scholarly journals Review of Studies on Older Drivers’ Behavior and Stress—Methods, Results, and Outlook

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503
Author(s):  
Yanning Zhao ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto

This paper presents a review on relevant studies and reports related to older drivers’ behavior and stress. Questionnaires, simulators, and on-road/in-vehicle systems are used to collect driving data in most studies. In addition, research either directly compares older drivers and the other drivers or considers participants according to various age groups. Nevertheless, the definition of ‘older driver’ varies not only across studies but also across different government reports. Although questionnaire surveys are widely used to affordably obtain massive data in a short time, they lack objectivity. In contrast, biomedical information can increase the reliability of a driving stress assessment when collected in environments such as driving simulators and on-road experiments. Various studies determined that driving behavior and stress remain stable regardless of age, whereas others reported degradation of driving abilities and increased driving stress among older drivers. Instead of age, many researchers recommended considering other influencing factors, such as gender, living area, and driving experience. To mitigate bias in findings, this literature review suggests a hybrid method by applying surveys and collecting on-road/in-vehicle data.

Author(s):  
Ben D. Sawyer ◽  
Joonbum Lee ◽  
Jonathan Dobres ◽  
Bruce Mehler ◽  
Joseph F. Coughlin ◽  
...  

Older drivers comprise an undue percentage of roadway crashes and fatalities, and existing data implicates decrements to situational awareness as one factor. Although forward attention in older drivers is well studied, rearward attention for this population is little explored. What evidence exists has suggested reduced mirror checks, especially under conditions of multitasking. Voice-enabled in-vehicle systems may represent a partial solution, requiring fewer resources and freeing drivers for behavior which maintains better rearward attention. The present study asked participants to drive on a highway in an instrumented vehicle under conditions of baseline driving, manual radio tuning, and radio tuning assisted by a voice-enabled interface. Results indicate that multitasking greatly reduced mirror checks for all groups. Older participants devoted a greater amount of time to mirror checks than younger participants when just driving, but dropped to levels similar to younger drivers while multitasking. Voice-enabled radio tuning was associated with reduced decrements in mirror checks for all age groups. Discussion centers around this new understanding of differing attentional patterns across lifespan, as well as the impact of voice-enabled interface.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Indremo ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Thomas Frisell ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.


Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Emília Martins ◽  
Rosina Fernandes ◽  
Francisco Mendes ◽  
Cátia Magalhães ◽  
Patrícia Araújo

BACKGROUND: The health-related quality of life construct (QoL) implies a relationship with eating habits (EA) and physical activity (PA). Sociodemographic and anthropometric variables (gender, age and Body Mass Index - BMI) are highlighted in the definition of healthy lifestyle habits promotion strategies. OBJECTIVE: We aim to characterize and relate PA, EA and QoL in children/youth and explore gender, age and BMI influences. METHODS: It is a non-experimental study, with 337 children/youth, ages between 8 and 17 years (12.61±2.96), mostly from the rural inland of Portugal. In data collection we used a sociodemographic and anthropometric questionnaire, a weekly register table of EA and Kid-Kindl (QoL). Statistical analysis (p <  0.05) were performed in SPSS-IBM 25. RESULTS: Lower BMI was associated with better EA (p <  0.001), PA (p <  0.05) and self-esteem (p <  0.01) and worse scores on family subscale of QoL. Female showed higher fruit intake (p <  0.05). The older has shown better results. PA is positively correlated with QoL (p <  0.01) and EA (p <  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to explore other relevant social and family dimensions, to promote intervention programs with parents, school and community, as well as healthy practices policies. The intervention in these age groups is critical for a longer-term impact in improving healthy life habits.


2020 ◽  
pp. 073346482098241
Author(s):  
Ruheena Sangrar ◽  
Kyung Joon Mun ◽  
Lauren E. Griffith ◽  
Lori Letts ◽  
Brenda Vrkljan

Driver training has the potential to keep older adults safe behind-the-wheel for longer, yet there is limited evidence describing factors that influence their willingness to participate in training. Focus groups with community-dwelling older drivers ( n = 23; 70–90 years) and semi-structured interviews with driving instructors ( n = 6) and occupational therapists ( n = 5) were conducted to identify these factors. Qualitative descriptive analyses highlighted how self-awareness of behind-the-wheel abilities in later life can influence an older adult’s motivation to participate in driver training, as well as their willingness to discuss their behaviors. Collision-involvement and near-misses prompted participants to reflect on their driving abilities and their openness to feedback. Participants’ preferences for learning contexts that use a strengths-based approach and validate the driving experience of older drivers, while providing feedback on behind-the-wheel performance, were raised. Older driver training initiatives that consider the needs of the aging population in their design can promote road safety and community mobility.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsingtzu Wu ◽  
Leyao Huang

Abstract Nuclear power has been a controversial social issue, and societal acceptance is critical to its development and future. In addition, risk informed rules and regulations rely on the public’s understanding. However, there seems a communication gap about nuclear safety between nuclear experts and the public in China, and three questionnaire surveys were conducted to better understand Chinese public’s perceptions of a severe nuclear accident. The sample sizes were 117, 280 and 1071. Most of the respondents were students or white-collar workers born after 1990. In these three surveys, we found that more than 85% of respondents consider a less severe accident as a severe nuclear accident, and most respondents considered an incident to constitute a severe nuclear accident. The results demonstrate that nuclear experts and Chinese public may have different definitions of a severe nuclear accident. Therefore, we suggest that the definition of severe accidents should be better explained to the public to benefit the communication about risk informed rules and regulations. In addition, our three different surveys yielded a similar result, and we anticipate that a questionnaire survey with a larger sample size would do the same.


1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Rockwood ◽  
Karen Stadnyk

We reviewed the findings of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging in the context of studies published between January 1986 and June 1993 that documented dementia and Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Studies were identified using a MEDLINE literature search. Additional references were selected from the bibliography of identified articles. Most reports of all types of dementia prevalence are within a narrow range for each of the age groups 65+, 75+ and 85+ years. By contrast, two recent reports on the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease have reported much higher estimates (10.3% and 15.3%) in the elderly (65+ years). A variety of threats to both validity and generalizability of the estimates are present in all studies. In community studies which employed clinical interviews most subjects were only mildly affected; the natural history of impairment of this group requires further study if the consequences of these findings are to be understood. There is important variability in the definition of the functional consequences of cognitive impairment in the elderly which affects both the diagnosis and staging of dementia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 827-832
Author(s):  
Olga S. Aminova ◽  
N. N. Tyatenkova ◽  
Yu. E. Uvarova ◽  
S. V. Yakovlev

Introduction. Health - is a complex and at the same integral multivariable dynamic state, developing in the process of realization of the genetic potential in a particular social and ecological environment, which permits a person to carry out its biological and social functions. Material and methods Health indices deteriorate with age. In this situation, special attention should be paid to older age groups. However, recent studies prefer to investigate young people. Data about health status of different age groups is not well investigated. Survey of 415 women aged 20 to 59 years residing on Yaroslavl region has been performed. Evaluation of age-related changes in health indices included questionnaire, morphological and functional examination, definition of physical development and adaptative potential according to the calculated indices and reference values. Results. The study examined the dynamics of health indices and established a statistically significant difference in the gain in body weight, blood pressure, total blood cholesterol, decreased lung capacity relative to body mass and adaptive capacity of the cardiovascular system with the age. Analysis of the incidence showed that chronic diseases incidence has increased from 56% in the 20-29 years group to 88% among 50-59 years old persons. Diseases of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system (48-49%) become predominant pathology with age. Evaluation of lifestyle shows that poor physical activity and sleep disorders were registered in 77% and 32% respectively regardless of age. Eating disorders were registered in 41% patients aged of 20-29 years. Ratio tobacco users decreased from 23% to 10% with age, while the number of cigarettes smoked per day was increased. Сonclusion. The study established the negative dynamics of health indices to be typical for women aged 20-59 years, while the rate of deterioration exceeds the average one in the Russian population. Self-preservation behavior is not predominant in all age groups, it is typical only for 3% of young women and 11-15% of other groups.


Author(s):  
Fátima Maria BaBaptista Valentim Dias Cardoso ◽  
Maria do Carmo Martins Pires e Sousa

ResumoO contributo de diferentes ramos da ciência no desenvolvimento do conhecimento e no seu ensino em múltiplas áreas disciplinares é incontestável. No caso da Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica, numa lógica de similitude, associamo-la à medicina, particularmente ao ramo da Pediatria. Cedo percebemos que essa associação é reducionista. A história mostra-nos que o seu desenvolvimento também se deve a ciências como biologia, antropologia, filosofia, psicologia, sociologia e ciências da educação entre outras. Este entendimento conduz-nos ao conhecimento do contexto histórico da definição de infância e adolescência, dois conceitos indissociáveis da necessidade de se ensinar enfermagem e medicina específicas para estes grupos etários. Até ao século XII era desconhecida a representação de crianças em obras de arte e segundo Aries (1981)1 tal deve-se à pouca importância dada a estes seres. Nos séculos seguintes operaram-se modificações. As mais consistentes datam dos séculos XVII e XVIII. É inegável o contributo de Rousseau (1762)2 com Émile não só pelo impacto cultural, mas pelas consequências daí resultantes quando explorados os aspetos filosóficos e pedagógicos da obra. Com a Revolução Industrial tiveram início medidas de proteção da criança contra trabalhos insalubres e para satisfazer as suas necessidades de saúde. Em França surgiram os primeiros conceitos e trabalhos sobre puericultura que se expandiram a outros países da Europa. Querendo aprofundar o conhecimento, através de análise bibliográfica, sobre a evolução do ensino de Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica e das implicações de diferentes ramos da ciência na mesma, procurámos refletir sobre o contributo que, ao longo dos anos, as diferentes áreas científicas deram para esta área disciplinar. Palavras chave: Ensino; Enfermagem pediátrica. Abstract The contribution of different branches of science to the development of knowledge and its teaching in multiple subject areas is undeniable. In the case of Infant Health and Pediatric Nursing, in a logic of similarity, we associate it with medicine, particularly the branch of Pediatrics. We soon realize that this is a reductionist association. History shows us that its development is also due to sciences such as biology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, sociology and the educational sciences, among others. This understanding leads us to the knowledge of the historical context of the definition of childhood and adolescence, two concepts inseparable from the need to teach nursing and medicine specific to these age groups. Until the 12th century the representation of children was unknown in works of art and according to Aries (1981)3 this is due to the little importance given to these beings. In the following centuries modifications took place. The most consistent date from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Rousseau's (1762)4 contribution with Émile is undeniable, not only for its cultural impact, but also for the consequences resulting from the examination of the work’s philosophical and pedagogical aspects. With the Industrial Revolution, measures began to protect children against unhealthy work and to meet their health needs. In France came the first concepts and works on childcare that expanded to other countries in Europe. Wanting to increase knowledge, through literature review, about the evolution of the Infant Health and Pediatric Nursing teaching and the implications of different branches of science in it, we tried to reflect on the contribution that these have made to this subject area over the years. Keywords: Teaching; Pediatric nursing


Author(s):  
Davide Ferrari ◽  
Alessandra Mangia ◽  
Maria Sestina Spanò ◽  
Lucia Zaffarano ◽  
Marco Viganò ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives After exceptional research efforts, several vaccines were developed against SARS-CoV-2 which sustains the pandemic COVID-19. The Comirnaty vaccine showed high efficacy in clinical trials and was the first to be approved for its distribution to the general population. We evaluated the immune response induced by the first vaccine dose in different sex/age groups and subjects with or without naturally present anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Methods As part of an Italian multicenter project (Covidiagnostix), serum samples from 4,290 health-professionals were serologically tested the day of the first vaccination dose, and 21 days later, using two different instrumentations (Siemens-Healthineers and Roche). Results In total, 97% of samples showed the presence of specific antibodies 21 days after the vaccination dose; the percentage of non-responders increased with age in both genders. Remarkably, naturally seropositive individuals showed antibody persistence up to 11 months and an exceptionally higher vaccination response compared to subjects never infected by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of the serological test i) to identify naturally SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals and ii) to evaluate the antibody level elicited by the first vaccination dose. Both tests, highlighted differences in the immune response, when subjects were stratified by sex and age, and between naturally seropositive and seronegative subjects. The data obtained show how serological tests could play a crucial role in the triage of the population subjected to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. The definition of suitable instrumentation-specific thresholds is needed to correctly follow eventually acquired post-vaccination immunity in the general population.


KREA-TIF ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Fitrah Satrya Fajar Kusumah ◽  
Freza Freza ◽  
Sunarto Sunarto

<h1 align="center">Abstrak</h1><p><em>Pengolahan data kendaraan satuan jajaran Kostrad yang dilakukan oleh satuan Palkostrad dalam penyajian informasi datanya masih dalam bentuk konvensional meskipun telah menggunakan media komputerisasi yaitu dalam bentuk word dan excel, hal ini menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya overlaping data. Selain itu mobilitas yang tinggi dari satuan Palkostrad dan belum memaksimalkan dalam penggunaan media informasi ini dapat dilihat masih adanya keterlambatan dalam penyajian informasi data Alutsista bidang kendaraan satuan jajaran Kostrad. Guna mempermudah dalam pengolahan informasi data kendaraan di satuan jajaran Kostrad, diperlukan suatu sistem informasi berbasis web dengan struktur database yang terintegrasi dengan baik. Untuk mengatasi overlaping data dan ketepatan dalam penyajian informasi data Alutsista bidang kendaraan satuan jajaran Kostrad maka perlu dilakukan perancangan dan pembangunan sistem informasi data Alutsista bidang kendaraan disatuan jajaran Kostrad yang berbasis web. Terkait dat-data yang diperlukan pada penelitian ini diperoleh melalui studi pustaka, wawancara dan pengumpulan dokumen. Hasil yang di peroleh dengan pengembangan sistem ini diharapkan dapat membantu memecahkan permasalahan yang ada pada penelitian ini.</em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The data processing of Kostrad unit vehicles carried out by Palkostrad units in the presentation of data information is still in the conventional form even though it has used computerized media in the form of word and excel, this is one of the causes of data overlapping. In addition, the high mobility of the Palkostrad unit and not yet maximizing the use of this information media can be seen that there is still a delay in the presentation of information on the defense equipment data of the Kostrad unit vehicles. In order to facilitate the processing of vehicle data information in the Kostrad ranks, a web-based information system is needed with a well-integrated database structure. To overcome the overlapping of data and the accuracy in the presentation of data information on vehicle units in the Kostrad line, it is necessary to design and construct a vehicle information system for vehicle systems in the web-based Kostrad line. Related data needed in this study were obtained through literature study, interviews and document collection. The results obtained by developing this system are expected to help solve the problems that exist in this study.</em></p>


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