Consistency and Fairness of Property Valuation for Compensation for Land and Improvements in Zimbabwe

Property valuation for compensation of expropriated properties in Zimbabwe has been characterised by inconsistencies for decades. Previous studies have noted that displaced people are dissatisfied with the compensation paid by the expropriating authority. Even though many academic works were done on expropriation and compensation in Zimbabwe, issues surrounding consistency in property valuation practices and fairness of compensation paid remain unresearched. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to close this gap. Data for this study were collected through primary sources (questionnaire surveys to members of the compensation committee, private property valuers, designated property valuers and former commercial farmers) and secondary sources (literature surveys including a review of statutes, official reports, books, journals, and newsletters). Findings reveal that there is inconsistency in property valuation for expropriation, no clear legal definition of what constitutes fair compensation, and that views on the fairness of the compensation paid for expropriated properties in Zimbabwe are divergent. The study suggests that there is a need to review existing expropriation and compensation laws in Zimbabwe to create consistency in practice, thereby improving the fairness in the amount of compensation paid to the displaced person(s).

Resolution of Disputes Regarding Unlawful Acts by the Government in the Administrative Justice System in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the expansion of the absolute competence of Administrative Courts to examine factual actions and/or illegal acts by the government. This paper is a doctrinal legal research using statute and conceptual approach. The result of this study argued that the expansion posed a legal problem since the absolute authority is determined by law. In this case, it is transferred through a Supreme Court Regulation without changing the law. The other problem was also found in the legal basis for judicial review and limited compensation. Ideally, it should be preceded by amending the law, broadening the legal basis for review, and providing fair compensation. Received: 27 July 2021 / Accepted: 27 September 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Anteseden Dari Psychological Empowerment Dan Dampaknya Terhdap Nurses Burnout (Studi Empiris Pada Rumah Sakit XYZ Di Tangerang Saat Pandemi COVID-19)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh anteseden dari psychological empowerment terhadap burnout pada perawat yang bekerja di Rumah Sakit XYZ di Tangerang saat pandemi. PLS-SEM digunakan untuk menganalisis data empiris yang diperoleh melalui simple random sampling. Didapatkan 80 responden yang memenuhi syarat melalui kuesioner yang telah didistribusikan secara online. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa enam dari delapan variabel kualitas kehidupan kerja, serta variabel mediasi psychological empowerment mempunyai pengaruh yang negatif yang signifikan pada burnout. Pengaruh langsung pada psychological empowerment ditemukan paling kuat dari opportunity to develop human capital dan adequate and fair compensation. Ditemukan dampak negatif dari psychological empowerment terhadap burnout, dengan demikian hasil penelitian ini mendukung teori kualitas kehidupan kerja dapat meningkatkan pemberdayaan psikologis di antara perawat, sekaligus menunjukkan aplikasi yang baru terhadap pemberdayaan psikologis perawat. Model penelitian ini memiliki moderate predictive accuracy dan medium predictive relevance, sehingga dapat dikembangkan dalam penelitian lebih lanjut. Terdapat implikasi manajerial yang didapatkan dari temuan penelitian ini serta rekomendasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya.

Assessment of the impact of climate risks on agriculture in the context of global warming

Understanding the possible climate risks and potential economic losses of agribusiness in different regions is becoming a determining factor in the strategic planning of agricultural activities in the context of global warming. The purpose of this work was to assess the climate risks for agriculture in Russia. The study was conducted using techniques and tools of multivariate correlation analysis. The authors investigated the influence of deviations of the average monthly amounts of temperatures and precipitation from the average long-term values on the deviation of grain yields, using a set of data for 17 regions of the Central Federal district of Russia for the period of 2000-2019. The results showed that a smooth change in the parameters of heat and precipitation does not significantly affect the yield of grain crops. At the same time, increasing annual temperature variability and precipitation significantly reduce yields. An increase in the frequency of extreme events causes a growth in the probability of environmental and economic damage and the magnitude of climate risks. The maximum level of climate risk requires an appropriate adjustment of the agribusiness development strategy and the creation of an institution in society of fair compensation for damage caused by global warming factors.

Germany’s Nuclear Energy Refusal Policy: from Conflict to Compromise

The article is devoted to the analysis of the political process of Germany’s abandonment of nuclear energy. The results of a comparative analysis of government decisions taken over the course of one decade, but different in nature and having different consequences for the nuclear industry are presented in the paper. Special attention is paid to the issue of interaction between the government and energy companies in the context of the decisions of 2002 and 2011. It is shown that the abandonment of atomic energy in 2002 was a compromise solution, taking into account both the political desire of society to stop the operation of the nuclear power plant, and the economic interests of energy concerns. The author analyzes the consequences of the unilateral decision of the FRG government in 2011, infringing on the interests of the nuclear lobby, which led to many years of litigation that ended in favor of energy concerns. A review of the final compromise agreements between the companies and the government governing the issue of fair compensation for the early shutdown of nuclear power plants was carried out. Based on a comparative analysis of the two decisions on Germany’s withdrawal from nuclear energy and their consequences, it is concluded that, when entire industries are closed for political reasons, consultations with the involvement of all interested parties are necessary to work out an acceptable compromise.

CONDITIONS AND MECHANISMS FOR EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN UKRAINE

The content of systemic network structuring of corruption as an institution of absolute anti-social orientation is revealed. Attention is paid to the conceptual purity of the categorical apparatus, in particular, the concepts of “corruption” and “bribery” are distinguished. The characteristics of personalized and corporate-associated subjects of corruption are given, the content of modern forms and characteristic varieties of the object of corruption bribery is revealed. A differentiated list is given and the content of specific markets of “corruption services” operating within the general “black” market of Ukraine is revealed. The socio-economic origins are shown and the nature of personal and corporate interests of the subjects, the bearers of corruption relations, is revealed. The real spectrum of destructive anti-social consequences of the synergy of the binary union of the “institution of corruption” with the “institution of the criminal “black” economy” is determined. There are three basic blocks of criminal economic activity: i) criminal trade; ii) provision of criminal services; iii) criminal violation of the rules of economic and commercial activity. On the basis of the generalized experience of the USA the necessary conditions are defined and suggestions are given concerning formation of organizational-economic and economic-legal anti-corruption mechanisms. It is proven that overcoming corruption is impossible without abolishing the legal principle of “presumption of innocence” in the field of confirming the legitimacy of taxpayers' incomes, who are obliged to provide comprehensive information proving the legitimacy of the sources of personal and family real estate. The conditions for ensuring an effective order in the field of accounting and control of the completeness of citizens ’compliance with tax obligations on the basis of improving the mechanism of income declaration and state-market accounting of real estate of the population of Ukraine are determined. In the context of critical remarks on the mistakes made over the past five years, proposals are made to improve the organizational-economic framework for declaring annual income, as well as socially just and anti-corruption legalization of wealth, property and capital of individuals by providing fair compensation to the state treasury for losses caused to the budget during the period of independence of Ukraine.

Actual problems of the non-pecuniary damages’ assessment by the European Court of Human Rights

The article is devoted to the awarding of non-pecuniary damages in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) practice. The problem of research arises from the lack of criteria that the Court uses for calculating non-pecuniary damages which leads to unfair compensation for the injured party. The article examines ECHR cases and investigates how the Court has substantiated the precondition for a claim for compensation of non-pecuniary damage of a person. The grounds and circumstances which influence the amount of non-pecuniary damages are analyzed. The research proposes to define and introduce a list of criteria based on individual features of a person in recommendations on which ECHR should pay attention in non-pecuniary damages assessment to provide fair compensation to the victim which can help to create transparent mechanism for assessment in its practice

Opinion Versus Reality: How Should Wrongfully Convicted Individuals be Compensated Versus How They Are Actually Compensated

Securing compensation following exoneration is an important step for wrongfully convicted individuals in getting some semblance of a normal life post-release. This study seeks to determine what the public believes to be fair compensation for individuals who were wrongfully incarcerated for ten years prior to exoneration, as compared to how much compensation a state would offer the same exoneree. Prior research has tracked what compensation is offered to exonerees through state statutes and detailed difficulties in securing compensation at trial, yet little is known about how statutory compensation compares to what the public believes exonerees should receive. Through two experimental surveys, the current study surveys over 200 students and online respondents to determine how much compensation is fair to individuals, and compares these amounts to what states give to qualifying exonerees. Results indicate that individuals give more compensation on average to a fictional exoneree than do state governments; though the dollar amounts were not statistically significantly different, respondents gave millions more to exonerees than did state statutes. The significance of these findings and avenues for future research are examined.