Audiences' Perceptions of Sources' Credibility in a Television Interview Setting

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Engstrom
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Clothing Style ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Television Interview ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Interview Setting

This experiment examined the differences between older and younger men and women's evaluations of differently dressed sources' credibility. 165 subjects viewed simulated interviews for television in which male and female sources dressed either conservatively or casually. Subjects then rated them according to semantic-differential scales which measured targets' competence, character, and dynamism. Subjects were categorized by age and sex. Over-all, younger women (those between the ages of 18 and 34 years) gave high ratings of competence, character, and dynamism to all sources regardless of clothing style, while older women (those 35 years and older) gave the lowest ratings. This was especially noted for their evaluations of female sources. Men, regardless of age rated all sources similarly.

scholarly journals Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Osteoarthritis Patients in a Prospective Longitudinal Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mushfiqur Rahman ◽  
Jolanda Cibere ◽  
Aslam H. Anis ◽  
Charlie H. Goldsmith ◽  
Jacek A. Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Objectives. Our aim was to determine the risk of diabetes among osteoarthritis (OA) cases in a prospective longitudinal study.Methods. Administrative health records of 577,601 randomly selected individuals from British Columbia, Canada, from 1991 to 2009, were analyzed. OA and diabetes cases were identified by checking physician’s visits and hospital records. From 1991 to 1996 we documented 19,143 existing OA cases and selected one non-OA individual matched by age, sex, and year of administrative records. Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate the effects after adjusting for available sociodemographic and medical factors.Results. At baseline, the mean age of OA cases was 61 years and 60.5% were women. Over 12 years of mean follow-up, the incidence rate (95% CI) of diabetes was 11.2 (10.90–11.50) per 1000 person years. Adjusted RRs (95% CI) for diabetes were 1.27 (1.15–1.41), 1.21 (1.08–1.35), 1.16 (1.04–1.28), and 0.99 (0.86–1.14) for younger women (age 20–64 years), older women (age ≥ 65 years), younger men, and older men, respectively.Conclusion. Younger adults and older women with OA have increased risks of developing diabetes compared to their age-sex matched non-OA counterparts. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the potential mechanisms.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional centiles of blood pressure by age and sex: a four-hospital database retrospective observational analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e033618
Author(s):  
David Wong ◽  
Stephen Gerry ◽  
Farah Shamout ◽  
David A Clifton ◽  
Marco A F Pimentel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Hospital Database ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Age And Sex

ObjectivesNational guidelines for identifying physiological deterioration and sepsis in hospitals depend on thresholds for blood pressure that do not account for age or sex. In populations outside hospital, differences in blood pressure are known to occur with both variables. Whether these differences remain in the hospitalised population is unknown. This database analysis study aims to generate representative centiles to quantify variations in blood pressure by age and sex in hospitalised patients.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional observational database analysis.SettingFour near-sea-level hospitals between April 2015 and April 2017Participants75 342 adult patients who were admitted to the hospitals and had at least one set of documented vital sign observations within 24 hours before discharge were eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if they died in hospital, had no vital signs 24 hours prior to discharge, were readmitted within 7 days of discharge, had missing age or sex or had no blood pressure recorded.ResultsSystolic blood pressure (SBP) for hospitalised patients increases with age for both sexes. Median SBP increases from 122 (CI: 121.1 to 122.1) mm Hg to 132 (CI: 130.9 to 132.2) mm Hg in men, and 114 (CI: 113.1 to 114.4) mm Hg to 135 (CI: 134.5 to 136.2) mm Hg in women, between the ages of 20 and 90 years. Diastolic blood pressure peaked around 50 years for men 76 (CI: 75.5 to 75.9) mm Hg and women 69 (CI: 69.0 to 69.4) mm Hg. The blood pressure criterion for sepsis, systolic <100 mm Hg, was met by 2.3% of younger (20–30 years) men and 3.5% of older men (81–90 years). In comparison, the criterion was met by 9.7% of younger women and 2.6% of older women.ConclusionWe have quantified variations in blood pressure by age and sex in hospitalised patients that have implications for recognition of deterioration. Nearly 10% of younger women met the blood pressure criterion for sepsis at hospital discharge.

scholarly journals Age and sex influence the balance between maximal cardiac output and peripheral vascular reserve

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Ridout ◽  
Beth A. Parker ◽  
Sandra L. Smithmyer ◽  
Joaquin U. Gonzales ◽  
Kenneth C. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Vascular Reserve ◽  
Femoral Blood Flow ◽  
Maximal Cardiac Output ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Femoral Blood ◽  
Age And Sex

We evaluated the influence of age and sex on the relationship between central and peripheral vasodilatory capacity. Healthy men (19 younger, 12 older) and women (17 younger, 17 older) performed treadmill and knee extensor exercise to fatigue on separate days while maximal cardiac output (Q, acetylene uptake) and peak femoral blood flow (FBF, Doppler ultrasound) were measured, respectively. Maximal Q was reduced with age similarly in men (Y: 23.6 ± 2.7 vs. O: 17.4 ± 3.5 l/min; P < 0.05) and women (Y: 17.7 ± 1.9 vs. O: 12.3 ± 1.6 l/min; P < 0.05). Peak FBF was similar between younger (Y) and older (O) men (Y: 2.1 ± 0.5 vs. O: 2.2 ± 0.7 l/min) but was lower in older women compared with younger women (Y: 1.9 ± 0.4 vs. O: 1.4 ± 0.4 l/min; P < 0.05). Maximal Q was positively correlated with peak FBF in men (Y: r = 0.55, O: r = 0.74; P < 0.05) but not in women (Y: r = 0.34, O: r = 0.10). Normalization of cardiac output to appendicular muscle mass and peak FBF to quadriceps mass reduced the correlation between these variables in younger men ( r = 0.30), but the significant association remained in older men ( r = 0.68; P < 0.05), with no change in women. These data suggest that 1) aerobic capacity is associated with peripheral vascular reserve in men but not women, and 2) aging is accompanied by a more pronounced sex difference in this relationship.

scholarly journals Sleep Characteristics According to Gender and Age Measured by Wrist Actigraphy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13213
Author(s):  
Katarína Kováčová ◽  
Katarína Stebelová
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The sleep/wake rhythm is one of the most important biological rhythms. Quality and duration of sleep change during lifetime. The aim of our study was to determine differences in sleep efficiency, movement, and fragmentation during sleep period between genders and according to age. Sleep period was monitored by wrist actigraphy under home-based conditions. Seventy-four healthy participants—47 women and 27 men participated in the study. The participants were divided by age into groups younger than 40 years and 40 years and older. Women showed lower sleep fragmentation and mobility during sleep compared to men. Younger women showed a higher actual sleep and sleep efficiency compared to older women and younger men. Younger men compared to older men had a significantly lower actual sleep, lower sleep efficiency and significantly more sleep and wake bouts. Our results confirmed differences in sleep parameters between genders and according to age. The best sleep quality was detected in young women, but gender differences were not apparent in elderly participants, suggesting the impact of sex hormones on sleep.

scholarly journals Pathways to Educational Disparities in Disability Incidence: The Contributions of Excess Body Mass Index, Smoking, and Manual Labor Involvement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarlise Townsend ◽  
Neil K Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Manual Labor ◽  
Educational Disparities ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Younger Men

Abstract Objectives In the United States, educational disparities in disability are large and increasing, but the mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. We estimate the proportion of population-level educational disparities in disability incidence explained by excess body mass index (BMI), smoking, and manual labor. Method We use waves 2003–2015 of the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics to calculate observed disability incidence and counterfactual incidence absent the key mediators (3,129 individuals; 13,168 observations). We take advantage of earlier-life measures, including childhood socioeconomic status, 1986 BMI, and occupational history between 1968 and 2001. To account for distinct processes in women and men at middle versus older ages, we stratify by gender and at age 65. Results Educational disparities in disability incidence were evident in women and men at younger and older ages, and were largest among older women. Together, the mediators of interest were estimated to explain roughly 60% of disparities in younger women, 65%–70% in younger men, 40% in older women, and 20%–60% in older men. The main contributors to disparities appeared to be excess BMI and smoking in younger women; manual labor and smoking in younger men; excess BMI in older women; and smoking in older men. Discussion These mediators explain much of disparities in earlier-age disability; successful interventions to address these factors may substantially reduce them. However, a considerable proportion of disparities remained unexplained, particularly at older ages, reflecting the myriad pathways by which educational attainment can influence disability status.

Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL H. KRAMER ◽  
KRISTINE YAFFE ◽  
JEANNE LENGENFELDER ◽  
DEAN C. DELIS
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions

Age and gender effects on verbal episodic memory are well established. However, the possibility of interactions between age and gender has been raised by studies linking estrogen and verbal memory performance, and by research suggesting gender differences in age-related cortical atrophy. We evaluated whether age by gender interactions in verbal memory were present. Subjects within three years of the median age of menopause were excluded from a large cohort of normal subjects, resulting in a younger sample (16–47 years) of 288 men and 285 women, and an older sample (55–89 years) of 201 men and 245 women. All subjects were administered the CVLT-2, a multiple-trial list-learning task. Verbal memory was negatively correlated with age for younger men, older men, and older women, but not for younger women. Multivariate analyses indicated age by gender interactions on memory for the younger group but not the older group. Results indicate that verbal memory declines with age for younger men but not younger women, whereas both older men and older women show age-related declines. These findings are consistent with hypotheses linking estrogen and verbal memory performance, and with imaging data suggesting that age-related hippocampal atrophy is found in younger men but not younger women. The role of estrogen on cognition in normal aging warrants further study. (JINS, 2003, 9, 97–102.)

Wife Killing: Risk to Women as a Function of Age

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd K. Shackelford ◽  
David M. Buss ◽  
Jay Peters
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Younger Men

Younger women, relative to older women, incur elevated risk of uxoricide—being murdered by their husbands. Some evolutionary theorists attribute this pattern to men’s evolved sexual proprietariness, which inclines them to use violence to control women, especially those high in reproductive value. Other evolutionary theorists propose an evolved homicide module for wife killing. An alternative to both explanations is that young women experience elevated uxoricide risk as an incidental byproduct of marriage to younger men who commit the majority of acts of violence. We used a sample of 13,670 uxoricides to test these alternative explanations. Findings show that (a) reproductive-age women incur an elevated risk of uxoricide relative to older women; (b) younger men are overrepresented among uxoricide perpetrators; and (c) younger women, even when married to older men, still incur excess risk of uxoricide. Discussion examines competing explanations for uxoricide in light of these findings.

Effects of Gender, Age, and Education on Assertiveness in a Nigerian Sample

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eucharia U. Onyeizugbo
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Assertive Behavior ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Two hundred fourteen (214) married persons, 101 men and 113 women aged 20–60, with at least high school education, participated in the study which investigated the effects of gender, age, and educational attainment on assertiveness among married persons in Nigeria. The Assertive Behavior Assessment scale (ABAS; Onyeizugbo, 1998 ) was used to measure assertiveness. It was hypothesized that persons with higher educational attainment will report more assertiveness than persons with lower educational attainment. Results supported the hypothesis. In addition, interactions between gender and age, and gender and educational attainment were found. Younger men reported more assertiveness than younger women whereas older women reported more assertiveness than older men. Also, women participants of lower educational attainment reported more assertiveness than their men counterparts whereas men of higher educational attainment reported more assertiveness than their women counterparts. Results of this study suggest that women in Nigeria may become more assertive with age.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

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