scholarly journals Consistency and Fairness of Property Valuation for Compensation for Land and Improvements in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Partson Paradza ◽  
Joseph Awoamim Yacim ◽  
Benita Zulch

Abstract Property valuation for compensation of expropriated properties in Zimbabwe has been characterised by inconsistencies for decades. Previous studies have noted that displaced people are dissatisfied with the compensation paid by the expropriating authority. Even though many academic works were done on expropriation and compensation in Zimbabwe, issues surrounding consistency in property valuation practices and fairness of compensation paid remain unresearched. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to close this gap. Data for this study were collected through primary sources (questionnaire surveys to members of the compensation committee, private property valuers, designated property valuers and former commercial farmers) and secondary sources (literature surveys including a review of statutes, official reports, books, journals, and newsletters). Findings reveal that there is inconsistency in property valuation for expropriation, no clear legal definition of what constitutes fair compensation, and that views on the fairness of the compensation paid for expropriated properties in Zimbabwe are divergent. The study suggests that there is a need to review existing expropriation and compensation laws in Zimbabwe to create consistency in practice, thereby improving the fairness in the amount of compensation paid to the displaced person(s).

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ghifari Yuristiadhi ◽  
Bambang Purwanto

This article was written in order to find a model of the development ofIslamic charities organized by bumiputera in the early 20th century inYogyakarta. This socio-economic history research using historical research methods that utilize primary sources such as archives, photographs, books and newspapers as well as the contemporary of secondary sources such as books, journals, and articles. The conclusion of this article is that the presence of transformation of charities in Yogyakarta in the period 1920s-1930s caused by 1) the dynamic moments around the period of the emergence of privately plantation by European, 2) the implementation of the land reorganization in the region of Yogyakarta Sultanate, 3) the emergence of �urban santri� as the new middle class in urban Yogyakarta, and 4) dynamic Islamic social organizations. In addition, the transformationof charities happens consists of three processes. First, change the concept and definition of waqf be more specific. Secondly, changing of the charities model that presented by the Islamic social movements. Third, shift of waqf and charities authority management that also change management culture. One thing that can be seen from this phenomenon is the emergence of local responses on colonialism with a more elegant and become the new social movements as well as showing the existence of civil society.


Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdullah

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the moral aspect of qard (loan) from shariah perspective, and attempts to examine whether each interest-free qard is qualified for the Quranic term qard hasan (loan par excellence)? Also, the study attempts to establish the key constituents of qard hasan in the light of the primary sources of shariah, and seeks to define the legal status of the interest-free qard which fails to qualify for the “term” qard hasan. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses both the primary and secondary sources of shariah to examine the desired character of qard hasan. It employs pure qualitative paradigm to analyse and interpret the data. Findings – This study finds that in between the qard hasan and qard ribawi, there exists a third category of qard too, which neither qualifies for the former nor does fit under the definition of later. Originality/value – The findings presented in this paper illuminate the blurred line of contemporary understanding of qard hasan. The study adds original value to the corpus of contemporary literature on qard; as it collects and enumerates the ten vital conditions of qard hasan, without which, even an interest-free qard holds no virtuous sanctity in the sight of shariah.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
Umar Umar

The aim of the reseach is to elaborate the use of  the imagery in the novel: The Client. Starting from the definition of Imagery, the imagery found in the novel, then to find out what John Grisham’s - as the writer of the novel - intention to use imagery in his novel. The objectives of analysis is to have some knowledge deeper about the use of imagery in The Client by John Grisham and how he takes the readers into Mark Sway’s traumatic experience and how he helps the readers understand Mark Sway’s position through imagery found. This study adopts library research (Library Research) which contains an in-depth collection of material on one or several subjects (Young, 1983; p. 188). This study covers the inclusion of primary sources as well as secondary sources. There are 5 types of imagery found in The Client. They are Visual Imagery, Auditory Imagery, Internal Sensation Imagery, Olfactory Imagery and Tactile Imagery.


2016 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mariana Giaretto ◽  
Victoria Naffa

ResumenEn este trabajo analizamos las relaciones entre tomas de tierras y Estado, en elAlto Valle de Río Negro en Argentina. En un contexto general de especulacióninmobiliaria, por la que se encarecen los precios de alquileres y terrenos, y depolíticas de vivienda selectivas y acotadas, los sectores populares acceden aun espacio en la ciudad mediante tomas de tierras. Frente a estos conflictos,el Estado, en sus diferentes niveles y poderes, despliega una forma deintervención basada en la criminalización de las luchas por tierra y vivienda.Al mismo tiempo, el poder ejecutivo nacional crea la Secretaría de Acceso alHábitat, para posibilitar la intervención política orientada a la regularizaciónde los asentamientos. Sin embargo, esta intervención tiende a reinscribir laproblemática habitacional en el campo político, para reducirla a un conflicto“entre partes”, eludiendo la responsabilidad estatal.Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, seleccionamos como referenteempírico el caso del asentamiento de Villa Obrera en Fiske, Menuco (Gral.Roca), y las técnicas de recolección de datos se basan en fuentes secundarias,como expedientes judiciales y normativa, y en fuentes primarias como son losrelatos de los protagonistas mediante entrevistas individuales y colectivas.Palabras clave: tomas de tierras, Estado, criminalización de los conflictos.Conflicts caused by land occupation and modesof State intervention: analysis of an experience ofAlto Valle in Río Negro (Argentina)AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between State and land occupation,at Alto Valle in Río Negro, Argentina. In a general context of real estatespeculation, where rents and land prices are expensive, and a policy ofselective and limited housing, popular sectors can have access to a spacein the city through land occupation. In front of these conflicts, the Statein its different levels and powers, displays a form of intervention basedon the criminalization of struggles for land and housing. At the sametime, the national executive creates the Secretariat of Access to Habitat,oriented to allow political intervention for the regularization of settlements.However, this intervention tends to re-register the housing problems in thepolitical arena, reducing it to a conflict “between parties” and eluding theresponsibility of the State.From a qualitative methodological approach, we selected as empirical referencethe case of the settlement of Villa Obrera in Fiske, Menuco (GeneralRoca). The techniques of data collection are based on secondary sources, suchas policy and legal records, and primary sources as the stories of protagoniststhrough individual and collective interviews.Keywords: land occupation, State, criminalization of conflicts.Conflitos sobre ocupações de terras e modos deintervenção do estado: análise de uma experiênciado Alto Valle do Rio Preto (Argentina)ResumoEste trabalho analisa as relações entre a posse de terra e o Estado, no AltoValle do Rio Preto, na Argentina. Num contexto geral da especulaçãoimobiliária, por qual se encarecem os preços do aluguel e das terras, e depolíticas de habitação seletivas e limitadas, os setores populares acedem aum espaço na cidade através de ocupações de terras. Frente a estes conflitos,o Estado, em seus diferentes níveis e poderes, desenvolve uma forma deintervenção com base na criminalização das lutas pela terra e vivenda. Aomesmo tempo, o poder executivo nacional cria a Secretaria de Acesso àHabitat para possibilitar à intervenção política orientada a regularização dosassentamentos. No entanto, esta intervenção tende a registrar os problemasde habitação no campo político, para reduzi-la a um conflito “entre aspartes”, iludindo a responsabilidade do Estado.A partir de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, foi selecionado comoreferência empírica o caso do Assentamento de Villa Obrera em Fiske,Menuco (Gral. Roca), e as técnicas de recolecção de dados são baseados emfontes secundárias, como expedientes judiciais e normativos, e em fontes primárias como são as histórias dos protagonistas através de entrevistasindividuais e coletivas.Palavras-chave: tomada de terras, Estado, criminalização dos conflitos.


1983 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Stephen Frantzich

Until recently most students of Congress were limited to studying it from afar, depending primarily on secondary sources. Limited press coverage of current debates and behavior were often so skimpy that it was necessary to wait a number of years until a select group of events percolated through the process to become part of “the literature.” It took even longer before the events found their way into the classroom as relevant examples of important principles and concepts. The primary sources available (The Congressional Record, Committee Reports, etc.) were ponderous, poorly indexed and often retained the tainted image that they did not truly represent reality. While the Congress of recent years is much more open to public view than its predecessors, open committee meetings and the increase in recorded voting did little to enhance the resources available to teachers or students for understanding the process.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503
Author(s):  
Yanning Zhao ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto

This paper presents a review on relevant studies and reports related to older drivers’ behavior and stress. Questionnaires, simulators, and on-road/in-vehicle systems are used to collect driving data in most studies. In addition, research either directly compares older drivers and the other drivers or considers participants according to various age groups. Nevertheless, the definition of ‘older driver’ varies not only across studies but also across different government reports. Although questionnaire surveys are widely used to affordably obtain massive data in a short time, they lack objectivity. In contrast, biomedical information can increase the reliability of a driving stress assessment when collected in environments such as driving simulators and on-road experiments. Various studies determined that driving behavior and stress remain stable regardless of age, whereas others reported degradation of driving abilities and increased driving stress among older drivers. Instead of age, many researchers recommended considering other influencing factors, such as gender, living area, and driving experience. To mitigate bias in findings, this literature review suggests a hybrid method by applying surveys and collecting on-road/in-vehicle data.


2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Koszewska

An overview of the Western European literature shows that one of the most distinct trends in consumption that has been noted in the recent years is globally increasing environmental and social awareness. The issue of consumers' behaviours and attitudes towards "socially responsible products" has been gaining importance in Polish economy as well. This article evaluates the development prospects of ethical and ecological consumption in Poland vis-a-vis Western European countries. The comparative analysis being part of the article utilizes primary sources of information, i.e. interviews with a representative sample of Polish adults, as well as secondary sources of information. A factor analysis or, more precisely, a principal component analysis, allowed dividing Polish consumers into groups that were typologically homogeneous in respect of their sensitivity to various aspects of business ethics and ecology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsingtzu Wu ◽  
Leyao Huang

Abstract Nuclear power has been a controversial social issue, and societal acceptance is critical to its development and future. In addition, risk informed rules and regulations rely on the public’s understanding. However, there seems a communication gap about nuclear safety between nuclear experts and the public in China, and three questionnaire surveys were conducted to better understand Chinese public’s perceptions of a severe nuclear accident. The sample sizes were 117, 280 and 1071. Most of the respondents were students or white-collar workers born after 1990. In these three surveys, we found that more than 85% of respondents consider a less severe accident as a severe nuclear accident, and most respondents considered an incident to constitute a severe nuclear accident. The results demonstrate that nuclear experts and Chinese public may have different definitions of a severe nuclear accident. Therefore, we suggest that the definition of severe accidents should be better explained to the public to benefit the communication about risk informed rules and regulations. In addition, our three different surveys yielded a similar result, and we anticipate that a questionnaire survey with a larger sample size would do the same.


Author(s):  
Seema S.Ojha

History is constructed by people who study the past. It is created through working on both primary and secondary sources that historians use to learn about people, events, and everyday life in the past. Just like detectives, historians look at clues, sift through evidence, and make their own interpretations. Historical knowledge is, therefore, the outcome of a process of enquiry. During last century, the teaching of history has changed considerably. The use of sources, viz. textual, visual, and oral, in school classrooms in many parts of the world has already become an essential part of teaching history. However, in India, it is only a recent phenomenon. Introducing students to primary sources and making them a regular part of classroom lessons help students develop critical thinking and deductive reasoning skills. These will be useful throughout their lives. This paper highlights the benefits of using primary source materials in a history classroom and provides the teacher, with practical suggestions and examples of how to do this.


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