An Instrument for Measuring the Behavioral Dimension of Social Anxiety

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Zuroff ◽  
J. Conrad Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Check List ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Equivalent Test ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Interpersonal Situations

A review of the literature suggested a need for a behavioral measure of characteristic social anxiety, and Rehm and Marston's (1968) role-playing technique was adapted as an analog. This technique requires subjects to place themselves imaginatively in a series of anxiety-producing social situations which are described on a tape recording; their task is to respond to a line of dialog spoken by someone in the situation. Two equivalent test forms were prepared, each of which sampled a wide range of interpersonal situations relevant to both male and female students. Subjects' responses were videotaped and scored using a check list of behavioral anxiety indicators derived from Paul's (1966) list. Interrater reliabilities for the check list score were high ( r = .92), and test-retest reliability over 11 wk. was acceptable ( r = .57). The check list scores were unrelated to Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scores and weakly though positively related to self-report anxiety measures. Limitations of the instrument were pointed out, and suggestions for further validation studies and possible modifications were noted.

Assessing Social Anxiety: The Inventory of Interpersonal Situations (IIS)

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rien van Dam-Baggen ◽  
Floris Kraaimaat
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Interpersonal Situations

Summary: The purpose of this study was to develop a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of social anxiety in adults. The Inventory of Interpersonal Situations (IIS) consists of 35 items formulated as responses to specific social situations. The IIS is based on an interactive concept of social anxiety and provides scores for both a Discomfort and a Frequency scale. The reliability and validity of the IIS were investigated in several adult psychiatric and nonpsychiatric samples. The scales for Discomfort and Frequency showed stability over time. Cronbach's α's revealed a sufficiently high internal consistency on both scales, while the conceptual structure was shown to be rather invariant across socially anxious and nonsocially anxious groups. The IIS scales were able to discriminate between socially anxious and nonsocially anxious samples, and showed significant relationships with independent measures of social anxiety. The IIS scales demonstrated high predictive validity for overt behavior in social situations.

Prevalence and features of spontaneous recurrent images in social anxiety disorder: findings from a Korean community sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Eun Suh ◽  
Kyung-Ah Chang ◽  
Ji Un Hwang ◽  
Jung-Hye Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Distress Level ◽  
Negative Images

AbstractBackground:Previous studies have indicated that people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often experience spontaneous, recurrent images (SRI). It was assumed that Koreans with interdependent self-views may contain more features related to social contexts in their self-images than those reported in Western cultures.Aims:In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence and content of SRIs in individuals with SAD in Korea. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between features of SRIs and variables of SAD.Method:Sixty-four individuals with SAD (27.00 ± 7.42 years, 64.1% female), diagnosed with SAD, completed self-report questionnaires related to social anxiety. Afterwards, a semi-structured interview was used to assess features and content of the individuals’ SRI.Results:Thirty (47%) of the participants reported experiencing SRIs in social situations. The content of the SRIs were classified under three themes: negative self-images, negative images of others, and abstract images. The distress level of SRIs was positively associated with social phobia scales (r = .385, p < .05) and physical anxiety symptoms (r = .478, p < .05). Frequency of SRIs was positively associated with avoidance scores (r = .402, p < .05).Conclusions:The results demonstrated differences in the prevalence and content of the SRIs between Western and non-Western cultures. Fewer individuals with SAD in Korea reported having SRIs, and the content of these SRIs involved people other than the self. Some features of SRIs were associated with variables of SAD.

Development and Validation of a Situational Social Avoidance Scale

1999 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishu Ishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Performance Domains ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation

A 15-item self-report Situational Social Avoidance scale was developed and validated. Two samples of university students (total N = 407) provided data, evidencing high internal consistency (α=.89 for Sample 1, α = .92 for Sample 2) and test-retest reliability of .86 ( n = 65) over a 6.5-wk. interval. A factor-analysis yielded an interpretable 3-factor solution with three domains of social avoidance, (a) social performance, (b) socializing, and (c) self-assertion. Sample 2 showed a significant sex difference, with 138 women scoring higher, especially in the self-assertion and social performance domains. The scale had high positive correlations (from .60 to .78) with four frequently used social anxiety scales, and meaningful correlations with depression ( r = .36), self-esteem ( r = −.49), and self-critical cognition ( r = .50). Differential correlations were found between the scale's three factor-based subscales and the other social anxiety scales, suggesting different situational properties of the latter scales. Research implications and clinical use of the scale are discussed.

Relationships among Social Perception, Social Skill, and Social Anxiety of Psychiatric Patients

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1175-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan L. Fingeret ◽  
Peter M. Monti ◽  
Maryann Paxson
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Skill ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Response Alternatives

This study examined relationships among measures of social perception and social performance for 63 psychiatric patients. Simulated social situations with differing response alternatives were presented on videotape to patients who judged the most appropriate alternative of three. Patients also participated in role-plays, and their videotaped responses were later rated for social skill and social anxiety. Patients also responded to a self-report inventory of social behavior. Analysis indicated that social perception was correlated with social skill but not with social anxiety. Self-report measures were not correlated with either social perception or social performance. The possible role of social perception in social performance was discussed.

The Assessment of Social Skills Deficits in the Elderly

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
David Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Older People ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Difficulty Scale ◽  
Social Skills Deficits ◽  
And Training

This paper tested the hypothesis that a sample of elderly people compared to a matched sample of younger people reports an increase in difficulty and social anxiety in dealing with a wide range of everyday social situations. The literature on assertiveness and social skills training with the elderly was first reviewed. Then an assertiveness and social difficulty scale was administered to a group of eighty participants divided by age and sex. It was found that older people experienced less discomfort in situations requiring assertiveness, yet were less likely to respond assertively. Older people reported higher incidence of social anxiety across forty everyday situations. In general females reported more difficulty than males, though there were no interaction effects. The results are discussed in terms of the assessment and training of social skills in the elderly.

Higher Social Anxiety Severity Predicts Better Cognitive Empathy Performance in Women but Not Men

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412096549
Author(s):  
Samantha K. Berg ◽  
Jeffrey S. Bedwell ◽  
Robert D. Dvorak ◽  
Erin B. Tone
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Mind

Findings regarding relationships between social anxiety and subtypes of empathy have been mixed, and one study suggested that this may be due to moderation by biological sex. The present study examined whether accounting for general anxiety and biological sex clarifies these relationships. Undergraduates ( N = 701, 76% female) completed online self-report measures of cognitive and affective empathy, social and general anxiety severity, and a behavioral measure of cognitive empathy (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task; MIE). Path analysis examined relationships among social and general anxiety severity and affective and cognitive empathy. Model modification indices showed a significant influence of sex on the path from social anxiety severity to MIE accuracy. When the model was re-estimated with this path freed, more socially anxious women, but not men, showed greater MIE accuracy. Across both sexes, general anxiety severity related negatively to self-reported and behavioral (MIE) cognitive empathy. Affective empathy did not relate to either type of anxiety. The use of path analysis to simultaneously account for overlapping variance among measures of anxiety and empathy helps clarify earlier mixed findings on relationships between social anxiety and empathy subtypes.

Interpretations for Safety Behaviours in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emotional Condition

Background: It has been suggested that socially anxious individuals often engage in a wide range of safety behaviours in social situations that are intended to reduce the risk of social failure and humiliation. Method: This study explored the interpretations that people make for behaviours considered to be safety seeking. High and low socially anxious individuals completed one version of a questionnaire that assessed how the safety behaviours that they may exhibit are interpreted by others, and then completed a second version of the same questionnaire that assessed how they typically interpret safety behaviours in other people. Participants rated the extent to which each of eight interpretations was viewed as a likely interpretation of the behaviour. Results: Individuals high in social anxiety were more likely than low socially anxious participants to think that being arrogant, suffering from a psychological problem, or experiencing a normal level of anxiety, nervousness or fear are likely explanations for safety behaviours, regardless of who exhibits them. Additionally, high socially anxious participants were more likely than those low in social anxiety to think that others interpreted these behaviours as being indicative of intense anxiety or other negative emotional condition. Conclusions: The results suggested that socially anxious people are, at least, aware of the negative effects of certain behaviours characterized as safety seeking.

Social Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Distress in a Virtual Reality Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir ◽  
Karen Soring ◽  
Karen Kristinsdottir ◽  
Sveinn Gunnar Halfdanarson ◽  
Kamilla R. Johannsdottir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Treatment Target ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract According to cognitive theories of social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation (FNE) may be the mechanism whereby social anxiety induces distress. However, studying this can be challenging, as individuals with social anxiety may be reluctant to enter anxiety-provoking social situations, such as speaking in front of others. The present study used virtual reality (VR) to examine if giving a presentation in front of a virtual audience induced distress among undergraduate students and to test the hypothesis that FNE would mediate the relationship between social anxiety and distress. University students (N = 58, 70% female) entered a VR environment where they stood in front of a virtual audience and gave a short, impromptu presentation about their university. Participants also completed self-report measures of social anxiety, FNE, and distress (estimated before, during, and after VR). Distress and FNE had positive relationships with social anxiety and FNE fully mediated the relationship between social anxiety and distress. As far as we are aware, this is the first VR study to show this effect. The findings indicate that FNE could be a useful treatment target to reduce distress when presenting in front of an audience, either in VR or in person.

Test-Retest Reliability of a Self-Report Questionnaire for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ottosson ◽  
Martin Grann ◽  
Gunnar Kullgren
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Summary: Short-term stability or test-retest reliability of self-reported personality traits is likely to be biased if the respondent is affected by a depressive or anxiety state. However, in some studies, DSM-oriented self-reported instruments have proved to be reasonably stable in the short term, regardless of co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. In the present study, we examined the short-term test-retest reliability of a new self-report questionnaire for personality disorder diagnosis (DIP-Q) on a clinical sample of 30 individuals, having either a depressive, an anxiety, or no axis-I disorder. Test-retest scorings from subjects with depressive disorders were mostly unstable, with a significant change in fulfilled criteria between entry and retest for three out of ten personality disorders: borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Scorings from subjects with anxiety disorders were unstable only for cluster C and dependent personality disorder items. In the absence of co-morbid depressive or anxiety disorders, mean dimensional scores of DIP-Q showed no significant differences between entry and retest. Overall, the effect from state on trait scorings was moderate, and it is concluded that test-retest reliability for DIP-Q is acceptable.

An Initial Investigation of the Use of Comparative Referents to Assess Social Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura D. Seligman ◽  
Erin F. Swedish ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Jessica M. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Social Quality Of Life ◽  
Comparison Measures

Abstract. The current study examined the validity of two self-report measures of social anxiety constructed using social comparative referent points. It was hypothesized that these comparison measures would be both reliable and valid. Results indicated that two different comparative versions – one invoking injunctive norms and another invoking descriptive norms – showed good reliability, excellent internal consistency, and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The comparative measures also predicted positive functioning, some aspects of social quality of life, and social anxiety as measured by an independent self-report. These findings suggest that adding a comparative reference point to instructions on social anxiety measures may aid in the assessment of social anxiety.

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