scholarly journals Production of Fish Feed and Fish Oil from Waste Biomass Using Microorganisms: Overview of Methods Analyzing Resource Availability

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriss Spalvins ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Abstract Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. The growth of this industry has been rapid for the last 25 years, however, aquaculture still relies heavily on feed input from wild capture fisheries. Landings in wild capture fisheries have been stagnant for the last two decades; therefore, new alternatives for conventional fish meal and fish oil need to be found. In this review, various alternatives are described and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Single cell oils (SCO) and single cell proteins (SCP) produced by microorganisms are recognized as the alternative with the most potential for replacing fish meal and fish oil in aquacultures. However, production costs of SCOs and SCPsare still higher than production costs of Omega-3 rich oils from other sources (wild capture, plant derived oils and genetically modified plants); therefore, currently used substrates need to be replaced with cheaper agriculture and industrial biomass residues applicable for microbial fermentation. In order to evaluate various biodegradable residues and find the most suitable ones for SCO and SCP production, methods analysing resource availability are reviewed.

scholarly journals Impact of the partial replacement of fish meal with a chloroplast rich fraction on the growth and selected nutrient profile of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Gedi ◽  
Kieran J. Magee ◽  
Randa Darwish ◽  
Patchaniya Eakpetch ◽  
Iain Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Aquaculture Production

Increasing global aquaculture production, is putting pressure on fishmeal and fish oil supply. There is therefore a growing search for more sustainable sources of proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids as fish feed ingredients.

Levels of toxaphene indicator compounds in fish meal, fish oil and fish feed

Chemosphere ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Oetien ◽  
Horst Karl
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Fish Feed

scholarly journals PROSPEK USAHA PEMBUATAN PAKAN IKAN DENGAN TAMBAHAN Azolla microphylla DI DESA TEGAL REJO KECAMATAN BELITANG KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Munsiarum
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Azolla Microphylla ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Feed Pellet ◽  
Research Criteria

The objectives of this research are: (1) To know the production of fish feed (pellet) with additional Azolla microphylla in Tegal Rejo Village Belitang Sub-District, OKU Timur Regency, (2) Analyze the income on fish pellet production business with additional Azolla microphylla in Desa Tegal Rejo Belitang Sub-District, OKU Timur Regency, (3) Analyzing the development of fish meal business (pellet) with additional Azolla microphylla in Tegal Rejo Village Belitang Sub-District, OKU Timur Regency. This research was conducted in Tegal Rejo Village of OKU Timur Regency. The research has been conducted in Febuary 2015 until it is completed by purposive or purposive method, considering that in Tegal Rejo Village, OKU Timur Regency is one of the villages where there is a business of home fish production and the area has technical, economical and Ecological in the implementation of fish production business (home industry) and enough in the research criteria. This study found that in 2014 the business actors produce 9,790 kg / year with the price of Rp 5000 / kg by giving revenue of Rp 48,950,000 with production cost Rp 7,425,000, thus giving income amounting to Rp -23,475,000. In 2015 the business of making fish feed produces 7,150 kg / year with the selling price of Rp 6,500 / kg. Receipts obtained by business actors amounted to Rp 46,475,000, with the use of production costs of Rp 26,193,250, thus earning revenue of Rp 20,281,750. In 2016 the business of making fish feed with additional azollamicrophylla producing 7,920kg / year with the selling price of Rp 7.000 / kg then the revenue is Rp 55.440.000, the use of production cost of Rp 30.324.000 then the income is Rp 25.116.000 and the making business Fish feed with additional Azolla microphylla in Tegal Rejo Village Belitang District, OKU Timur Regency is feasible to be developed. By fulfilling the criteria of NPV value Rp 16.867.875, IRR value of 31.86%., And the value of Net B / C obtained 1.5.

scholarly journals Effect of fish feeds with high vegetable oil and low fish oil content on the growth performance and innate immune system of common carp (preliminary results)

2009 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
László Ardó ◽  
Galina Jeney ◽  
András Rónyai ◽  
István Csengeri
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Feeds

Fish meal and fish oil are very important components of fish feeds used by aquaculture. They contain poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential nutrients both for fish and human nutrition. However, sources of fish meal and fish oil are limited, there is a need for new feed components to supply the increasing fish production and the increasing demand for fish feed. The aim of AQUAMAX project, supported by the European Union is to replace the fish meal and fish oil with vegetable oils. As a participant of this project, group of immunology in ResearchInstitute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) examined the effect of three different fish feeds on the growth performance, innate immune response and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of common carp in an in vivo experiment. Fish feed supplemented with Camelina oil, but still containing fish oil significantly increased growth performance of experimental fish and their resistance against the infection. Fish feed containing linseed oil only did not enhance the growth performance, and it had a negative effect on resistance against infection. Based on the experimental results it can be concluded that fish oil used in fish feeds cannot be replaced effectively with vegetable oils, but can be supplemented with them. 

scholarly journals Toward environmentally sustainable aquafeeds

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madilyn M. Gamble ◽  
Pallab K. Sarker ◽  
Anne R. Kapuscinski ◽  
Suzanne Kelson ◽  
Devin S. Fitzgerald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector and currently supplies almost 50% of fish for human consumption worldwide. There are significant barriers to the continued growth of industrial aquaculture, including high production costs and harmful environmental impacts associated with the production of aquaculture feed. Most commercial aquaculture feeds are based on fish meal, fish oil, and terrestrial plant ingredients, which contain indigestible forms of phosphorus. Phosphorus loading from aquaculture effluent can lead to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Formulating fish feeds using ingredients that contain highly bioavailable forms of phosphorus in nutritionally appropriate quantities will reduce phosphorus loading. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we examined the digestibility of phosphorus in three experimental tilapia feeds supplemented with two freshwater microalgae (Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp.) and one marine microalga, Schizochytrium sp., relative to a reference diet containing fish meal and fish oil. We also calculated a phosphorus budget to quantify metabolic phosphorus waste outputs. The marine Schizochytrium-supplemented diet had the highest phosphorus digestibility and the lowest solid phosphorus discharge compared to the reference diet and the other experimental diets. The Schizochytrium ingredient also had the highest phosphorus digestibility among the three microalgae tested in vitro experiments. These results suggest that Schizochytrium sp. is a highly digestible source of phosphorus and findings on metabolic phosphorus waste outputs have implications for the formulation of sustainable diets for tilapia. Further research must examine the economic feasibility and environmental impacts of producing Schizochytrium sp. as an aquafeed ingredient.

scholarly journals Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13211
Author(s):  
Senthil Nagappan Annamalai ◽  
Probir Das ◽  
Mahmoud I. A. Thaher ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Quadir ◽  
Shoyeb Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Lower Production ◽  
Aquafeed Ingredients

Aquafeed accounts for at least 75–90% of aquaculture’s operating costs. Traditional aquafeed ingredients such as fishmeal, fish oil, and soybean meal are unsustainable; further, their increasing cost necessities developing alternative feed ingredients. Microalgae-based aquafeed is not only environmentally friendly, but it can also be cost-effective with proper optimization. In addition, the nutrition profile of microalgae is similar to that of many fishes. The digestibility of a feed is one of the most important factors to consider in feed formulation. A highly digestible feed can lower production costs, reduce feed waste, and reduce the risk of eutrophication. This review discusses the digestibility of various nutrients such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids (including omega-3 fatty acids), dry matter, and energy of various microalgae in fish. Other commonly used aquafeed ingredients were also compared to microalgae in terms of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish. The intrinsic characteristics of microalgae, biomass pretreatment, and feed preparation methods are all discussed as factors that contribute to the nutrient and energy digestibility of microalgae in fish. Furthermore, methods for increasing the digestibility of microalgal biomass in fish are suggested. Finally, the review concludes with the challenges and prospects of using microalgae as a fish feed in terms of digestibility.

scholarly journals Addition of Crude Fish Oil (CFO) on Feed Toward Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Kemala Hudita ◽  
Agustono Agustono ◽  
Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Trash Fish

Mud crab is one of the fishery commodity which potential to be cultured because it has high economic value. Mud crab has nutrients content such as protein 62,72%, lipid 0,83%, ash 7,5% and water content 9,9%. Trash fish is fresh feed which commonly used as main feed for the growth of mud crab juvenile of 5,3to 13,8%, however Kuniran fish has omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content which is necessary for optimum growth of mud crab.The study method was implemented as the experimental method use Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consists of five treatments and four replications. The quantity of Crude Fish Oil which is added in trash fish feed on this study are: Treatment A (0%), B (2%), C (4%), D (6%) dan E (8%). The observed parameters are growth of mud crab and feed conversion ratio value. Data analysis use Variant Analysis (ANAVA) and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test to determine differences between treatments. The results shows that addition of Crude Fish Oil in trash feed fish for 32 days of rearing gives significantly different effect (P<0,05) toward length and width of mud crab carapace, meanwhile toward feed conversion value of mud crab doesn’t gives significantly different effect (P>0,05). High length and width  growth of carapace were obtained on D and E treatment. The water quality of mud crab during 32 days of rearing is the temperature range of 28-29°C, pH range of 7,5-9,0, salinity range of 15-21ppt, dissolve oxygen range of 4 mg/l and ammonium range of 0,09-0,27 mg/l.

Occurrence of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PFAS, and Organotin Compounds in Fish Meal, Fish Oil and Fish Feed

Chemosphere ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Suominen ◽  
A. Hallikainen ◽  
P. Ruokojärvi ◽  
R. Airaksinen ◽  
J. Koponen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Organotin Compounds ◽  
Fish Feed

Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hadeer Zakaria ◽  
Tarek M. Mostafa ◽  
Gamal A. El-Azab ◽  
Nagy AH Sayed-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Serum Homocysteine

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.

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