scholarly journals Social Preferences of Translocated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa) in Senegal: Evidence for Friendship Among Females?

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Malyjurkova ◽  
Marketa Hejzlarova ◽  
Pavla Junkova Vymyslicka ◽  
Karolina Brandlova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Association Index ◽  
Giraffa Camelopardalis ◽  
The Social ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Giraffe social behaviour and relationships are currently in the period of scientific renaissance, changing the former ideas of nonexisting social bonds into understanding of complex social structures of giraffe herds. Different giraffe subspecies have been studied in the wild and only one was subject of detailed study in captivity. Our study focused on the neglected Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa). We investigated the social preferences of 28 introduced giraffes in semi-captivity in Bandia reserve, Senegal. Our aim was to assess the group size of Cape giraffes outside their native range and describe their social relationships. Mean group size in Bandia was 7.22 ± 4.06 (range 2-17). The dyads were classified according to strength of relationship (weak, medium, strong) using the association index. We reported weak and medium relationships in all types of dyads except female-juvenile. The strongest bond was found in mother-calf dyads. Three of 21 possible female dyads also demonstrated strong relationships. Those three dyads included six of seven adult females, which we labelled as friends. Females associated more frequently with calves of their friends then with calves of non-friend females. The strength of the relationship between calves depended on the strength of relationship between their mothers. We concluded that Cape giraffes in new environment have shown similar group size and nonrandom preference for conspecifics as shown in wild and captive studies. The research was supported by CIGA 20135010, CIGA 2134217, IGA FTZ 20135123, ESF/MŠMT CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040.

scholarly journals The Function of Mounts in Free-Ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Anzá ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Federica Amici
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rank Difference ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGenerally, nonreproductive sex is thought to act as “social grease,” facilitating peaceful coexistence between subjects that lack close genetic ties. However, specifc nonreproductive sexual behaviors may fulfill different functions. With this study, we aimed to test whether nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques are used to 1) assert dominance, 2) reinforce social relationships, and/or 3) solve conflicts. We analyzed nonreproductive mounts (N = 236) and postmount behavior in both aggressive and nonaggressive contexts, in 118 individuals belonging to two semi-free-ranging groups at La Montagne des Singes (France). As predicted by the dominance assertion hypothesis, the probability to be the mounter increased with rank difference, especially in aggressive contexts (increasing from 0.066 to 0.797 in nonaggressive contexts, and from 0.011 to 0.969 in aggressive contexts, when the rank difference was minimal vs. maximal). The strength of the social bond did not significantly predict the proportion of mounts across dyads in nonaggressive contexts, providing no support for the relationship reinforcement hypothesis. Finally, in support of the conflict resolution hypothesis, when individuals engaged in postconflict mounts, 1) the probability of being involved in further aggression decreased from 0.825 to 0.517, while 2) the probability of being involved in grooming interactions with each other increased from 0.119 to 0.606. The strength of the social bond between former opponents had no significant effect on grooming occurrence and agonistic behavior after postconflict mounts. Overall, our findings suggest that nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques have different functions that are not affected by the strength of the social bond.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Emotional Intelligence, and Self-esteem in Only-child Families and Two-children Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noora Rahmani ◽  
Ezgi Ulu
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Child ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional intelligence, attachment style, and self-esteem are important variables in social interaction that can affect the social relationship. Also having one child is an important issue in which parents are worried about it which is the adolescent's single families have weaknesses in social relationships and interaction? In this study, the researcher tries to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, attachment style, and self-esteem in single-child and two-children adolescents aged range 13-17 (male and female).

Social Networks and Social Complexity in Female-bonded Primates

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lehmann ◽  
Katherine Andrews ◽  
Robin Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Primate Group ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
The Relationship

Most primates are intensely social and spend a large amount of time servicing social relationships. The social brain hypothesis suggests that the evolution of the primate brain has been driven by the necessity of dealing with increased social complexity. This chapter uses social network analysis to analyse the relationship between primate group size, neocortex ratio and several social network metrics. Findings suggest that social complexity may derive from managing indirect social relationships, i.e. relationships in which a female is not directly involved, which may pose high cognitive demands on primates. The discussion notes that a large neocortex allows individuals to form intense social bonds with some group members while at the same time enabling them to manage and monitor less intense indirect relationships without frequent direct involvement with each individual of the social group.

Controlling for Pongoland

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-193
Author(s):  
Nicolas Langlitz
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
Cultural Primatology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter investigates how Christophe Boesch's colleague and codirector Michael Tomasello derived truth claims about the anthropological difference between Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes from controlled experiments comparing the social cognition of human children with that of grown chimpanzees. Tomasello's claim that humans were the only primates capable of culture and cooperation received an enthusiastic reception by German philosophers. Yet Boesch called into question the validity of Tomasello's findings by pointing out that the social behavior of both humans and apes was too contingent on local circumstances for Leipzig kindergarten children and zoo chimpanzees rescued from a Dutch pharmaceutical company to represent all of humanity and chimpanzeehood. He accused Tomasello of not controlling for the different conditions under which Tomasello tested humans and apes. The ensuing controversy over the relationship between laboratory work and fieldwork happened at a time when new statistical methods were opening up vast new possibilities for chimpanzee ethnography, even fostering hopes that experimentation with captive animals would become superfluous because uncontrolled observations in the wild would allow the establishment of causal relations. The chapter then assesses whether Boesch's cultural primatology could inform a different philosophical anthropology than the one drawing from Tomasello's comparative psychology.

scholarly journals Evaluating the relationships among religion, social virtues, and meaning in life

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Krause ◽  
Peter C Hill ◽  
Gail Ironson
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Spiritual Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forgiveness Of Others

There is growing evidence that a sense of meaning in life may emerge, in part, from the social relationships that people maintain. But it is not clear how the relationship between social ties and a sense of meaning might arise. The purpose of this study is to see if meaning in life is associated with three socially focused virtues: compassion, forgiveness of others, and providing social support to others. In the process, an effort is made to see if these social virtues arise from social relationships in religious institutions. Two main findings emerge from a recent nationwide survey. First, people who are more compassionate, more forgiving, and who help others more often have a stronger sense of meaning in life. Second, individuals who receive more spiritual support from fellow church members are more likely to adopt these social virtues. The theoretical basis of these relationships is discussed.

Interpersonal Considerations and Judgements in a Day Hospital

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (539) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Ferguson ◽  
M. W. P. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Worker ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Skills ◽  
Operational Range ◽  
The Relationship

There is a body of opinion which regards psychiatrically ill individuals, or at least one great class or subdivision of them, as suffering primarily from disturbances in personal relationships and social interaction processes generally. Sullivan, Horney and Fromm have made the most significant theoretical contributions to this subject, and empirical applications have been reported by Balint (1957), Maxwell Jones (1968), Rapoport (1960) and Laing (1961). These writers have at least this in common, that they take the point of view that since the pathology of the illness lies in social relationships the fundamental treatment process must lie there also—must, in fact, consist of re-experiencing social interaction within a therapeutic re-educative framework. In the past attention has been directed principally to the doctor-patient relationship as a heuristic model of social interaction, but Rapoport has extended the operational range of significant interaction to include all staff-patient, staff-staff and patient-patient encounters. As the recent Subcommittee of the Central Health Services Council has pointed out (1968), little has been written of the nurse as therapist, but a considerable literature has accumulated concerning the role of the social worker or caseworker or counsellor (e.g. Halmos, 1965). Halmos investigates the nature of such relationships, and finds therapeutic utility to be unrelated to intellectual skills. The therapeutic process is adjudged to lie in the relationship, true enough, but the essential qualities have more to do with the interpersonal styles of the therapist, than with his analytical expertise. Such is his conclusion. Apparently social skills are necessary for the professional worker, but intellectual skills for the problems to be unravelled are of little importance, and are largely irrelevant.

scholarly journals Civility and diplomacy: Trust and dissimulation in transnational Afghan trading networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethical Virtue ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Trading Networks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

This article explores the relationship between civility and diplomacy in the transnational commercial activities of traders from Afghanistan. The commodity traders on which the article focuses – most of whom are involved in the export and wholesale of commodities made in China – form long-distance networks that criss-cross multiple parts of Asia and are rooted in multiple trading nodes across the region, including the Chinese commercial city of Yiwu, Moscow and Odessa. Much scholarship associates both diplomacy and civility with impression management and dissimulation and therefore identifies such modes of behaviour as being inimical to the fashioning of enduring ties of trust. However, analysis of ethnographic material concerning the traders’ understandings of being diplomatic, as well as the ways in which they seek to conform to contested local notions of civility, furnishes unique insights into the ways in which they build the social relationships and ties of trust on which their commercial activities depend. By exploring the interrelationship between civility and diplomacy, the article seeks to move anthropological debate beyond the question of whether civility is either a form of artifice premised on performance or a deeper ethical virtue in and of itself. It suggests, rather, ambiguity, ambivalence, contradiction and imperfection are inbuilt aspects of the ways in which respect is communicated and evaluated, and ties of trust fashioned and maintained.

scholarly journals Islam dan Sejarah Sosial Modern: Siasat Usaha Pedagang Kaki Lima (PKL) dengan Pemanfaatan Hubungan Komunitas PKL Muslim Pasar Suak Bato 26 Ilir di Palembang

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Mohammad Syawaludin Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Social Network Theory ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Community Relationship

The main subject of this research that is; Streer traders  form a community and use it as a business tactics that make an important contribution to the value of their welfare. Including this section of research is to explain in depth the pattern of Muslim street traders community relationships and forms of community use as a business tactic. With the theory of parson structural functionalism in assisting with the social network theory of Luhkmanns and the value exchange theory of Homas, the framing of the relationship between the Muslim street traders community relationship with the value of benefit and welfare value is used to explain the activities of the social system and the daily activities of the street vendors. The phenomenology of this research explores in depth the process, meaning, and understanding of experience and appreciation that occurs in social relationships in the relationship of Muslim street vendors.   Keywords: Street Traders, Community, Business Strategy, Value of material welfare  And In materials, Cybernetics.

scholarly journals The relationship between egg size and helper number in cooperative breeders: a meta-analysis across species

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanmay Dixit ◽  
Sinead English ◽  
Dieter Lukas
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Differential Allocation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundLife history theory predicts that mothers should adjust reproductive investment depending on benefits of current reproduction and costs of reduced future reproductive success. These costs and benefits may in turn depend on the breeding female’s social environment. Cooperative breeders provide an ideal system to test whether changes in maternal investment are associated with the social conditions mothers experience. As alloparental helpers assist in offspring care, larger groups might reduce reproductive costs for mothers or alternatively indicate attractive conditions for reproduction. Thus, mothers may show reduced (load-lightening) or increased (differential allocation) reproductive investment in relation to group size. A growing number of studies have investigated how cooperatively breeding mothers adjust pre-natal investment depending on group size. Our aim was to survey these studies to assess, first, whether mothers consistently reduce or increase pre-natal investment when in larger groups and, second, whether these changes relate to variation in post-natal investment.MethodsWe extracted data on the relationship between helper number and maternal pre-natal investment (egg size) from 12 studies on 10 species of cooperatively breeding vertebrates. We performed meta-analyses to calculate the overall estimated relationship between egg size and helper number, and to quantify variation among species. We also tested whether these relationships are stronger in species in which the addition of helpers is associated with significant changes in maternal and helper post-natal investment.ResultsAcross studies, there is a significant negative relationship between helper number and egg size, suggesting that in most instances mothers show reduced reproductive investment in larger groups, in particular in species in which mothers also show a significant reduction in post-natal investment. However, even in this limited sample, substantial variation exists in the relationship between helper number and egg size, and the overall effect appears to be driven by a few well-studied species.DiscussionOur results, albeit based on a small sample of studies and species, indicate that cooperatively breeding females tend to produce smaller eggs in larger groups. These findings on prenatal investment accord with previous studies showing similar load-lightening reductions in postnatal parental effort (leading to concealed helper effects), but do not provide empirical support for differential allocation. However, the considerable variation in effect size across studies suggests that maternal investment is mitigated by additional factors. Our findings indicate that variation in the social environment may influence life-history strategies and suggest that future studies investigating within-individual changes in maternal investment in cooperative breeders offer a fruitful avenue to study the role of adaptive plasticity.

scholarly journals The state and personality in the works of N.A. Berdyaev

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Stepan Yaichny
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

This article discusses the basic concepts of Berdyaev’s philosophy, traces the relationship of his philosophical view and political convictions. This relationship is revealed through the concept of personality, which is the central concept of Berdyaev’s philosophy. Through the attitude to the personality, we can reveal the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the institution of the state, understand the social preferences of the Russian philosopher, who has come a long way from the representative of Russian Marxism to Russian religious philosophy. Having understood his ideas about the ideal structure of society, we can understand the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the Soviet state. The article distinguishes between two different types of relationships: the individual and society - collectivism and communitarianism. Berdyaev’s view is shown in the origins of Russian communism, which, in the opinion of the philosopher, are found not only in Western European philosophy, but also in the historical mentality of Russian people.

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