scholarly journals Apparel Industry in the EU–China Exports and Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brîndușa Covaci
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the current social and economic world context, Chinese trade relations represent a challenge for all partners. The article provides an overview of bilateral trade, especially export, between the European Union (EU) and China in the apparel and accessories industry, most performance parts of the bilateral relations from the textile industry. The research is highlighting the major trends of export relations for this industry during 2001–2019. The author presents the evolution of articles of apparel and accessories exports in the EU and China, emphasizing the major tendencies for each of them. Further are developed benchmarks of Romanian contribution to the relationship between EU and China. The methods used present a multi-method approach, utilizing primary and secondary research through exploratory data from the official website regarding the apparel industry, as EU Statistics, International Trade Centre, and others. The main result of the paper shows that at the European level, one of the most important objectives for the apparel industry is to assure EU–China trade feasible barrier export instruments to develop efficiently the bilateral exports.

scholarly journals BILATERAL TRADE AND ENERGY RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EU AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE CASPIAN SEA REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Evangelos Siskos ◽  
Konstantia DARVIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Structure Of Trade ◽  
Energy Relations ◽  
The Eu

The European Union and the Caspian countries are important trade partners, although there is still potential for improvement of the cooperation considering the energy security and other issues. The paper analyses trends and structure of trade relations of the EU and Caspian countries. The trade between the regions is about 370 billion dollars. Exports of fuels to the EU are the main component of the trade between the regions. Therefore energy transportation projects are an important issue in the agenda for the international relations. A gravity model for the exports of fuels is presented. The model considers demand in the EU importing country, total fuel exports of an exporting Caspian country as an indicator of exporting supply capacities and in some cases energy self-sufficiency of an importing country. Distance turned out to make an insignificant effect on the energy trade. The analysis helps to determine undertraded and successfully exploited bilateral energy trade links between the individual EU and Caspian countries. The model showed that Greece is among the most relatively intensive importers of fuels from the Caspian region. JEL: F10, F13, F15, Q4.

scholarly journals Perspectives of trade relations between the European Union and China

Equilibrium ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Anetta Kuna-Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Important Trading Partner ◽  
European Investment ◽  
The Eu

Over the last two decades, ties between China and the EU have developed into one of the most dynamic bilateral relationships in the global economy. The EU is China’s important trading partner and growing amounts of European investment are pouring into the booming Chinese economy. European companies believe that more open, democratic and law-abiding China will be a better partner. On the other hand, China wants to learn from the European experience and is keen to have access to the EU’s wide market. Those are reasons why both partners try to find better ways to communicate on the global stage. The goal of the article is to identify directions of future cooperation between the EU and China and to explain their aims for the relationships. The Author also gives an impression of how they see each other policy and provides an overview of what is still the main part of bilateral relations.

scholarly journals Bilateral trade and tourism relations between the EU and BSEC countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Evangelos Siskos ◽  
Konstantia Darvidou
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Custom Union ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Structure Of Trade ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
The Eu

The European Union and the Black Sea Economics Cooperation countries are geographical neighbors and important trade partners. Greece, Bulgaria and Romania have a cross-membership in both organizations. The paper analyzes trends and structure of trade relations of the EU and BSEC countries. The EU trade with the 12 BSEC countries is about 640 billion dollars. The BSEC countries with the EU membership or a custom union with the EU have more intra-industry trade with the EU than other BSEC countries. International tourism is an important component of the trade in services between the regions. Following the review of the factors of international tourism demand, a gravity model for tourism arrivals is presented. The model considers demand in the country of origin, international tourism capacities in destination countries and distance. The analysis helps to determine under-traded and competitive destinations in the BSEC countries for the EU travelers. Greece is the most efficient in attracting the EU tourists. Finally, country-specific differences in demand factors are considered.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sanctions Imposed by the European Union against Iran on their Bilateral Trade: General versus Targeted Sanctions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ghodsi ◽  
Huseyin Karamelikli
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Union (EU) has been using economic sanctions both as a foreign policy tool and as a liberal alternative to military action. Since 2006, it has been implementing general sanctions against the whole economy of Iran, affecting their trade relations, and since 2007, following the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council, it has also been using smart sanctions targeting Iranian entities and natural persons associated with the country's military activities. In a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, this paper investigates the impact of general and targeted EU sanctions against Iran on quarterly bilateral trade values between the 19 members of the euro area (EA19) and Iran between the first quarter of 1999 and the fourth quarter of 2018. In a robustness NARDL specification, trade between Iran and the 28 members of the EU is analysed. In addition, a gravity model of bilateral trade between Iran and the EU member states is run in a robustness check. The results indicate that the EU's general sanctions have strongly hampered trade flows between the two trading partners in almost all sectors, except for the primary sectors. Furthermore, our study finds that the impact of smart sanctions targeting Iranian entities and natural persons is much smaller than the impact of general sanctions on total trade values and the trade values of many sectors. Smart sanctions affect the exports of most sectors from the EA19 and the EU28 to Iran, while they are statistically insignificant for the imports of many sectors from Iran. Thus, this paper provides evidence of the motivations behind smart sanctions, which target specific individuals and entities rather than the whole economy, unlike general sanctions, which have a negative impact on ordinary people.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Zhang DONGYANG ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The status and prospects of development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China are considered. It is proved that bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere has made significant progress. In 2012–2017, China was the second largest trading partner of Ukraine after Russia. However, the problem of imbalance in imports and exports between Ukraine and China has not yet been resolved. In addition, the scale and number of projects in which Ukraine attracts Chinese investment is much less than investments from European countries and the United States. It is justified that trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and China is at a new historical stage. On the one hand, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, and on January 1, 2016, the rules of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. This helps to accelerate the integration of Ukrainian economy into European one. On the other hand, the global economic downturn requires the introduction of innovations in the model of cooperation. The Chinese initiative “One belt is one way” is one of the variants of the innovation model of cooperation. Its significance is to unite the Asia-Pacific region with the EU in order to join the Eurasian Economic Union, create a new space and opportunities for development and achieve prosperity with the Eurasian countries. All this forms unprecedented opportunities for development of bilateral economic and trade relations. It seems that to fully open the potential of Ukrainian economy and expand bilateral trade and economic cooperation, it is necessary to take into account such proposals as the establishment of the Sino-Ukrainian industrial park, the promotion of cooperation in the field of electronic commerce, the formation of the Sino-Ukrainian free trade zone and enhanced interaction within multilateral mechanisms (for example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the interaction of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 16 + 1 format).

The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume II

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Financial Settlement ◽  
The Eu

This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the withdrawal agreement concluded between the United Kingdom and the European Union to create the legal framework for Brexit. Building on a prior volume, it overviews the process of Brexit negotiations that took place between the UK and the EU from 2017 to 2019. It also examines the key provisions of the Brexit deal, including the protection of citizens’ rights, the Irish border, and the financial settlement. Moreover, the book assesses the governance provisions on transition, decision-making and adjudication, and the prospects for future EU–UK trade relations. Finally, it reflects on the longer-term challenges that the implementation of the 2016 Brexit referendum poses for the UK territorial system, for British–Irish relations, as well as for the future of the EU beyond Brexit.

scholarly journals BREXIT IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRI-FOOD TRADE BETWEEN POLAND AND THE UK

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (4) ◽  
pp. 589-599
Author(s):  
Aldona Zawojska
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

The article is a contribution to the discussion on the anticipated consequences of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union for Poland’s trade relations with this country, with particular emphasis on the likely impacts of a hard or no-deal Brexit on Polish exporters. Its aim is to provide readers with an understanding of how agri-food flows between Poland and the UK (especially Poland’s exports) could be affected once the UK departs the EU. The question is important considering that, in recent years, the UK has been the second biggest importer and a net importer of agricultural and food products from Poland. The study is based on trade data from the UN Comtrade Database and Poland’s Central Statistical Office, and on tariff data from the UK’s Department for International Trade. Taking into account the possible imposition of customs duties announced thus far by the British government on the import of agri-food products from third countries in the event of a no-trade agreement with the EU, the introduction of additional non-tariff barriers, as well as increased transactional (friction) costs and complexity of doing business with foreign partners, a hard Brexit would have serious implications for Poland’s fast growing agri-food exports to the UK. It would even lead to a collapse of some Polish supplies, particularly of meat and dairy commodities, to Great Britain. The loss of two-way preferences in trade now arising from participation in the EU single market will undermine the competitiveness of Polish producers on UK’s market both against British producers and lower cost exporters from outside the EU.

scholarly journals Optimization of Trade Structure Between Russia and China Under the Initiative «One Belt and One Way»

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Bo Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
The One

Russia is a very important partner in the Chinese development strategy «One Belt and One Way». Deepening of Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation meets the national interests and aspirations of Russia and China, playing a catalytic role in the development of bilateral relations and stabilizing the political and economic situation on the Eurasian continent and in the world. The development of Russian-Chinese trade relations have undergone many cooperative processes, and trade itself overtime has revealed its own pecularities, related to the time and political climate. Russia and China are the two largest economic powers in the world, and they have significant prospects and potential for cooperation. After China put forward the «One Belt and One Way» strategic development plan, the prospect of cooperation between the two countries has attracted an increasing attention. The article analyzes the history and current state of bileteral strategic trade relations. Some research opinions are put forward considering structural changes in the development process.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL AND ROLE OF UNDERSERVED FOREIGN MARKETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S TRADE WITH THE EU

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
O. Shnyrkov ◽  
D. Pliushch
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
International Partnership ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Eu

The article identifies the volume of underserved markets for the development of Ukraine's foreign trade with the EU. The Ukraine's export potential on the EU underserved market is analyzed. It is established that the intensification of trade relations between the Ukraine and EU is a mutually beneficial process, and export potential of Ukraine in the EU market for goods whose exports to the Russian Federation have decreased is of particular importance. The main foreign markets of Ukraine for the export of agricultural and industrial goods from Ukraine have been identified. The main commodity groups of underserved markets to the EU have been identified, the exports of which to the Russian Federation have decreased the most. According to the results of the study, it has been concluded that the underserved markets of the European Union play an important role in the development of Ukraine's trade: first, they allow reorientation of exports of Ukrainian goods, the import of which is prohibited into the customs territory of the Russian Federation, to EU markets; secondly, they help to identify directions for the modernization of Ukrainian production in accordance with the unmet needs of the European goods market. It is concluded that the process of deepening mutual trade in underserved markets in a free trade area is mutually beneficial for Ukraine and the European Union, as trading partners can benefit from increased trade flows, and establishing international partnership between the parties can bring additional benefits in the long run.

Persuading the Giant? Explaining Eastern Partnership States’ (Unexpected) Negotiation Success in Relations with the European Union

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Giselle Bosse ◽  
Moritz Höpner ◽  
Alena Vieira
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
Negotiation Success ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In bilateral relations and negotiations with the European Union (EU), smaller and economically weaker states are often unable to express their national preferences. Despite their limited bargaining power, however, some Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries obtained significant concessions from the EU. This article analyzes the factors that explain EaP states’ unexpected negotiation success in the context of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with Ukraine, the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Armenia, and enhanced economic partnership with Belarus. We identify negotiation strategies that are crucial to understanding of the puzzle.

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