the locomotor and object control skills with normative data.Study designThis study followed a cross-sectional design.SettingThis study was based on hospital outpatient visit, with accelerometry conducted at home.PatientsThis study included 55 patients, including 22 girls in the age group of 6–10 years, 5.1 years after Fontan.Main outcome measuresTest of Gross Motor Development – Version 2, daily activity by accelerometer, medical history review, child and parent perceptions of activity.ResultsBeing involved in active team sports increased locomotor percentile score by 10.3 points (CI: 4.4, 16.1). Preference for weekend outdoor activities (6.9, CI: 2.0, 11.8), performing at least 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily (24.5, CI: 7.3, 41.8), and reporting that parents seldom criticise the child's physical activity (21.8, CI: 8.9, 34.8) were also associated with higher locomotor percentile scores (p < 0.01). Object control percentile scores were higher (p < 0.03) with involvement in formal instruction (5.9, CI: 1.1, 10.6) and being restricted to “activities within comfortable limits” (27.6, CI: 7.7, 47.5). Older chronological age (r = 0.28), a more complicated medical history (r = 0.36), and older age at Fontan (r = 0.28) were associated with greater skill delay (p < 0.04).ConclusionsChildren after Fontan attain basic motor skills at a later age than their peers, and deficits continue for more complex skills as age increases, suggesting a need for longitudinal monitoring of gross motor skill development through the elementary school years. Future research might investigate whether a gross motor skill rehabilitation programme can provide these children with the motor skills needed to successfully participate in a physically active lifestyle with peers.


1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Woodard ◽  
Paul R. Surburg

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of fundamental gross motor skills by 10 girls and 10 boys, 7 yr. old, with learning disabilities. Their skills were assessed on the Test of Gross Motor Development. The boys achieved significantly higher mean scores than the girls on the subtests of Locomotor Skills and Object Control Skills, and on the Gross Motor Development Quotient.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah E. Robinson ◽  
Kara K. Palmer ◽  
Jacqueline M. Irwin ◽  
Elizabeth Kipling Webster ◽  
Abigail L. Dennis ◽  
...  

This study examined the effect of demonstration conditions (multimedia and live) in school-age children on performance of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition (TGMD-2) locomotor and object control subscale raw scores, and participants’ enjoyment in the preoperational and operational stages of cognitive development. Forty-five children ages 5–10 years were divided into two age groups: younger (n = 21, Mage = 5.95 years, SD = .80) and older (n = 24, Mage = 8.96 years, SD = .86). Children completed the TGMD-2 under two counterbalanced conditions: live and multimedia demonstration. Immediately following each testing condition, children ranked their enjoyment and completed a semistructured interview. Paired sample t tests examined motor skill and enjoyment differences in each age group. For both groups, no statistically significant differences were present for motor skill performance or participants’ enjoyment between the two demonstration conditions (p ≥ .05). Overall, 44.5% of participants preferred the multimedia demonstration, while 32.5% preferred the live demonstration. Mixed responses were reported by 22.5% of participants. Within age groups, younger participants preferred the multimedia demonstration more than older participants (multimedia = 50%, 41%; live = 23%, 41%, respectively). This study provides evidence that multimedia demonstration may be suitable for administration of the TGMD-2.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (46) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Paulina OCHOA-MARTINEZ ◽  

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a physical education program in schoolchildren with hearing loss or weakness on gross motor development (GDM). The physical education program was conducted for four months, with sessions five times a week, communicating through Mexican sign language and applying tasks that emphasized motor coordination. Before and after the intervention, gross motor development was assessed with the TGMD-2 test. Inferential statistics with analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2x2 showed double significant interaction between groups and measurements (p=0.05), showing effectiveness in the participating subjects.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-109
Author(s):  
Lili Setiawan ◽  
Yudy Hendrayana ◽  
Agus Mahendra

AbstrakMotor cognitive coordination training merupakan sebuah konsep latihan multimodel yang mengkombinasikan aktivitas fisik dengan stimulasi kognitif. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh motor cognitive coordination training terhadap gross motor skill dan working memory dalam pendidikan jasmani di sekolah dasar. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SD Negeri Leles I (kelompok control) dan SD Negeri Leles III (kelompok treatment) yang terlibat aktif dalam aktivitas pembelajaran akademis pada anak usia 9-10 tahun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelatian ini adalah the matching only-pretest-posttest control group design. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu test gross motor development (TGMD-3) untuk mengukur 13 keterampilan motorik mendasar, dibagi lagi menjadi dua sub-skala yaitu Keterampilan Lokomotor dan Object Control. Sedangkan Digit Span Test untuk mengukur daya ingat (working memory). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaruh motor cognitive coordination training dalam program aktivitas pendidikan jasmani lebih baik dibandingkan program aktivitas pendidikan jasmani terhadap peningkatan gross motor skill dan working memory siswa di sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan program gerak yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif dan motorik anak, salah satunya dengan menerapkan program motor cognitive coordination training. The influence of motor cognitive coordination training program on gross motor skill and working memory of physical educationMotor cognitive coordination training is a multimodel exercise concept that combines physical activity with cognitive stimulation. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is an influence from the motor cognitive coordination training program on gross motor skill and working memory of physical education in elementary school. The sample in this study were students of Leles I Elementary School (control group) and Leles III Elementary School (treatment group) who were actively involved in academic learning activities in children aged 9-10 years. This research uses the matching only-pretest- posttest control group design as a method and uses of instrument like test gross motor development (TGMD-3) to measure 13 basic motor skills, subdivided into two subscales namely Locomotor Skills and Object Control. While Digit Span Test to measure memory (working memory). The results showed the effect of motor coordination on cognitive training in physical education activity programs is better than physical education activity programs against increasing gross motor skills and working memory of students in elementary school. This research explains the important of program which can increase cognitive and motoric skill of students, like apply motor cognitive coordination program.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
M Haris Satria ◽  
Khoirul Andrianto

This study aims to determine the level of gross motor skills of children with mild mental retardation in SD SLB C Karya Ibu Palembang. The type of research in this thesis is qualitative research with quantitative descriptive research methods. The sample in this study were mild mental retardation children from grade I to VI at SD SLB C Karya Ibu Palembang. Instrument test used Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) consists of 12 test items, namely run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide, striking stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, kick, overhand throw and underhand roll The results of measuring the motor skills of students at SD SLB C Karya Ibu Palembang, namely "ASP" got the category below average, "BNP" got the average category, "BSA" got the bad category, "DAS" got the bad category, "DIG" got the category below average, "FRI" got a below average category, "IAN" got a bad category, "KAN" got a bad category, "LEN" got a below average category, and "MAN" got a below average category. The conclusion in this study is that the level of gross motor skill of children with mild mental retardation in Elementary School Extraordinary School Karya Ibu belongs to the category below average.


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