Individual vs Group Learning: Note on Two Task Variables

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman S. Napier
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Group Learning ◽  
Nominal Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Puzzle Task

The pooling of abilities or nominal groups technique was used in the present experiment to compare individuals with two-person groups on a picture-puzzle task. When size of the task was limited to a part (one-fourth) of the puzzle or the duration of the task was restricted to a few (four) trials, no difference between individuals and groups was evident. However, as task size and number of trials increased, groups performed at a significantly higher level than individuals. The difference was discussed in terms of information available to group members and the time required for group formation.

scholarly journals A Fast Retrieval of Cloud Parameters Using a Triplet of Wavelengths of Oxygen Dimer Band around 477 nm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Haklim Choi ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad ◽  
Jongjin Seo ◽  
Kwang-Mog Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Retrieval Scheme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Look ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cloud Top Pressure

Clouds act as a major reflector that changes the amount of sunlight reflected to space. Change in radiance intensity due to the presence of clouds interrupts the retrieval of trace gas or aerosol properties from satellite data. In this paper, we developed a fast and robust algorithm, named the fast cloud retrieval algorithm, using a triplet of wavelengths (469, 477, and 485 nm) of the O2–O2 absorption band around 477 nm (CLDTO4) to derive the cloud information such as cloud top pressure (CTP) and cloud fraction (CF) for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The novel algorithm is based on the fact that the difference in the optical path through which light passes with regard to the altitude of clouds causes a change in radiance due to the absorption of O2–O2 at the three selected wavelengths. To reduce the time required for algorithm calculations, the look-up table (LUT) method was applied. The LUT was pre-constructed for various conditions of geometry using Vectorized Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) to consider the polarization of the scattered light. The GEMS was launched in February 2020, but the observed data of GEMS have not yet been widely released. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the retrieved CTP and CF using observational data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), which cover the spectral range of GEMS, were compared with the results of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band (FRESCO) algorithm, which is based on the O2 A-band. There was good agreement between the results, despite small discrepancies for low clouds.

scholarly journals Events, Time and the Simple Form

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Hirtle
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Event Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
English Verb

Abstract This is an attempt to discern more clearly the underlying or POTENTIAL meaning of the simple form of the English verb, described in Hirtle 1967 as 'perfective'. Vendler's widely accepted classification of events into ACCOMPLISHMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ACTIVITIES, and STATES is examined from the point of view of the time necessarily contained between the beginning and end of any event, i.e. EVENT TIME as represented by the simple form. This examination justifies the well known dynamic/stative dichotomy by showing that event time is evoked in two different ways, that, in fact, the simple form has two ACTUAL significates. Further reflection on the difference between the two types thus expressed—developmental or action-like events and non-developmental or state-like events—leads to the conclusion that the simple form provides a representation of the time required to situate all the impressions involved in the notional or lexical import of the verb.

scholarly journals Pembuatan dan Pengujian Mesin Pemotong Lidi Tusuk Sate

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Gusri Akhyar Ibrahim ◽  
Arinal Hamni ◽  
Wahyu Budiono
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
At Home

MAKING AND TESTING OF SKEWERS CUTTING MACHINES. In Indonesia there are more than 100 types of bamboo that can be used by craftsmen, one of which is skewers. Skewers are promising commodities for business opportunities. The process of producing skewers are started from cutting down the bamboo, cutting bamboo, splitting bamboo, shriveling bamboo to become a stick skewer after that is done cutting the skewer sticks, drying sticks, polishing the sticks skewers and chopping sticks. The process of cutting a stick skewer which is done at this time is still using a simple tool, so the results are bad and the cutting time is very long. To maintain the quality of the results of a good stick skewer sticks and to increase the productivity of the stick skewers, the process of producing and testing of a skewer stick cutting machine is done. The method to produce a skewer stick cutting machine is done by designing the tool, determining the material to be used then making it. This skewer stick cutting machine is made with a press system and vertical cutting directions. From the results of testing the skewer stick cutting machine obtained that the quality of skewer cutting is good and the time required to cut is only 10 seconds. the difference is about 50 seconds faster than the hand saws used, so as to increase the productivity of the skewer sticks. The cutting machine was impelemented at home industry at Sidomulyo of South Lampung. Using the machine has increased productity and also quality of skewers.

scholarly journals The role of inequity aversion in microloan defaults

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
MATTHEW R. JORDAN ◽  
WILLIAM T. DICKENS ◽  
OLIVER P. HAUSER ◽  
DAVID G. RAND
Keyword(s):  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Joint Liability ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Default Rates ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Difference

AbstractMicrocredit – joint-liability loans to the poorest of the poor – has been touted as a powerful approach for combatting global poverty, but sustainability varies dramatically across banks. Efforts to improve the sustainability of microcredit have assumed defaults are caused by free-riding. Here, we point out that the response of other group members to delinquent groupmates also plays an important role in defaults. Even in the absence of any free-rider problem, some people will be unable to make their payments due to bad luck. It is other group members’ unwillingness to pitch in extra – due to, among other things, not wanting to have less than other group members – that leads to default. To support this argument, we utilize the Ultimatum Game (UG), a standard paradigm from behavioral economics for measuring one's aversion to inequitable outcomes. First, we show that country-level variation in microloan default rates is strongly correlated (overall r = 0.81) with country-level UG rejection rates, but not free-riding measures. We then introduce a laboratory model ‘Microloan Game’ and present evidence that defaults arise from inequity-averse individuals refusing to make up the difference when others fail to pay their fair share. This perspective suggests a suite of new approaches for combatting defaults that leverage findings on reducing UG rejections.

Do Large Shared Displays Facilitate Group Effort?

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney L. Smith ◽  
Benjamin C. Duggar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Large Display ◽  
Error Frequency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Difference

Twelve four-man groups searched and counted visually displayed items. In one session, they used a large display shared in common by the group members; in another session, separate smaller displays were viewed individually. Information was presented under conditions of equal visual angle, so that these two display modes were logically equivalent. Performance was 15 percent faster with the large group display than with the small individual displays. There was no significant difference in error frequency. Some subjects preferred the large display, some the small. In a supplementary study, running individual subjects rather than groups, there were no differences in speed or accuracy between the display modes. This suggests that the difference in group performance time resulted from some facilitating effect of the shared display on the process of group interaction.

scholarly journals Rapid juvenile hormone downregulation in subordinate wasp queens facilitates stable cooperation

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1872) ◽  
pp. 20172645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Michelle L. Fearon ◽  
Ellery Wong ◽  
Zachary Y. Huang ◽  
Robin M. Tinghitella
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Polistes Dominula ◽  
Group Members

In many cooperatively breeding animals, subordinate group members have lower reproductive capacity than dominant group members. Theory suggests subordinates may downregulate their reproductive capacity because dominants punish subordinates who maintain high fertility. However, there is little direct experimental evidence that dominants cause physiological suppression in subordinates. Here, we experimentally test how social interactions influence subordinate reproductive hormones in Polistes dominula paper wasps. Polistes dominula queens commonly found nests in cooperative groups where the dominant queen is more fertile than the subordinate queen. In this study, we randomly assigned wasps to cooperative groups, assessed dominance behaviour during group formation, then measured levels of juvenile hormone (JH), a hormone that mediates Polistes fertility. Within three hours, lowest ranking subordinates had less JH than dominants or solitary controls, indicating that group formation caused rapid JH reduction in low-ranking subordinates. In a second experiment, we measured the behavioural consequences of experimentally increasing subordinate JH. Subordinates with high JH-titres received significantly more aggression than control subordinates or subordinates from groups where the dominant's JH was increased. These results suggest that dominants aggressively punished subordinates who attempted to maintain high fertility. Low-ranked subordinates may rapidly downregulate reproductive capacity to reduce costly social interactions with dominants. Rapid modulation of subordinate reproductive physiology may be an important adaptation to facilitate the formation of stable, cooperative groups.

Cardiorespiratory responses of sedentary college women as a function of training intensity

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 822-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Kearney ◽  
G. A. Stull ◽  
J. L. Ewing ◽  
J. W. Strein
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
College Women ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Treadmill Speed ◽  
Training Response ◽  
O2 Pulse ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

Twenty-seven sedentary college women trained on a treadmill 3 times weekly over a 9-wk experimental period. Subjects exercised at a heart rate (HR)of either 50 or 65% of the HR reserve added to the resting HR with the duration of each session limited to the time required to elicit 1,000 beats above the resting value. Treadmill speed was adjusted automatically to maintain the prescribed exercise heart rate (EHR) within +/- 5 beats-min(-1). A comparison of the pretraining and posttraining results revealed that both training intensities caused significant increases in VO2max (1-min(-1) and ml-kg(-1)-min(-1)), V at VO2max, and O2 pulse at VO2max, and a significant decrease in VEO2 at VO2max. There was no alteration in EHR at VO2max for either intensity. For every dependent variable in which training effects were noted, the absolute gain made by the subjects training at the 65% intensity was greater than for those exercising at 50%. In no instance, however, was the difference between groups statistically significant. It was concluded that training at an EHR of either 50 or 65% of the HR reserve plus resting HR is sufficient to elicit a training response.

P1379Fluoroscopy requirement reduction using an esophageal cooling protocol during left atrial ablation

EP Europace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Zagrodzky ◽  
S Bailey ◽  
S Shah ◽  
E Kulstad
Keyword(s):  
Fluoroscopy Time ◽  
Esophageal Injury ◽  
Rf Ablation ◽  
Cooling Device ◽  
Atrial Ablation ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensor Temperature ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cold Liquid

Abstract Background Ablation of the left atrium with radiofrequency (RF) energy is associated with some risks to the esophagus.  Cooling the esophagus has been used as one approach to reducing esophageal injury, most commonly with direct instillation of cold liquid via gastric tube placed in the esophagus.  A new esophageal cooling device avoids the risks of free liquid instillation by using a closed-loop system, and avoids the need for frequent repositioning or stopping of the procedure often required when utilizing luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring.  This in turn may reduce fluoroscopy requirements for the procedure. Purpose Measure the difference in fluoroscopy time required during RF ablation using an esophageal cooling device protocol, and compare this to standard LET monitoring using single or multi-sensor temperature probes. Methods We obtained total fluoroscopy time per patient from records of RF ablation procedures performed by a two operators over a 12 month period.  We compared fluoroscopy times between patients treated with an esophageal cooling device to control patients who were treated with LET monitoring using either single-sensor or multi-sensor temperature probes. Results Fluoroscopy times were available for a total of 179 patients treated with an esophageal cooling device, and 118 patients treated with LET monitoring over the 12 month study period.  Mean fluoroscopy time for patients treated with esophageal cooling was 4.0 minutes (SD 4.9 minutes) with a median of 2.0 minutes (IQR 1.3 to 3.8 minutes).  Mean fluoroscopy time for patients undergoing LET monitoring was 5.5 minutes (SD 5.7 minutes) with a median of 3.0 minutes (IQR 1.9 to 8.4 minutes).  This difference represents a 27% reduction in mean fluoroscopy time, and a 33% reduction in median fluoroscopy time in the esophageal cooling group (p<.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions  Fluoroscopy requirements were reduced by 27% with an esophageal cooling device when compared to standard LET monitoring.

scholarly journals 3D Rigid Registration of Intraoperative Ultrasound and Preoperative MR Brain Images Based on Hyperechogenic Structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierrick Coupé ◽  
Pierre Hellier ◽  
Xavier Morandi ◽  
Christian Barillot
Keyword(s):  
Intraoperative Ultrasound ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Registration Accuracy ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

The registration of intraoperative ultrasound (US) images with preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images is a challenging problem due to the difference of information contained in each image modality. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce a new probabilistic function based on the matching of cerebral hyperechogenic structures. In brain imaging, these structures are the liquid interfaces such as the cerebral falx and the sulci, and the lesions when the corresponding tissue is hyperechogenic. The registration procedure is achieved by maximizing the joint probability for a voxel to be included in hyperechogenic structures in both modalities. Experiments were carried out on real datasets acquired during neurosurgical procedures. The proposed validation framework is based on (i) visual assessment, (ii) manual expert estimations , and (iii) a robustness study. Results show that the proposed method (i) is visually efficient, (ii) produces no statistically different registration accuracy compared to manual-based expert registration, and (iii) converges robustly. Finally, the computation time required by our method is compatible with intraoperative use.

Demonstration of an Ebbinghaus Illusion at a Memory Level

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Eve Rey ◽  
Benoit Riou ◽  
Rémy Versace
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Sensorimotor System ◽  
Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Difference

Based on recent behavioral and neuroimaging data suggesting that memory and perception are partially based on the same sensorimotor system, the theoretical aim of the present study was to show that it is difficult to dissociate memory mechanisms from perceptual mechanisms other than on the basis of the presence (perceptual processing) or absence (memory processing) of the characteristics of the objects involved in the processing. In line with this assumption, two experiments using an adaptation of the Ebbinghaus illusion paradigm revealed similar effects irrespective of whether the size difference between the inner circles and the surrounding circles was manipulated perceptually (the size difference was perceptually present, Experiment 1) or merely reactivated in memory (the difference was perceptually absent, Experiment 2).

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