scholarly journals Comparative Preliminary Unit Costs Analysis of the Operation of Passenger Cars with Combustion Engines and Fuel Cell Vehicles Powered by Hydrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gis ◽  
Jerzy Waśkiewicz ◽  
Maciej Menes ◽  
Maciej Gis
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Average Unit

AbstractThe article presents political and legal aspects regarding the recommendation for the development of hydrogen technology in the economy and in transport. The development of electric cars with hydrogen-powered fuel cells, which took place in recent years in the world, has been outlined. The principles of calculation of average vehicle operating costs applicable in the transport economics are discussed. The estimated average unit operating costs of a statistical passenger car using conventional energy carriers, estimated in the studies of the Motor Transport Institute are quoted. The assumptions and results of the estimation of the average cost per 1 vehicle-kilometre of the electric passenger car’s mileage (BEV) have been presented, as well as the assumptions and results of the estimation of the average unit operating costs of a hydrogen powered passenger car (FCEV). The average unit costs of the mileage of these vehicles have been compared. The predictions regarding the future changes in the average prices of FCEV vehicles have been cited and the average unit costs of operating electric cars with fuel cells by the 2050 have been estimated. The project of administrative support for the development of low-emission transport in Poland was indicated.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Mobility Europe (H2ME): Vehicle and Hydrogen Refuelling Station Deployment Results

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Speers
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
First Year ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Cell Range ◽  
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles ◽  
Light Vehicle

Hydrogen Mobility Europe (H2ME, 2015–2022) is the largest European Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU FCH JU)-funded hydrogen light vehicle and infrastructure demonstration. Up until April 2017, the 40 Daimler passenger car fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and 62 Symbio Fuel Cell-Range Extended Electric Vans (FC-REEV)-vans deployed by the project drove 625,300 km and consumed a total of 7900 kg of hydrogen with no safety incidents. During its first year of operation (to April 2017), the NEL Hydrogen Fueling HRS (hydrogen refuelling station) in Kolding, Denmark dispensed 900 kg of hydrogen, and demonstrated excellent reliability (98.2% availability) with no safety incidents. The average hydrogen refuelling time for passenger cars is comparable to that for conventional vehicles (2–3 min).

Highway cost allocation methodologies

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-687
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Ambo ◽  
F. R. Wilson ◽  
A. M. Sevens
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
Recreational Vehicles ◽  
Axle Loads ◽  
Discounted Costs

Four methodologies of life-cycle highway cost allocation were examined using the province of New Brunswick, Canada, as a case study. The first two methodologies were reported by Wong and Markov. The third methodology was suggested by Rilett et al. The fourth methodology was introduced as part of the research project. It was in line with the procedures practised in public accounts for the construction and maintenance of roads on a continuing basis. The four methodologies were tested using the same data base pertaining to vehicle types; traffic measures (independent vehicle, passenger car equivalents, and equivalent standard axle loads); and costs of construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation. These data were applicable to a major two-lane highway in the study area. Six sites were selected for the case study. An analysis period of 60 years, three traffic growth scenarios, and three pavement design periods were considered. Eleven types of vehicles, comprising passenger cars, light trucks and vans, trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles, were used in the analysis. The assessment of the methodologies resulted in the recommendation of, and the suggestions for, the costing of highways. Key words: equivalent standard axle loads, passenger car equivalents, vehicle count, life-cycle costing, unit costs, accumulated costs, annual costs, discounted costs.

scholarly journals The Low Emission Gas Turbine Passenger Car: What Does the Future Hold?

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Nagey ◽  
P. Mykolenko ◽  
M. E. Naylor ◽  
F. J. Verkemp
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Gas Turbine Engine ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fundamental Design

This paper reviews the potential of the gas turbine as a low emission engine for passenger cars. State-of-the-art emission levels for turbines are identified together with the causes for the typically high levels of NOx that are encountered. Laboratory solutions for reduced NOx are discussed and some of the recent GM accomplishments defined. Fundamental design criteria for low emission combustors are identified. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the problems remaining in the area of combustors for which solutions must be found before the gas turbine engine can be considered for general use.

Measurement of reverberation time of a passenger car utilizing the wavelet filter bank

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Kwon Lee ◽  
Dong-June Yu
Keyword(s):  
Filter Bank ◽  
Bandpass Filter ◽  
Wavelet Filter ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Concert Hall ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wavelet Filter Bank

A few researchers have tried to find the measurement of the reverberation time of a passenger car. However, this has proved to be extremely difficult because the reverberation time of a passenger car is too short to measure using the traditional bandpass filter. If the reverberation time is very short, the product of the reverberation time ( T) and the bandwidth ( B) of the traditional bandpass filter is very small. The low level of the product BT required for the measurement of the reverberation time using the traditional bandpass filter is 16. In order to overcome this problem, the wavelet filter bank has been developed. In the paper, this new wavelet filter is employed to measure the reverberation times of five different classes of passenger car. The low level of the product BT required for the measurement of reverberation time using the wavelet filter is 4. Therefore, it was possible to measure the reverberation times of five passenger cars successfully using the new wavelet filter bank. It is found that the reverberation times measured in most passenger cars are around 0.04. It is a very short reverberation time compared with those of general acoustic rooms like a concert hall.

Cab Conceptual Design for the Equipment System Used for Passenger Car Ergonomic Design and Evaluation

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Du ◽  
Jin Dong Ren ◽  
Yong Qing Liu ◽  
Zhong Xian Chen ◽  
Shi Hai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Equipment System

Ergonomics is an important validation content in vehicle product development. The traditional evaluation method of ergonomics adopts physical mockups or prototypes, which is very costly, and is inconvenient to modify, and usually cause prolonged development cycle-time. In this paper, in conjunction with enterprise’s requirements, an ergonomic validation equipment system, which has adjustable main parts, was developed. Firstly, requirements were analyzed, and target model cars ranges were determined, and ergonomic contents which can be validated using this equipment were clarified. The packaging characteristic of the passenger car was analyzed, and the reference fiducial marks system used for packaging design were determined. Based on the requirement of occupant accommodation, anthropometries of target population were statistically analyzed. By using revised SAE J1517 H-Point curves models, the drivers’ seating space was designed, as well as the requirement of the driver seat track travel. Based on the analysis of packaging data of passenger cars, and considering the possible changes, controls such as steering wheel, pedals, sticks, etc., were packaged.

Analysis of unit costs at the Polish international truck freight transport companies in 2019 - eastern markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zysińska ◽  
Ewa Kamińska ◽  
Maciej Menes
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Graphic Form ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Average Unit ◽  
Heavy Goods Vehicles

The article represents the next part of the periodical publications of the Department of Economic Research in the field of cost analysis of the Polish international freight transport companies. It summarises and makes comparative assessments of the average unit costs of these companies for the 2019 in relation to the results of the previous period. The survey involved carriers operating on the Eastern markets. The article presents the statistical characteristics of the entities surveyed, taking into account their size, determined based on the number of the fleet’s heavy goods vehicles operated. It also shows how, the average costs of one vehicle-kilometre (veh-km) of mileage for a truck above 12.0 Mg GVW, are shaped, according to the size of the companies and taking into account the destinations of transport. The generic costs structure of the companies examined, has also been analysed. Presented in the tabular and graphic form is the evolution of unit costs for both 2019 and the whole 2009-2019 period.

scholarly journals Ford and the New Auto Industry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Daniel Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Car Market ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Masses

The iconic Ford Motor Company is considered one of the pillars of the automotive industry. Its first vehicle, the Model T, introduced the concept of mass production and automobile affordability to the masses. Today, the market is full of domestic and foreign competitors, yet, Ford has struggled to remain competitive, even though it promotes itself as America’s best-selling brand. Its stock was recently downgraded, and recently, it announced its intentions to only sell sports utility vehicles, trucks, Mustangs and Focus, in other words, it will stop selling most of its passenger cars. Conversely, Toyota continues to lead the market in passenger car sales, while newcomer Tesla struggles to deliver on its backlog of 500,000 electric vehicle orders. Ford has strong brand equity, has automated production facilities and a large franchised dealer network across the globe. Yet, it is rapidly losing passenger car market share, its profits are eroding, and its new vision is confusing. Furthermore, the company is facing a significant threat from well capitalized new competitors entering from the tech industry. The company, on the other hand, has enjoyed significant success in mainland China, where the demand for American automobiles continuous to be strong. Yet, the company needs to assume a cost leadership position and attempt to use this strategy to increase market share. The contention in this paper is that an adequate approach for the company appears to be a combination of market penetration in the domestic front, market expansion in Asia and other parts of the globe, and a product development approach that ushers cost reductions.

scholarly journals 1 DESIGN OF MODULAR ARCHITECTURE FOR EV AND HEV FOR PASSENGER CARS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Midhun Muraleedharan ◽  
◽  
Amitabh Das ◽  
Dr. Mohammad Rafiq Agrewale ◽  
Dr. K.C. Vora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
System Designer ◽  
Battery Energy

Hybridization is important to obtain the advantages of both the engine and motor as the sources of propulsion. This paper discusses the effect of hybridization of powertrain on vehicle performance. The Hybrid architectures are differentiated on the basis percentage of power dependency on the engine and motor. Passenger car with hybridization ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% are modelled on MATLAB/Simulink using the backward facing approach with the engine and motor specifications remaining constant. The hybridizations ratios and the energy consumption in terms of fuel and battery energy are obtained from the model and compared. Neural network is implemented to determine the fuel consumption. The outputs can be used by a system designer to determine a desirable hybridization factor based on the requirements dictated by the specific application.

scholarly journals Pelanggaran Kecepatan Kendaraan pada Ruas Jalan Tol Cipularang. (Hal. 39-49)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Rizki Intan Mauliza ◽  
Tania Bonita Sabrina ◽  
Wahyu Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Search Method ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Toll Roads ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Road Speed

ABSTRAKSalah satu faktor penyebab kecelakaan yang signifikan adalah tidak sesuainya kecepatan kendaraan dengan kondisi jalan, lingkungan dan kegiatan, dalam hal ini adalah kecepatan yang terlalu tinggi. Jalan tol/jalan bebas hambatan merupakan salah satu jalan yang berpotensi memiliki banyak pelanggaran dalam kecepatan kendaraan. Batasan kecepatan jalan tol telah di atur dalam PM Hub 111/2015 yaitu 40 km/jam untuk tol dalam kota dan 60 km/jam - 100 km/jam untuk tol luar kota. Untuk memastikan kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan dan menentukan tingkat pelanggaran kendaraan yang melintasi ruas jalan tol Cipularang maka penelitian menggunakan metode pengumpulan data primer/pengamatan secara langsung. Hasil analisis secara keseluruhan didapatkan bahwa rata-rata kecepatan kendaraan mobil penumpang sebesar 88 km/jam, truk 62 km/jam dan bus 72 km/jam dengan persentasi kecepatan rata-rata untuk mobil penumpang, truk dan bus berturut-turut sebesar 43%, 5% dan 22%. Hal ini menunjukan terdapat pelanggaran batas kecepatan maksimum untuk kendaraan mobil penumpang dengan prosentase yang tinggi (lebih dari 30%) atau kecepatan rata-rata lebih dari 80 km/jam.Kata kunci: kecelakaan, batas kecepatan, jalan tol ABSTRACTOne factors of a significant accident is not according to the speed of the vehicle with the environment, environment and activities, in this case the speed is too high. Toll road / freeway is one of the roads that has many roads in the vehicle. The toll road speed limit has been set in PM Hub 111/2015, which is 40 km/hour  for city tolls and 60 km/hour  100 km/hour for out-of-city toll roads. To determine the average speed of a vehicle and determine the level of the vehicle passing through the Cipularang toll road, the study uses the primary data / direct search method. The overall analysis results are obtained that the average speed of passenger car vehicles is 88 km/hour, trucks 62 km/hour and buses 72 km/hour with the percentage of average speed for passenger cars, trucks and buses being helped-along by 43%, 5% and 22%. This shows the maximum speed limit for passenger car vehicles with a higher percentage (more than 30%) or an average speed of more than 80 km/hour.Keywords: accidents, speed limits, toll roads

APEKS - a method of making decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Jan Szybka ◽  
Sylwester Pabian
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Utility Values ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
Individual Comparison ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Selection Of

The APEKS method was developed in the 1970s. It has a wide range of applications for making a decision. The article describes the APEKS method, which is a multi-criteria method and consists of 10 steps. The application of this method was presented in the example of car selection. The problem of choosing a passenger car was analyzed taking into account 6 evaluation criteria: fuel consumption, power, price, annual operating costs, aesthetic values, and utility values. Following the APEKS method, the analysis was completed with the selection of the best variant, using the forced decision method, consisting of an individual comparison of all criteria with one another. The APEKS variant is used for this, which has all the best features of the variants to choose from. This indicates that APEKS is an idealized and fictional variant.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document