The effect of application of control techniques to the population, damage intensity of onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua hubner) and yield of shallots

Abstract Shallot is an important cash crop in Indonesia. However, its productivity is relatively low, due to the attack of the onion caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua Hubner). This study aimed to identify the effect of the application of control techniques on the population, damage intensity, and shallots yield. This research was conducted by field experiment. Control treatment consisted of covering shallots by using gauze/net and insecticide treatment with active ingredients of profenofos, metomil, and carbosulfan. The research variables consisted of the population and the damage intensity of S. exigua, as well as the yield of shallots. The results showed that the caterpillars population of S. exigua was found at 16 DAP and increased up to before harvest at 44 DAP. Covering shallots with gauze effectively suppressed the population of S. exigua (0.0 per hills), followed by treatment with profenofos (0.14 per hills), carbosulfan (0.15 per hills), and methomyl 0.32 per hills). The damage intensity of S. exigua in the plot gauze covered was 0%, lower than 32%, 25%, 12%, 10%, respectively, in the control plot, treatment of metomil, carbosulfan, and profenofos. Covering shallots with gauze also increased the weight of wet-harvested tubers (50.83 g per hills).

Download Full-text

Phosphorus effects of recycled products from municipal wastewater on crops in a field experiment

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/513/2017-pse ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 475-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vogel Telse ◽

Nelles Michael ◽

Eichler-Löbermann Bettina

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Spring Barley ◽

P Uptake ◽

Control Treatment ◽

First Year ◽

Soil P ◽

Second Year ◽

Fertilizing Effect ◽

Sludge Ash

In this study, the phosphorus (P) fertilizing effects of struvite, one thermochemical-treated sewage sludge ash (SSA) based on Ca-P (Ca-SSA) and one full sulfuric acid-digested SSA based on Al-P (Al-SSA) were analysed in comparison to triple superphosphate (TSP) and a control treatment (CON) without P application in a two-year field experiment. In the field experiment, the effects of the recycling products on crop yield, P uptake and labile soil P fractions were analysed. In addition, the effect of nitrogen and magnesium contained in struvite was investigated in the second year of the experiment compared to TSP and CON. In the first year, spring barley was cultivated in the field experiment; and in the second year, it was forage rye followed by sorghum. In the second year, the relative P effectiveness (forage rye, sorghum) of the recycling products compared to TSP increased in the order: Ca-SSA (81%, 91%) ≤ Al-SSA (91%, 96%) = struvite (102%, 110%). In addition, an magnesium fertilizing effect of struvite could be demonstrated. The results show that the recycling products from wastewater treatment are appropriate to substitute rock phosphate-based fertilizers.

Download Full-text

In vitro mycelial sensitivity of Macrophomina phaseolina to fungicides

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/s1983-40632013000400014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 460-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rosane Fátima Baldiga Tonin ◽

Aveline Avozani ◽

Anderson Luiz Durante Danelli ◽

Erlei Melo Reis ◽

Sandra Maria Zoldan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycelial Growth ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Growth Evaluation ◽

Fungus Growth ◽

Ic50 Concentration

Black root rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tass.) Goid., is the most common root disease in soybean fields. This study aimed to determine the in vitro mycelial sensitivity, measured by the IC50 (concentration to inhibit 50% of the fungus mycelial growth) of a M. phaseolina isolate obtained from soybean, to different fungicides (thiram, iprodione, carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, fluquinconazol, tolyfluanid, metalaxyl and penflufen + trifloxystrobin), at six concentrations (0.01 mg L-1, 0.10 mg L-1, 1.00 mg L-1, 10.00 mg L-1, 20.00 mg L-1 and 40.00 mg L-1 of the active ingredient). The 0.00 mg L-1 concentration represented the control, without fungicide addition. The mycelial growth evaluation was performed with the aid of a digital pachymeter, by measuring the colonies diameter, when the fungus growth in the control treatment reached the Petri dish edge. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Concerning the fungitoxicity of active ingredients, a variation from non-toxic to highly fungitoxic was observed to the M. phaseolina isolate, with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 mg L-1 to > 40.00 mg L-1, being carbendazim the most efficient one (IC50 = 0.23 mg L-1). The fungus showed insensitivity to the active ingredients of fluquinconazole, metalaxyl, thiram and tolyfluanid.

Download Full-text

A Study of Different Color Segmentation Techniques for Crop Bunch in Arecanut

Environmental and Agricultural Informatics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch048 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1078-1105

Author(s):

Siddesha S ◽

S K Niranjan ◽

V N Manjunath Aradhya

Keyword(s):

Vital Role ◽

Color Segmentation ◽

Cash Crop ◽

Fuzzy C Means ◽

Segmentation Methods ◽

Image Dataset ◽

Fuzzy C Means Clustering ◽

Different Color ◽

Important Cash Crop ◽

Maximum Similarity

Arecanut is an important cash crop of India and ranks first in the production. Arecanut crop bunch segmentation plays very vital role in the process of harvesting. Work on arecanut crop bunch segmentation is of first kind in the literature and this chapter mainly focuses on exploring different color segmentation techniques such as Thresholding, K-means clustering, Fuzzy C Means (FCM), Fast Fuzzy C Means clustering (FFCM), Watershed and Maximum Similarity based Region Merging (MSRM). The effectiveness of the segmentation methods are evaluated on our own collection of Arecanut image dataset of size 200.

Download Full-text

Effect of pollination on rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. var. Toria) production in Chitwan, Nepal

Journal of Agriculture and Environment ◽

10.3126/aej.v15i0.19814 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 41-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R Pudasaini ◽

RB Thapa

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Seed Set ◽

Brassica Campestris ◽

Apis Cerana ◽

Control Plot ◽

Mosquito Nets ◽

Pollination Deficit ◽

Natural Pollination ◽

Important Cash Crop ◽

And Control

Rapeseed is an important cash crop of Nepal and an experiment was conducted to study the effect of pollination on its production in Chitwan during 2012-2013. The experiment was designed in Randomized Complete Block with four replications and five pollination treatments. The rapeseed plots were caged with mosquito nets at 10% flowering except natural pollination. Two-framed colonies of Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. were introduced separately for pollination, and control plot caged without pollinators. Seed set increased by 48.72% with Apis cerana F. and 45.73% with Apis mellifera L. pollination as compared to the control. The highest seed yield was obtained from Apis cerana F. (1.11 mt/ha), followed by Apis mellifera L. (0.88 mt/ha), hand (0.75 mt/ha), natural pollination (0.66 mt/ha) and control (0.13 mt/ha), respectively. This study clearly indicated pollination deficit under natural condition, and therefore, management of honeybee is necessary for higher production and productivity of rapeseed under Chitwan condition.

Download Full-text

Alternatives to Glyphosate in conservation agriculture: effects on carbon sequestration in a field experiment in northern Italy

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13792 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

alessia perego ◽

marco acutis ◽

calogero schillaci

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Management Practices ◽

Block Design ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Cash Crop

Conservative Agriculture (CA) practices are recognized to enhance soil organic carbon stock and in turn to mitigate the effect of climate change. One of the CA principles is to integrate cover crops (CC) into the cropping systems. The termination of CC before the cash crop sowing and the weeds control are the most critical aspects to manage in the CA. The technique currently adopted by farmers for the termination of CC implies the use of Glyphosate. However, the European Commission is currently discussing the possibility of banning the use of this herbicide due to the negative effects on human health and the agro-environment. The disk harrow (DH) or the roller-crimper (RC) can be adopted in CA as an alternative to the use of Glyphosate for the devitalization of CC, their incorporation into the soil (in the case of the disk harrow), and the reduction of weed pressure on the subsequent cash crop.From November 2017 to October 2019, soil organic carbon (SOC, g kg-1) and crop biomass production were observed in a 2-year field experiment located in Lodi (northern Italy), in which minimum tillage (MT) has been applied for the last 5 years. The soil was loamy and SOC was 16.2 g kg-1 at the beginning of the experiment. The winter CC was barley (from November to May) and the cash crop was soybean (from June to October). The experiment consisted in three treatments replied for two consecutive years in a randomized block design: Glyphosate spray + DH + sowing + hoeing (MT-GLY); DH + sowing + hoeing (MT-ORG); RC + sod seeding (NT-ORG).At the end of 2019, SOC resulted in a higher increase in MT-GLY (+15%) and in MT-ORG (+14%) than in NT-ORG (+6%; p<0.01). This was due to the fact that CC litter in NT-ORG was not in direct contact with soil particles and the process of immobilization was lower than in the other treatments.Moreover, the increase in SOC resulted positively correlated to the CC biomass (2018+2019), which was significantly lower in NT-ORG. In particular, no differences of soybean and CC between the three treatments were observed at the end of 2018, but MT-GLY resulted in significantly higher CC and soybean biomass at the end of the second year (+32%, p<0.01). MT-GLY allows to stock more carbon via photosynthesis that in turn results in higher SOC content.However, if we consider the tractor fuel consumption (for Glyphosate spray, DH, RC, hoeing), along with the biomass production, the carbon sequestration did not vary between the three treatments.Further studies are needed for the definition of optimized field management practices to reduce the passage of machinery while increasing crop production and SOC.

Download Full-text

Aplikasi Herbisida Ramah Lingkungan pada Kelompok Tani Desa Kungkai Baru Kecamatan Air Periukan Kabupaten Seluma

Abdihaz: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian pada Masyarakat ◽

10.32663/abdihaz.v1i1.749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Risvan Anwar ◽

Djatmiko Djatmiko

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Aquatic Weeds ◽

Drainage Channel ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Service Program ◽

Drainage Canal ◽

Control Techniques

The Application of Environmentally Friendly Herbicide in Farmers Group of Kungkai Baru Village, Air Periukan Subdistrict, Seluma Regency This service program aimed to overcome the problem of aquatic weeds that disrupt the drainage canal and ponds of farmers without killing non-target organisms. The ultimate goal was that farmers wanted to apply weed control techniques using an effective and environmentally friendly herbicide of Unihaz formulation. The method implemented was a demonstration plot. The location of spraying herbicides was chosen on the drainage channel which was already filled with floating aquatic weeds. The number of plots prepared was 3 plots. Two plots were applied with the Unihaz herbicide formula, while one more was applied with synthetic herbicides made from glyphosate. The dosage used for the herbicide Unihaz formulation is 50 l ha-1, while the synthetic herbicide is 6 l ha-1. The dedication program concluded that the farmer group understood about herbicides that were effective and environmentally friendly. The farmer group has also proven that the herbicide of Unihaz formulation was able to control floating weeds in the drainage channel equivalent to the herbicide containing active ingredients glyphosate.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF CHEVALIER WG AND ATLANTIS OD HERBICIDES TO CONTROL WEEDS IN WINTER WHEAT FIELDS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51ispecial.886 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (Special) ◽

Author(s):

Said & Jaff

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Weed Control ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Metsulfuron Methyl ◽

Weed Plants

Herbicides are much more than just chemicals to control weed plants, and they can also influence the ecosystems. So, it is necessary to choose new herbicide with low active ingredients in order to reduce environmental issues, as well as control weed plants. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and to compare two herbicides containing similar active ingredients, Chevalier WG and Atlantis OD, as they contain metsufuron-methyl and iodosufuron-methyl sodium at different rates. Chevalier contains 30 g/l of each active ingredient; whilst Atlantis OD has 10 g/l of metsulfuron-methyl and 2 g/l of iodosufuron-methyl sodium. The results showed that all treatments significantly were active to control the weeds in both wheat varieties. Narrow-leaves Weeds density was decreased density 91.70 and 94.14% by Atlantis OD minus 25% in Aras and Simeto respectively, and the yield of Aras was increased 255%. In accordance with the results, a herbicide with low active ingredients, particularly from the sulfonylurea group such as Atlantis OD, more likely to be recommended for weed control and environmental concerns.

Download Full-text

Soil microbial functionality in response to the inclusion of cover crop mixtures in agricultural systems

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2016142-8395 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e0304 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Diego N. Chavarría ◽

Romina A. Verdenelli ◽

Emiliano J. Muñoz ◽

Cinthia Conforto ◽

Silvina B. Restovich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Cash Crop ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Catabolic Diversity ◽

Cash Crops ◽

Physiological Profiles

Agricultural systems where monoculture prevails are characterized by fertility losses and reduced contribution to ecosystem services. Including cover crops (CC) as part of an agricultural system is a promising choice in sustainable intensification of those demanding systems. We evaluated soil microbial functionality in cash crops in response to the inclusion of CC by analyzing soil microbial functions at two different periods of the agricultural year (cash crop harvest and CC desiccation) during 2013 and 2014. Three plant species were used as CC: oat (Avena sativa L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) which were sown in two different mixtures of species: oat and radish mix (CC1) and oat, radish and vetch mix (CC2), with soybean monoculture and soybean/corn being the cash crops. The study of community level physiological profiles showed statistical differences in respiration of specific C sources indicating an improvement of catabolic diversity in CC treatments. Soil enzyme activities were also increased with the inclusion of CC mixtures, with values of dehydrogenase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis up to 38.1% and 35.3% higher than those of the control treatment, respectively. This research evidenced that CC inclusion promotes soil biological quality through a contribution of soil organic carbon, improving the sustainability of agrosystems. The use of a CC mixture of three plant species including the legume vetch increased soil biological processes and catabolic diversity, with no adverse effects on cash crop grain yield.

Download Full-text

Antihelminic Activity of Carvacrol, Thymol, Cinnamaldehyde and P-Cymen Against the Free-Living Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Rat Pinworm Syphacia muris

Acta veterinaria ◽

10.2478/acve-2018-0036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 445-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Đorđe Marjanović ◽

Danica Bogunović ◽

Mirjana Milovanović ◽

Darko Marinković ◽

Nemanja Zdravković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

C Elegans ◽

Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽

Free Living Nematode ◽

Syphacia Muris

Abstract In the present study we tested the dose andh time dependence of the antinematodal effects of carvacrol and tyhmol on Caenorabditis elegans, and the efficacy of carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and cinnamaldehyde,which were administrated in the drinking water of rats naturally infected with the pinworm Syphacia muris. The control treatment of the infected rats was carried out with piperazine. Thymol caused a dose and time-dependent mortality in adult C. elegans. The value of the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of thymol was 117.9nM after 24h and 62.89 nM after 48h of exposure. Carvacrol exhibited a higher antinematodal efficiency than thymol. The LC50 of carvacrol, after 24 hours of exposure, was 53.03 nM, while after 48 hours it was 33.83 nM. On the other hand, piperazine showed an extremely high efficacy against S. muris infection in rats. Piperazine, at a dose of 625 mg/kg bw, administered in drinking water continuously for 10 days, eliminates the infection completely. However, none of the investigated active ingredients of essential oils were effective against S. muris. The reason for the lack of efficiency may be due to their pharmacokinetic properties. A relatively low amount of, orally administered, active ingredients of essential oils reaches the distal segments of the gastrointestinal tract, where S. muris inhabits the gut (colon and cecum). The obtained results, on C. elegans, indicate a clear dose and time-dependent antinematodal effect of thymol and carvacrol. However, for clinical application, it is necessary to examine the efficacy of microencapsulated formulations with a controlled release of active ingredients of essential oils in certain parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Download Full-text

Response of T. Aman Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to S, Mg, Zn, B, Mo and Organic Amendments in Tista Meander Floodplain Soil

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v5i1.5193 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 14-19

Author(s):

GKM Mustafizur Rahman ◽

R Ashrafi ◽

MB Hossain ◽

ML Rahman

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Block Design ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Control Plot ◽

Floodplain Soil ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

A field experiment was conducted at the BINA sub-station of Tajhat, Rangpur in the Tista Meander Floodplain soil during aman season 2003 to study the response of T. aman rice to S, Mg, Zn, B, Mo and organic amendments. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments is with three replications as T1: complete (S + Mg + Zn + B + Mo), T2: completeS, T3: completeMg, T4: completeZn, T5: completeB, T6: completeMo, T7: cowdung @ 5 t/ha, T8: poultry manure @ 5 t/ha and T9: control. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied in recommended doses as basal. The highest grain (3927 kg/ha) and straw (4472 kg/ha) yields were recorded with the application of poultry manure, followed by cowdung and complete (S+Mg+Zn+B+Mo) treatment. The lowest yield was recorded in the control plot. The overall results indicate that application of organic amendments with NPK gave satisfactory yield of T. aman rice in the Tista Meander Floodplain Soil.

Download Full-text