scholarly journals Arising Prevalence of OXA-48 producer Escherichia coli and OXA-48 with NDM co-producer Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Uskudar-Guclu ◽  
Mustafa Guney ◽  
Ali Korhan Sig ◽  
Selcuk Kilic ◽  
Mehmet Baysallar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rates

Abstract Background/aim: This prospective study aimed to determine the presence of the most common carbapenemase genes, blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaNDM on carbapenem resistant clinical K.pneumoniae and E.coli isolates. Materials and methods: Isolates were selected according to EUCAST guideline; gradient test and disc diffusion with both meropenem and ertapenem discs. Resistance rates of these isolates to other antimicrobial agents were also examined by disc diffusion method. Carbapenem resistance gene were investigated by using Real-Time PCR. Results: A total of 3845 E. coli and 1689 K.pneumoniae isolates from clinical samples between January 2015 and April 2017 were evaluated. The 419 isolates were found as carbapenem resistant but only the first resistant isolate (n=155; 126 K.pneumoniae and 29 E.coli) of each patient were included. Carbapenem resistant isolates were most frequently isolated from intensive care units (48.8%). Colistin was the most effective antibiotic (91.0%). The 121 (78.1%) of the tested isolates were positive for OXA-48 (103 K.pneumoniae and 18 E.coli) and 9 K. pneumoniae carrying blaNDM were also positive for blaOXA-48. VIM, IMP and KPC type carbapenemases were not detected in any isolates. Conclusion: Carbapenem-resistant pathogens have been shown to be able to develop resistance mechanisms with more than one carbapenemase encoding gene.

Characterization of the genetic environment of blaKPC in Escherichia coli isolates from hospitals in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejing Yang ◽  
Yan Qi ◽  
Guoping Li ◽  
Yuying Wang ◽  
Zhengqing Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Genetic Environment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemases

ABSTRACT Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae members has become a major challenge, and the genetic environment of blaKPC, encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases, has not been fully clarified in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the genetic environment of blaKPC in 25 carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates from hospitals in Hangzhou Province, China. Antimicrobial susceptibility against 22 common antimicrobial agents was tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed for screening of the resistent genes, such as blaKPC, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaNDM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6’)-Ib, armA and rmtB. The genetic environment of blaKPC were determinedin one isolate. blaKPC was detected by PCR in all the clinical E. coli isolates. There were no strains carrying blaNDM, qnrA and armA. The genetic environment of blaKPC showed that blaKPC dissemination is plasmid mediated and that it is located in the Tn3–Tn4401 transposon complex. Encoding of blaKPC-2 was responsible for carbapenem resistance in the 25 E. coli isolates. The genetic environment of blaKPC was characterized by the Tn3–Tn4401 complex. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for clinical drug-resistance monitoring, anti-infection treatment and hospital infection control.

scholarly journals Frequency of Detection ofEscherichia coli,Salmonellaspp., andCampylobacterspp. in the Faeces of Wild Rats (Rattusspp.) in Trinidad and Tobago

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Comfort Nkogwe ◽  
Juliah Raletobana ◽  
Alva Stewart-Johnson ◽  
Sharianne Suepaul ◽  
Abiodun Adesiyun
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Macconkey Agar ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
O157 Strain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Wild Rats

The study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation ofSalmonella,CampylobacterandE. coliO157 in the faecal samples of rats trapped across the regional corporations in Trinidad and to assess their resistance to antimicrobial agents. A total of 204 rats were trapped for the detection of selected bacteria. Standard methods were used to isolateSalmonella,CampylobacterandE. coliO157. Characterization ofE. coliwas done on sorbitol MacConkey agar to determine non-sorbitol fermentation, blood agar to determine haemolytic and mucoid colonies and by usingE. coliO157 antiserum to determine O157 strain. The disc diffusion method was used to determine resistance to nine antimicrobial agents. Of the 204 rats, 4 (2.0%), 7 (3.4%) and 171 (83.8%) were positive forSalmonellaspp.,Campylobacterspp. andE. coli, respectively. Of the 171 isolates ofE. colitested 0 (0.0%), 25 (14.6%) and 19 (11.1%) were haemolytic, mucoid and non-sorbitol fermenters, respectively. All isolates were negative for the O157 strain. The frequency of resistance to the 9 antimicrobial agents tested was 75% (3 of 4) forSalmonella, 85.7% (6 of 7) ofCampylobacterspp. and 36.3% (62 of 171) forE. coli(;χ2).

scholarly journals Bad Bugs and No Drugs: Activity of Colistin as Waging War against Emerging Metallo-β-Lactamases Producing Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Naz ◽  
Farhan Rasheed ◽  
Muhammad Saeed ◽  
Shagufta Iram ◽  
Ambereen Anwar Imran
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Inter-hospital and intra-hospital dissemination of metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) producing strains possess significant therapeutic challenges. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Colistin against MβL producers. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan from 1stJuly 2016 to 25th February 2017. A total of 12126 clinical samples were collected from patients presenting to Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Every sample was processed for bacterial culture. Bacterial identification was performed according to standard guidelines. Every gram-negative isolate was further processed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby Baur disc diffusion method. Zone sizes were interpreted according to CLSI 2016 guidelines. Next day every carbapenem-resistant isolate were further processed for MβL detection by EDTA method, zone size of Carbapenem disc only and Carbapenem disc impregnated with EDTA was compared ( >7 mm increase MβL positive, 0-5 mm increase MβL-negative). Results: Out of total 12126 samples, 35.9% (n=4361) were culture positive and only 40.5% (n=1770) were Gram negative rods. Of these 9.6% (n=170) were Carbapenem-resistant isolates with 47% (n=80) MβL producers. Briefly 51.7% (n=30) Acinetobacter species were MβL positive, Pseudomonas species 38.5% (n=22), Escherichia coli 69.5% (n=16), Klebsiella species 37.0% (n=10), Proteus 66.6% (n=2) and 0% Citrobacter sppwere MβL positive. 32.5% MβL positive isolates were from ICU, 21.2% were from OPD, 12.5%were from Surgical Units, 12.5% were from Medical Unit, 17.5% were from Orthopedic Unit, and 3.7% were from Pulmonology ward. Almost 100% resistant was observed in MβL positive isolates for Imipenem,Piperacillin+ Tazobactum, Ceftriaxone, Co-amoxyclav, Cefoperazone+Sulbactam, Ciprofloxacin, and Amikacin, Doxycycline, and Gentamicin showed 91.2%, 94.0%, and 97.5% resistant rate respectively. No resistance was observed against Colistin. Conclusion: MβL producing Gram negative rods are rising in clinical setups. They are becoming a nightmare for clinicians to treat such infections. Colistin remains the only choice of drug for MβL positive and Negative isolates with 0% resistant rate except for Proteus species, to which it is intrinsically resistant.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates resistant to carbapenems

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 935-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Shaaban ◽  
Ahmed Al-Qahtani ◽  
Mohammed Al-Ahdal ◽  
Rasha Barwa
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Introduction: Emergence of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases the therapeutic dilemma. In this study, we investigated various mechanisms involved in the resistance of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates to carbapenems. Methodology: P. aeruginosa isolates were isolated from different clinical samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Carbapenemases were detected among carbapenem resistant isolates. Expression level of mexB and oprD was determined by real-time PCR. Molecular relatedness among isolates was detected based on pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Ninety P. aeruginosa isolates were purified from clinical specimens. High levels of resistance to imipenem and meropenem were detected in 16 isolates. PCR analysis of carbapenemases indicated the prevalence of Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM); four isolates produced only VIM enzymes (VIM-1 or VIM-2), while the remaining twelve co-produced both VIM-1 or VIM-2 and NDM enzymes. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis elucidated high expression levels of mexB in seven of the carbapenem resistant isolates and low expression of oprD in seven isolates. The identified carbapenem-resistant isolates were clustered into eleven PFGE profiles where clusters E1 and E2 involved isolates exhibiting multiple carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2). Conclusion: Various mechanisms underlying carbapenem resistance have been detected in our P. aeruginosa cohort of isolates. Emergence of P. aeruginosa as a reservoir of multiple carbapenemases is increasing over time limiting the treatment options to this serious infection. This increases the urgency for infection control practices to reduce the incidence of this infection.

scholarly journals Resistance Rates of the most Isolated Bacteria from different Clinical Samples, Kerbala, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Suhad Hadi Mohammed ◽  
Maysaa Saleh Mahdi ◽  
Mohanad Mohsin Ahmed ◽  
Ali Najm Al-Deen ◽  
Nargis Fadhil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Admission Status ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rates

Determining the bacterial causative agents of infections by identifying their antimicrobial patterns will enable health institutions to limit the unnecessary use of antibiotics, and take active ways in preventing the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to identify the most common bacterial isolates responsible for infection and their antibiotic resistance rates. The results showed that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) represent the most common bacteria isolated with a percentage of 23.9, 18.8, and 16.2%, respectively. High resistance rates were found for the most common bacterial isolates. Other important findings are the presence of extended-spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria and the appearance of hetero-resistance phenomenon. Moreover, the bacterial infection is mainly occurring in men. No significant correlation was observed in the type of isolated bacteria with patient admission status. E. coli strains were found to be highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone (88.9%), ceftazidime (85.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (74.1%), and ciprofloxacin (59.3%). Whereas, the highest sensitivity rates were seen with meropenem antibiotic (92.6%). Concerning S. aureus isolates, 100, and approximately 91% of resistant rates were seen to penicillin and cefoxitin, respectively [methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)]. Approximately 50% of MRSA were vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Resistant rates of P. aeruginosa isolates to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were 47.1%, amikacin 41.2%, and levofloxacin 35.3%. In conclusion, the current study might reveal that the isolated bacteria could be of critical priority carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, and carbapenem-resistant and 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli. In addition, the isolation of high priority bacteria includes vancomycin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of non-clinical Escherichia coli strains from chicken in Nsukka, South-east Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
K. F. Chah ◽  
S. C. Okafor ◽  
S. I. Oboegbulem
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study was carried out to determine resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinically healthy chickens in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. A total of 324 E. coli strains isolated from cloaca swabs from 390 chickens were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotics used in the study were: ampicillin (25µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), Streptomycin (30µg). cefuroxime (20µg), cephalexin (10µg), nalidixic acid (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), norfloxacin (10µg), ofloxacin (5µg), pefloxacin (5µg), tetracycline (30µg), chloramphenicol (10µg), cotrimoxazole (50µg), colistin (25µg) and nitrofurantoin (100µg).The strains demonstrated high rates of resistance (34.6%  66.1%) to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. For each antimicrobial agent (except cephalexin), strains from the intensively reared chickens (layers and broilers) displayed higher resistance frequencies than those from the local birds. A total of 49 resistant patterns were recorded for the 228 strains resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, with AmTeCoS and AmTeCfN being the predominant patterns. Because of the great variation in the drug resistance patterns of the Escherichia coli strains, use of antimicrobial agents in the management of E. coli infections in the study area should be based on results of sensitivity tests.

scholarly journals Carbapenem Resistance: Mechanisms and Drivers of Global Menace

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Aslam ◽  
Maria Rasool ◽  
Saima Muzammil ◽  
Abu Baker Siddique ◽  
Zeeshan Nawaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Class I Integrons ◽  
Day By Day

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacterial pathogens is a significant and mounting health concern across the globe. At present, carbapenem resistance (CR) is considered as one of the most concerning resistance mechanisms and mainly found in gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although carbapenem resistance has been recognized in Enterobacteriaceae from last 20 years or so, recently it emerged as a global health issue as CR clonal dissemination of various Enterobacteriaceae members especially E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are reported from across the globe at an alarming rate. Phenotypically, carbapenems resistance is in due to the two key mechanisms, like structural mutation coupled with β-lactamase production and the ability of the pathogen to produce carbapenemases which ultimately hydrolyze the carbapenem. Additionally, penicillin-binding protein modification and efflux pumps are also responsible for the development of carbapenem resistance. Carbapenemases are classified into different classes which include Ambler classes A, B, and D. Several mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have their potential role in carbapenem resistance like Tn4401, Class I integrons, IncFIIK2, IncF1A, and IncI2. Taking together, resistance against carbapenems is continuously evolving and posing a significant health threat to the community. Variable mechanisms that are associated with carbapenem resistance, different MGEs, and supplementary mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in association with virulence factors are expanding day by day. Timely demonstration of this global health concern by using molecular tools, epidemiological investigations, and screening may permit the suitable measures to control this public health menace.

Molecular Typing of Imipenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticusComplex in a Singapore Hospital Where Carbapenem Resistance Is Endemic

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 941-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thean Yen Tan ◽  
Karen Poh ◽  
Siew Yong Ng
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistant Strains

Objective.To investigate the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticuscomplex isolates in a tertiary care hospital where the prevalence of carbapenem resistance among these organisms is high.Design.The study was a prospective, observational study performed during an 8-month period (May 1 through December 31, 2004).A. baumanniiisolates recovered from all clinical samples during the study period were included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, and all carbapenem-resistant strains were typed by a polymerase chain reaction-based typing method.Setting.An 800-bed hospital in Singapore.Results.More than half of recovered isolates were clonally unrelated, with the remaining isolates grouped into 4 genotypes.Conclusions.The results of the study suggest that the high prevalence of carbapenem resistance amongAcinetobacterorganisms in this institution is not caused by the spread of a predominant clone and that other factors may need to be investigated.

Ceftazidime/avibactam and eravacycline susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in two Greek tertiary teaching hospitals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chatzidimitriou ◽  
Panagiota Chatzivasileiou ◽  
Georgios Sakellariou ◽  
MariaAnna Kyriazidi ◽  
Asimoula Kavvada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Strain Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Teaching

AbstractThe present study evaluated the carbapenem resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in two Greek tertiary teaching hospitals and their susceptibility to currently used and novel antimicrobial agents.Forty-seven carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae strains were collected in G. Papanikolaou and Ippokrateio hospital of Thessaloniki between 2016 and 2018. Strain identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted by Vitek 2 system (Biomérieux France). Susceptibility against new antimicrobial agents was examined by disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM and blaOXA-48 genes.The meropenem–EDTA and meropenem–boronic acid synergy test performed on the 24 K. pneumoniae strains demonstrated that 8 (33.3%) yielded positive for metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) and 16 (66.6%) for K. pneumonia carbapenemases (KPC) production. Colistin demonstrated the highest in vitro activity (87.7%) among the 47 K. pneumoniae strains followed by gentamicin (76.5%) and tigecycline (51%). Among new antibiotics ceftazidime/avibactam showed the highest sensitivity (76.6%) in all strains followed by eravacycline (66.6%). The blaKPC gene was present in 30 strains (63.8%), the blaNDM in 11 (23.4%) and the blaVIM in 6 (12.8%). The blaOXA-48 gene was not detected.Well established antimicrobial agents such as colistin, gentamicin and tigecycline and novel antibiotics like ceftazidime/avibactam and eravacycline can be reliable options for the treatment of invasive infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae.

scholarly journals Increasing carbapenem resistance due to the clonal dissemination of oxacillinase (OXA-23 and OXA-58)-producing Acinetobacter baumannii: report from the Turkish SENTRY Program sites

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1529-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Gur ◽  
Volken Korten ◽  
Serhat Unal ◽  
Lalitagauri M. Deshpande ◽  
Mariana Castanheira
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Encoding Genes

A significant increase in carbapenem-resistance rates among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected in two Turkish medical centres was detected in the 2000–2006 period (20–60 %) by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Carbapenem-resistant strains from 2006 were evaluated for the presence of encoding genes and epidemic clonality. OXA-58-like and OXA-23-like carbapenemase-producing strains were detected in both medical institutions. Seventeen out of 18 strains from Ankara were positive for bla OXA-58 primers and belonged to the same clone, whilst 26 isolates (25 from Istanbul and one from Ankara) harboured bla OXA-23-like genes and showed identical or similar PFGE patterns. Isolates producing OXA-23-like carbapenemases were more resistant than OXA-58-like carbapenemase producers to non-carbapenem antimicrobial agents. Carbapenem resistance in these institutions was observed to be largely driven by the dissemination of clones producing OXA-type carbapenemases.

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