Nitrate supplementation at two forage levels in dairy cows feeding: milk production and composition, fatty acid profiles, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and hydrogen sink

Abstract Nitrate may reduce the ruminal methane emission by competing methanogenesis to achieve more hydrogen. For this purpose, twenty Holstein lactating cows were examined using a 2×2 factorial design in 4 groups for 60 days with two forage levels (40% and 60%) and supplemental nitrate 0% (F40 and F60) and 3.5% (F40N and F60N) of diet dry matter (DM). Then, the effect of nitrate and forage levels on cow performance, ruminal fermentation, methane emission, and metabolic hydrogen sink were evaluated. The nitrate supplementation did not significantly affect milk yield and ECM/DMI while, milk urea nitrogen was increased. Lowest quantity of milk vitamins (A and E) was observed in nitrate groups. The nitrate supplementation increased c9-C18:1, unsaturated fatty acids, and n-6/n-3 contents of the milk. Blood parameters were affected by nitrate supplementation. Blood met-Hb concentration was increased, while blood glucose was decreased in nitrate groups. High forage and nitrate fed animals (F60N) had higher ruminal acetate and lower propionate concentration, and higher acetate+butyrate to propionate ratio than other groups. Nitrite and NH3-N concentrations were higher in the rumen of nitrate fed animals. Nitrate supplementation inhibited gas volume and methane emission without affecting volatile fatty acids at 12 and 24 h of incubation. The H2 balance, H2 production and consumption, and recovery percentage were significantly lower in F60N group. In conclusion, nitrate supplementation can be employed as an alternative strategy for improving ruminal fermentation, milk quality and methane inhibition.

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Influence of nitrate supplementation on in-vitro methane emission, milk production, ruminal fermentation, and microbial methanotrophs in dairy cows fed at two forage levels

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2021-0087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Majid Sharifi ◽

Akbar Taghizadeh ◽

Ali Hosseinkhani ◽

Valiollah Palangi ◽

Muhlis Macit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Methane Emission ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Microbial Flora ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Nitrate Supplementation

Abstract Modifying the chemical composition of a diet can be a good strategy for reducing methane emission in the rumen. However, this strategy can have adverse effects on the ruminal microbial flora. The aim of our study was to reduce methane without disturbing ruminal function by stimulating the growth and propagation of methanotrophs. In this study, we randomly divided twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows into 4 groups in a 2×2 factorial design with two forage levels (40% and 60%) and two nitrate supplementation levels (3.5% and zero). We examined the effect of experimental diets on cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and changes of ruminal microbial flora throughout the experimental period (45-day). Additionally, in vitro methane emission was evaluated. Animals fed diet with 60% forage had greater dry matter intake (DMI) and milk fat content, but lower lactose and milk urea content compared with those fed 40% forage diet. Moreover, nitrate supplementation had no significant effect on DMI and milk yield. Furthermore, the interactions showed that nitrate reduces DMI and milk fat independently of forage levels. Our findings showed that nitrate can increase ammonia concentration, pH, nitrite, and acetate while reducing the total volatile fatty acids concentration, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen. With increasing nitrate, methane emission was considerably decreased possibly due to the stimulated growth of Fibrobacteria, Proteobacteria, type II Methanotrophs, and Methanoperedense nitroreducens, especially with high forage level. Overall, nitrate supplementation could potentially increase methane oxidizing microorganisms without adversely affecting cattle performance.

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Short-Term Variations of C18:1 Trans Fatty Acids in Plasma Lipoproteins and Ruminal Fermentation Parameters of Non-Lactating Cows Subjected to Ruminal Pulses of Oils

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez ◽

Juan J. Loor ◽

Philip C. Garnsworthy

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Plasma Lipoproteins ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Short Term ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term variations of trans fatty acids (TFA) in plasma lipoproteins and ruminal fermentation parameters of non-lactating cows subjected to ruminal pulses of vegetable oils. Three non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows, each with a ruminal cannula, were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three-day pulsing periods and four-day washout intervals between treatments. Cows were treated with single ruminal pulses of: (1) control (skimmed milk (SM); 500 mL); (2) soybean oil (SO; 250 g/d in 500 mL of SM) and (3) partially-hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO; 250 g/d in 500 mL of SM). Time changes after infusion in TFA contents were only observed for plasma C18:1 trans-4, trans-5 and trans-12, and high-density lipoprotein fraction C18:1 trans-9. After ruminal pulses, concentration of acetate decreased linearly; molar concentrations of propionate and valerate increased linearly; molar concentrations of butyrate and isovalerate changed quadratically and were greater at 1 h than at other times. There was an accumulation of several C18:1 TFA in plasma and lipoproteins, especially on the third day of pulsing. Overall, naturally occurring C18:1 TFA isomers (produced during ruminal biohydrogenation of SO) and preformed TFA (supplied by PHVO) elicited differential TFA partitioning and transport in plasma and lipoproteins.

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Effects of Increasing Doses of Condensed Tannins Extract from Cistus ladanifer L. on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Biohydrogenation

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 761

Author(s):

Olinda Guerreiro ◽

Susana P. Alves ◽

Mónica Costa ◽

Maria F. Duarte ◽

Eliana Jerónimo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Cistus Ladanifer ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Ct Dose ◽

Linear Decrease

Cistus ladanifer (rockrose) is a perennial shrub quite abundant in the Mediterranean region, and it is a rich source in secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CTs). Condensed tannins from C. ladanifer were able to change the ruminal biohydrogenation (BH), increasing the t11–18:1 and c9,t11–18:2 production. However, the adequate conditions of the C. ladanifer CTs used to optimize the production of t11–18:1 and c9,t11–18:2 is not yet known. Thus, we tested the effect of increasing the doses of C. ladanifer CT extract (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg dry matter (DM)) on in vitro rumen BH. Five in vitro batch incubations replicates were conducted using an oil supplemented high-concentrate substrate, incubated for 24 h with 6 mL of buffered ruminal fluid. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and long chain fatty acids (FA) were analyzed at 0 h and 24 h, and BH of c9–18:1, c9, c12–18:2 and c9, c12, c15–18:3, and BH products yield were computed. Increasing doses of C. ladanifer CTs led to a moderate linear decrease (p < 0.001) of the VFA production (a reduction of 27% with the highest dose compared to control). The disappearance of c9–18:1 and c9,c12–18:2 as well as the production of t11–18:1 and c9, t11:18:2 was not affected by increasing doses of C. ladanifer CTs, and only the disappearance of c9, c12, c15–18:3 suffered a mild linear decrease (a reduction of 24% with the highest dose compared to control). Nevertheless, increasing the C. ladanifer CT dose led to a strong depression of microbial odd and branched fatty acids and of dimethyl acetals production (less than 65% with the highest dose compared to control), which indicates that microbial growth was more inhibited than fermentative and biohydrogenation activities, in a possible adaptative response of microbial population to stress induced to CTs and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ability of C. ladanifer to modulate the ruminal BH was not verified in the current in vitro experimental conditions, emphasizing the inconsistent BH response to CTs and highlighting the need to continue seeking the optimal conditions for using CTs to improve the fatty acid profile of ruminant fat.

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas71-097 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 721-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

L. J. FISHER ◽

J. D. ERFLE ◽

F. D. SAUER

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

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Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2621 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 2621

Author(s):

Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽

Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽

Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Calcium Salts ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

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Profile of ingested fatty acids and in the duodenal digest of steers fed different diets

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010001100025 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 2502-2511 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luís Fernando Glasenapp de Menezes ◽

Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski ◽

João Restle ◽

Ivan Luiz Brondani ◽

Raul Dirceu Pazdiora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Tropical Pasture ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Conventional Diet

It was evaluated in this study the effect of the type of the diet on duodenal flow of long-chain fatty acids in steers. The tested diets were the following: conventional (feedlot diet composed of 60% corn silage and 40% of concentrate); winter forage silage - rye grass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam); or tropical forage silage - association of millet (Pennisetum americanum, Leeke + alexander grass, Brachiaria plantaginea). Six Charolais × Nellore crossbred steers with cannulas in duodenum were used in a 3 × 3 double Latin square. Dry material intake was similar among the groups (mean of 4,037 g/day), but the intake of total fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher in the group fed tropical pasture silage. On the other hand, the animals which received the conventional diet consumed higher quantity of unsaturated fatty acids. Tropical pasture silage provided higher consumption of vacenic acid (C18:1 t-11) and the winter forage silage offered higher consumption of conjugated linoleic acid. The intake of omega-6 fatty acids was higher in the group fed conventional diet and for omega-3, intake was higher in the group fed tropical pasture diet. The total fatty acid flow in the duodenum was not affected by the diets, but in all treatments it was higher than the consumed one. The animals fed diet with concentrate show the greatest changes on the profile of fatty acids during the ruminal fermentation. Conventional diets provide the highest intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest availability of vacenic acid in the small intestine, but they do not increase the supply of intestinal conjugated linoleic acid.

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Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11113122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3122

Author(s):

Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽

Bae-Hun Lee ◽

Ji-Yung Kim ◽

Kyung-Il Sung ◽

Hong-Gu Lee

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Control Group ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Lactating Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

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Methane emission from sheep is related to concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids

Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production ◽

10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_183 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 495-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. S. Pinares-Patiño ◽

H. Kjestrup ◽

S. MacLean ◽

E. Sandoval ◽

G. Molano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Methane Emission ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids

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0253 The effect of frequency of supplementing rumen protected unsaturated fatty acids on blood serum fatty acid profiles in beef heifers and lactating cows

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jam2016-0253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽

pp. 120-121

Author(s):

E. K. Cook ◽

M. E. Garcia-Ascolani ◽

R. E. Ricks ◽

S. K. Duckett ◽

N. DiLorenzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Serum Fatty Acid ◽

Lactating Cows

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RUMINAL AND FECAL FATTY ACIDS AND APPARENT RATION DIGESTIBILITY IN LAMBS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY FATTY ACIDS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas67-005 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. A. Clarke ◽

W. K. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Propionic Acid ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

The Other ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Ether Extract

Two metabolism experiments were conducted with rumen-fistulated sheep to study effects of increasing dietary levels of unsaturated fatty acids upon ration digestibility and rumen-fluid volatile fatty acids. Apparent digestibility of ration components was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by diet. However, crude fat digestibility values, which include fecal soap excretion, were 11–19 digestion units lower than comparable ether extract values. When diets high in unsaturated fatty acids were fed, the rumen and fecal levels of these acids were lower than dietary levels, suggesting that hydrogenation of C-18 polyethnoid fatty acids was occurring. Fecal soap excretion was affected very little by dietary unsaturated fatty acids, but stearic acid proportion of fecal soaps increased as the level of dietary unsaturated fatty acids increased. The ratios of acetic to propionic acid gradually decreased as the unsaturated fatty acids of the ration increased in one experiment, but in the other experiment no consistent pattern was observed.

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