scholarly journals Antihelminic Activity of Carvacrol, Thymol, Cinnamaldehyde and P-Cymen Against the Free-Living Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Rat Pinworm Syphacia muris

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Đorđe Marjanović ◽  
Danica Bogunović ◽  
Mirjana Milovanović ◽  
Darko Marinković ◽  
Nemanja Zdravković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Syphacia Muris

Abstract In the present study we tested the dose andh time dependence of the antinematodal effects of carvacrol and tyhmol on Caenorabditis elegans, and the efficacy of carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and cinnamaldehyde,which were administrated in the drinking water of rats naturally infected with the pinworm Syphacia muris. The control treatment of the infected rats was carried out with piperazine. Thymol caused a dose and time-dependent mortality in adult C. elegans. The value of the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of thymol was 117.9nM after 24h and 62.89 nM after 48h of exposure. Carvacrol exhibited a higher antinematodal efficiency than thymol. The LC50 of carvacrol, after 24 hours of exposure, was 53.03 nM, while after 48 hours it was 33.83 nM. On the other hand, piperazine showed an extremely high efficacy against S. muris infection in rats. Piperazine, at a dose of 625 mg/kg bw, administered in drinking water continuously for 10 days, eliminates the infection completely. However, none of the investigated active ingredients of essential oils were effective against S. muris. The reason for the lack of efficiency may be due to their pharmacokinetic properties. A relatively low amount of, orally administered, active ingredients of essential oils reaches the distal segments of the gastrointestinal tract, where S. muris inhabits the gut (colon and cecum). The obtained results, on C. elegans, indicate a clear dose and time-dependent antinematodal effect of thymol and carvacrol. However, for clinical application, it is necessary to examine the efficacy of microencapsulated formulations with a controlled release of active ingredients of essential oils in certain parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

EFFICACY OF SALICYLIC AND ASCORBIC ACIDS TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORT STRESS ON LIVE WEIGHT, SOME BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND INTESTINAL VILLI OF BROILER CHICKENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1081
Author(s):  
Al obaydy & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
Slaughter House ◽  
Transport Stress ◽  
Financial Losses

This experiment was conducted and aimed to reducing mortality and losing the weight of birds transported to the slaughter house through reducing or Transport stress removal and thus to reduce financial losses. 150 birds used almost equal weights that were divided into three treatment groups and by five replicates for each treatment is control treatment (T1) without giving anything and treatment with salicylic acid concentration 1 g / liter of drinking water (T2) and treatment with ascorbic acid (T3) concentration 0.5 g / Liter of drinking water provided 24 hours before its transport. The transport process resulted in a highly significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in body weight in treatment T1 as it reached 4.66%, while it reached 1.68 and 1.09% in treatment T2 and T3, respectively. The transport process led to an increase in body temperature, H / L ratio, the concentration of glucose, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the blood serum, as the transport process led to a very significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in the cholesterol concentration, Uric acid, intestinal villi length and crypts depth. T2 and T3 treatments showed their ability to reduce transport stress, especially T3, where they outperformed T1 in most traits. It is concluded from the study that adding ascorbic acid by 0.5 g / L drinking water 24 hours before transporting the chicks to the slaughter house reduces the transport stress and lessen financial losses, so it is recommended to use it.

scholarly journals Ginger Essential Oils-Loaded Nanoemulsions: Potential Strategy to Manage Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease and Enhanced Rice Yield

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3902
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Adamu ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽  
Yasmeen Siddiqui ◽  
Intan Safinar Ismail ◽  
Norhayu Asib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Promising Alternative

The bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most serious rice diseases, causing huge yield losses worldwide. Several technologies and approaches have been opted to reduce the damage; however, these have had limited success. Recently, scientists have been focusing their efforts on developing efficient and environmentally friendly nanobactericides for controlling bacterial diseases in rice fields. In the present study, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) were utilized to investigate the mode of actions of ginger EOs on the cell structure of Xoo. The ginger EOs caused the cells to grow abnormally, resulting in an irregular form with hollow layers, whereas the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) treatment showed a typical rod shape for the Xoo cell. Ginger EOs restricted the growth and production of biofilms by reducing the number of biofilms generated as indicated by CLSM. Due to the instability, poor solubility, and durability of ginger EOs, a nanoemulsions approach was used, and a glasshouse trial was performed to assess their efficacy on BLB disease control. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the developed nanobactericides was promising at different concentration (50–125 µL/mL) tested. The efficacy was concentration-dependent. There was significant antibacterial activity recorded at higher concentrations. A glasshouse trial revealed that developed nanobactericides managed to suppress BLB disease severity effectively. Treatment at a concentration of 125 μL/mL was the best based on the suppression of disease severity index, AUDPC value, disease reduction (DR), and protection index (PI). Furthermore, findings on plant growth, physiological features, and yield parameters were significantly enhanced compared to the positive control treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that ginger essential oils loaded-nanoemulsions are a promising alternative to synthetic antibiotics in suppressing Xoo growth, regulating the BLB disease, and enhancing rice yield under a glasshouse trial.

scholarly journals Haematophagic Caenorhabditis elegans

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veeren M Chauhan ◽  
David I Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Bright Emission

AbstractCaenorhabditis elegans is a free-living nematode that resides in soil and typically feeds on bacteria. We postulate that haematophagic C. elegans could provide a model to evaluate vaccine responses to intestinal proteins from hematophagous nematode parasites, such as Necator americanus. Human erythrocytes, fluorescently labelled with tetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester, demonstrated a stable bright emission and facilitated visualization of feeding events with fluorescent microscopy. C. elegans were observed feeding on erythrocytes and were shown to rupture red blood cells upon capture to release and ingest their contents. In addition, C. elegans survived equally on a diet of erythrocytes. There was no statistically significant difference in survival when compared with a diet of Escherichia coli OP50. The enzymes responsible for the digestion and detoxification of haem and haemoglobin, which are key components of the hookworm vaccine, were found in the C. elegans intestine. These findings support our postulate that free-living nematodes could provide a model for the assessment of neutralizing antibodies to current and future hematophagous parasite vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals The Ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the evolution of plant parasitic nematodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1835) ◽  
pp. 20160942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshui Zheng ◽  
Donghai Peng ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Hualin Liu ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Ditylenchus Destructor ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 4 of the 12 clades of phylum Nematoda. These nematodes in different clades may have originated independently from their free-living fungivorous ancestors. However, the exact evolutionary process of these parasites is unclear. Here, we sequenced the genome sequence of a migratory plant nematode, Ditylenchus destructor . We performed comparative genomics among the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome sequences available. We found that, compared with C. elegans , the core developmental control processes underwent heavy reduction, though most signal transduction pathways were conserved. We also found D. destructor contained more homologies of the key genes in the above processes than the other plant nematodes. We suggest that Ditylenchus spp. may be an intermediate evolutionary history stage from free-living nematodes that feed on fungi to obligate plant-parasitic nematodes. Based on the facts that D. destructor can feed on fungi and has a relatively short life cycle, and that it has similar features to both C. elegans and sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes from clade 12, we propose it as a new model to study the biology, biocontrol of plant nematodes and the interaction between nematodes and plants.

scholarly journals The effect of application of control techniques to the population, damage intensity of onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua hubner) and yield of shallots

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012109
Author(s):  
R A D Pangestu ◽  
Hadiwiyono ◽  
Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Important Cash Crop

Abstract Shallot is an important cash crop in Indonesia. However, its productivity is relatively low, due to the attack of the onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua Hubner). This study aimed to identify the effect of the application of control techniques on the population, damage intensity, and shallots yield. This research was conducted by field experiment. Control treatment consisted of covering shallots by using gauze/net and insecticide treatment with active ingredients of profenofos, metomil, and carbosulfan. The research variables consisted of the population and the damage intensity of S. exigua, as well as the yield of shallots. The results showed that the caterpillars population of S. exigua was found at 16 DAP and increased up to before harvest at 44 DAP. Covering shallots with gauze effectively suppressed the population of S. exigua (0.0 per hills), followed by treatment with profenofos (0.14 per hills), carbosulfan (0.15 per hills), and methomyl 0.32 per hills). The damage intensity of S. exigua in the plot gauze covered was 0%, lower than 32%, 25%, 12%, 10%, respectively, in the control plot, treatment of metomil, carbosulfan, and profenofos. Covering shallots with gauze also increased the weight of wet-harvested tubers (50.83 g per hills).

scholarly journals Effects of essential oils from thyme, cinnamon and clove on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Duduk ◽  
Aleksa Obradovic ◽  
Mirko Ivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Volatile Phase ◽  
Vitro Effect

Effects of the volatile phase of thyme, cinnamon and clove essential oils on Colletotrichum acutatum were investigated. Mycelial disc was placed in the center of the Petri dish (V=66 ml) containing PDA. Different volumes of either non- or ethanol-diluted essential oils were placed on the inner side of the dish cover to obtain final concentrations of 153, 107, 76, 46, 15, 14, 12, 11, 7.6, 3.82, 1.53, 0.153 and 0.0153 ?l/L of air. The dishes were sealed with Parafilm and incubated in up-side-down position. After 7 days of incubation, mycelial growth was recorded by measuring the colony diameter. If no mycelial growth was recorded, the disc was transferred to a new PDA plate in order to evaluate whether the activity was either fungistatic or fungicidal. Mean growth values were obtained and then converted to inhibition percentage of mycelial growth compared with the control treatment. All the tested essential oils inhibited mycelial growth of C. acutatum in the dose dependent manner. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited by thyme oil in the concentration of 76 ?l/L of air. The same results were obtained by cinnamon and clove oil in the concentration of 107 ?l/L of air. Thyme and cinnamon oil had fungicidal effect in concentrations of 107 and 153 ?l/L respectively. The results obtained provide evidence on the antifungal in vitro effect of the tested essential oils as potential means for the control of C. acutatum.

scholarly journals In vitro mycelial sensitivity of Macrophomina phaseolina to fungicides

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosane Fátima Baldiga Tonin ◽  
Aveline Avozani ◽  
Anderson Luiz Durante Danelli ◽  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Sandra Maria Zoldan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Growth Evaluation ◽  
Fungus Growth ◽  
Ic50 Concentration

Black root rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tass.) Goid., is the most common root disease in soybean fields. This study aimed to determine the in vitro mycelial sensitivity, measured by the IC50 (concentration to inhibit 50% of the fungus mycelial growth) of a M. phaseolina isolate obtained from soybean, to different fungicides (thiram, iprodione, carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, fluquinconazol, tolyfluanid, metalaxyl and penflufen + trifloxystrobin), at six concentrations (0.01 mg L-1, 0.10 mg L-1, 1.00 mg L-1, 10.00 mg L-1, 20.00 mg L-1 and 40.00 mg L-1 of the active ingredient). The 0.00 mg L-1 concentration represented the control, without fungicide addition. The mycelial growth evaluation was performed with the aid of a digital pachymeter, by measuring the colonies diameter, when the fungus growth in the control treatment reached the Petri dish edge. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Concerning the fungitoxicity of active ingredients, a variation from non-toxic to highly fungitoxic was observed to the M. phaseolina isolate, with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 mg L-1 to > 40.00 mg L-1, being carbendazim the most efficient one (IC50 = 0.23 mg L-1). The fungus showed insensitivity to the active ingredients of fluquinconazole, metalaxyl, thiram and tolyfluanid.

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