Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

Aquafeed accounts for at least 75–90% of aquaculture’s operating costs. Traditional aquafeed ingredients such as fishmeal, fish oil, and soybean meal are unsustainable; further, their increasing cost necessities developing alternative feed ingredients. Microalgae-based aquafeed is not only environmentally friendly, but it can also be cost-effective with proper optimization. In addition, the nutrition profile of microalgae is similar to that of many fishes. The digestibility of a feed is one of the most important factors to consider in feed formulation. A highly digestible feed can lower production costs, reduce feed waste, and reduce the risk of eutrophication. This review discusses the digestibility of various nutrients such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids (including omega-3 fatty acids), dry matter, and energy of various microalgae in fish. Other commonly used aquafeed ingredients were also compared to microalgae in terms of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish. The intrinsic characteristics of microalgae, biomass pretreatment, and feed preparation methods are all discussed as factors that contribute to the nutrient and energy digestibility of microalgae in fish. Furthermore, methods for increasing the digestibility of microalgal biomass in fish are suggested. Finally, the review concludes with the challenges and prospects of using microalgae as a fish feed in terms of digestibility.

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Advanced Extraction of Lipids with DHA from Isochrysis galbana with Enzymatic Pre-Treatment Combined with Pressurized Liquids and Ultrasound Assisted Extractions

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25143310 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 3310

Author(s):

María Señoráns ◽

Natalia Castejón ◽

Francisco Javier Señoráns

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Isochrysis Galbana ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Polar Lipids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Advanced Technique ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Pre Treatment

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable and valuable source of lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of lipids from microalgae requires fast and alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pre-treatment by different procedures. In this work, Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was optimized and compared with traditional lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bligh and Dyer, and with a new Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method for lipids from microalgae Isochrysis galbana. To further optimize PLE and UAE, enzymatic pre-treatment of microalga Isochrysis galbana was studied with commercial enzymes Viscozyme and Celluclast. No significant differences were found for lipid yields among different extraction techniques used. However, advanced extraction techniques with or without pre-treatment are a green, fast, and toxic solvent free alternative to traditional techniques. Lipid composition of Isochrysis was determined by HPLC-ELSD and included neutral and polar lipids, showing that each fraction comprised different contents in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The highest polar lipids content was achieved with UAE (50 °C and 15 min) and PLE (100 °C) techniques. Moreover, the highest omega-3 PUFA (33.2%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (3.3%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (12.0%) contents were achieved with the advanced technique UAE, showing the optimized method as a practical alternative to produce valuable lipids for food and nutraceutical applications.

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Dietary Approaches to Prevent Age Related Macular Degeneration:A Review

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics ◽

10.21048/ijnd.2016.53.2.4304 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 241

Author(s):

Kapur Punam ◽

Pathak Ashok ◽

Suri Manjula

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Nutritional Supplementation ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Dietary Carbohydrates ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Age Related ◽

Disease Study

Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in older adults which has no cure and limited therapeutic options. ARMD may become an increasing concern in the developing countries like India as a result of socio-economic and dietary changes that accompany the economic development1. Diet is potentially one of the most cost effective strategies to prevent the development of end stage condition of ARMD. This review describes the current literature on the role of quality of diet and nutritional supplementation in prevention of advanced ARMD. Various researchers have explored the association between diet, nutrient intake and advanced ARMD. In the Age Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), use of a daily antioxidant supplementation reduced the rate of progression from intermediate to advanced ARMD by 25% over a period of 5 years and resulted in a 19% reduction in the risk of moderate visual loss2. A high dietary fat intake was reported to be associated with a higher incidence of late ARMD whereas higher intakes of fish or n-3 fatty acids were associated with lower incidence of ARMD3. Chiu et al. reported that quality of dietary carbohydrates influences the risk of ARMD4. But at present, research shows insufficient evidence to recommend dietary modifications and nutritional supplementation in ARMD. Therefore to summarize, the temporal relationship of the diet to advanced ARMD, is a function of the quality of diet. Observational studies suggest that increased dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, macular carotenoids, antioxidants and oriental dietary pattern reduces the risk of ARMD whereas, poor dietary carbohydrates quality (as defined by dietary glycemic index) and western dietary pattern may increase the risk of ARMD.

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Socio-economic Factors Influencing Nile Tilapia Aquaculture in Kenya

10.37512/200 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nile Tilapia ◽

Unit Cost ◽

Production Costs ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Commercial Feed ◽

On Farm ◽

Training Service ◽

Structured Questionnaire ◽

Socio Economic Factors

This study aimed to unravel the factors that may be contributing to the declining aquaculture output in Kenya. The project obtained data using a semi-structured questionnaire, expert interviews and observations in Bomet, Kericho and Nakuru counties of Kenya. Eighteen farms, rearing Nile tilapia by semi-intensive method, with fifteen using on-farm formulated feeds, were purposively selected. Three of them, one per County, and all using commercial feed, served as the control. The study investigated on-farm feed formulation practices, ingredient and feed storage methods, production costs and training service provision. Nakuru County recorded the highest cost per gram of protein, while Bomet County recorded the lowest unit cost (p<0.05). Fifty five percent of farmers used the Pearson Square Method for fish feed formulation, with most of them being from Nakuru County and the least coming from Kericho County. Sixty percent of participating farmers were appropriately trained. The study recommends that the State Department of Fisheries and Blue Economy and Counties make aquaculture a major operational and results area. Additionally, credit to farmers and subsidy of cost of inputs should be provided alongside appropriate extension services.

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Production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana

Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management ◽

10.26796/jenrm.v4i1.68 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

F.A. Anani, F.K.E. Nunoo, M. Steiner-Asiedu, N.W. Agbo, T.N.N. Nortey

Keyword(s):

Fish Farming ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Small Scale ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Commercial Fish ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Feed Production ◽

Cultured Fish ◽

Fish Feeds ◽

Commercial Feeds

The increasing costs of commercial fish feeds have made it imperative for most small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to resort to the use of alternative feed types to feed cultured fish. Some fish farmers rotate commercial feeds with farm-made types. This study was carried out to investigate the production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in five major pond fish farming Regions (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Volta and Western) in Ghana. Of the 147 farmers interviewed in all the five regions, 86 farmers used farm-made feeds of which 37 depended solely on farm-made feeds whilst 49 used both commercial and farm-made feeds. Farm-made feeds were produced using locally available ingredients and the most used oneswere groundnut bran (92%), fish meal (90%), wheat bran (74%) and maize (60%). The farmers did not follow appropriate and standardized feed formulation protocol during farm-made fish feed production. Hence, farm-made fish feeds produced by all farmers interviewed were found not to be nutritionally balanced. There is the need for small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to be trained in formulation and production of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective fish feeds so as to increase fish production through aquaculture in the country.

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A comparative study of fatty acids profile of two Indian major carps (Gibelion catla, Hamilton, 1822 and Cirrhinus mrigala, Hamilton, 1822) using value added fish feed

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v13i2.2598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 443-449

Author(s):

Avijit Kar ◽

Deep Sankar Chini ◽

Manojit Bhattacharya ◽

Bidhan Chandra Patra ◽

Shampa Patra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Species ◽

Value Added ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Allometric Growth ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Cirrhinus Mrigala ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Pattern Length

Freshwater fishes are not only a major source of protein but they also possess nutritionally valuable lipids in the form of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which play a crucial role in the normal growth, disease prevention, development, cardiovascular health and reproduction of human. The present study was performed to determine the incorporation rate of fatty acids profile and their composition in two common freshwater carps as Gibelion catla and Cirrhinus mrigala (in situ trial and experimental) in the different experimental time period (0 days, i.e. initial, 90 days and 180 days) by using of value added feed like flaxseed (?-linolenic acids, 51.26% – 54.94%) and soybean oil (?-linolenic acids, 7.95%-9.01%) as omega-3 supplements. To determine the specific growth pattern Length-Weight Relationships (LWRs) are analyzed where it showed positive allometric growth (b=3.20 in 90 days, b=3.11 in 180 days for Catla and b=3.18 in 90 days, b=3.1 in 180 days for Mrigala fish). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method also confirmed that the percentages of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) increased significantly (P< 0.05) in experimental (0.096a±0.41, initial; 5.16a±0.27, 90 days; 6.21b±0.36, 180 days Catla fish species and 0.019a±0.96 initial; 3.74b±0.37, 90 days; 3.50a±0.46 180 days for Mrigal fish species) fishes rather than controls (4.28a±0.27, 90 days; 4.36b±0.36, 180 days for Catla species and 2.24b±0.31 90 days; 2.50a±0.11 180 days for Mrigal species). Therefore, it was clearly indicated that formulated diet performed significantly to maintain the positive allometric growth as well as successive enrichment of PUFAs in experimental specimens, which is beneficial for human health as high source of protein and PUFAs as well.

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Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities

Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management ◽

10.14321/aehm.024.01.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 82-89

Author(s):

Jonathan Munguti ◽

Hannington Odame ◽

James Kirimi ◽

Kevin Obiero ◽

Erick Ogello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Current Status ◽

Fish Feed ◽

High Quality ◽

Fish Food ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

Feed Industry ◽

Feed Management ◽

Fish Feeds

Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.

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Challenges of Downstream Processing for the Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae

U Porto Journal of Engineering ◽

10.24840/2183-6493_003.001_0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 50-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vânia Novais Pôjo

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Downstream Processing ◽

Review Article ◽

Production Costs ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Microalgae Biomass ◽

Research Initiatives

The continuous reliance on fossil fuels is unsustainable, due to the depletion of global reserves and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with their use. Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives intended to develop renewable alternatives. Microalgae are a promising alternative for biodiesel production and have received increasing attention during the last few decades. However, is not yet sufficiently cost-effective to compete with petroleum-based conventional fuels. This happens essentially because of downstream processing – harvesting microalgae biomass and extraction of lipids are two of the most expensive processes from the overall process. Harvesting, drying, cell disruption, oil extraction and transesterification (into biodiesel) are highlighted processes in this review article. The techniques associated with each process present advantages and handicaps that are here discussed. Improvements that will directly affect the final production costs of microalgal biomass-based biofuels are also proposed.

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Cocktail Protocol for Preparation of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Glue for Autologous Use

Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Deepika Chenna ◽

Shamee Shastry ◽

Soumya Das

Keyword(s):

Closed System ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Fibrin Clot ◽

Production Costs ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽

Large Size ◽

Autologous Whole Blood ◽

High Production ◽

Processing Techniques

Background: Biomaterials containing platelets have been used to promote healing of ulcers and burns, as well as in implantology and maxillofacial and plastic surgery to achieve wound healing and tissue repair. Commercial devices to prepare autologous biomaterials involve diverse preparation methods that can have high production costs and low yields. Hence, we designed a protocol for preparation of large amounts of autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) glue using conventional processing techniques for blood components. Methods: Autologous whole blood collected 72 h before surgery was processed to prepare platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitate. In a closed system, calcium was added to the cryoprecipitate to release autologous thrombin and generate a firm fibrin clot. The fibrin clot, platelets and calcium were then placed in a conical flask in which a PRF glue formed. The protocol was validated through determination of pre- and post-platelet counts and fibrinogen amounts in the product. Results: Platelets were recovered with 68% efficiency during the preparation. Essentially no platelets or fibrinogen were found in the supernatant of the PRF glue, suggesting that nearly all had been incorporated in a PRF glue having a relatively large (8 cm × 10 cm) size. Conclusion: The protocol described here is a cost-effective, simple and closed system that can be used to produce large-size PRF glue to promote repair of major surgical defects.

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ANALISIS CIYCLE COSTING DAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS PADA KOLAM IKAN 4G DAN AZOLLA

SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION : Economic, Accounting, Management and Business ◽

10.37481/sjr.v3i4.231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 351-360

Author(s):

Listya Sugiyarti ◽

Nur Asmilia

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Production Costs ◽

Fish Pond ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Fish Ponds ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

The Media ◽

Data Collection Technique ◽

Lower Production

One of Mina Kahuripan fish cultivators in Jampang village located in Bogor Regency has innovation and achievements in managing fish and its fish feed, and is the largest fish producer in Bogor Regency. One of the innovations of fish cultivators is the use of a 4G (Four G) fish pond. Besides the fish pond innovation, there is another innovation, namely the use of the Azolla plant. This research aims to analyze the collaboration between Azolla and the 4G pond in waste management scenarios and cycle costing. This research is a qualitative research phenomenon. The data collection technique is done by using observation, interview, documentation, and experiment techniques. Respondents of this study were fish cultivators Mina Kahuripan in Jampang Bogor Village. The results showed that the cycle costing analysis between conventional and 4G fish ponds, it was seen that the production costs in conventional ponds were higher because the media used were all purchased by new categories, while the production costs for 4G fish ponds were lower even though there was a budget for Azolla plant ponds, the quality of the fish produced was guaranteed. Lower production costs are due to the fish cultivators doing waste management from the waste in making 4G fish ponds, resulting in cost efficiency. Another advantage of Waste management scenarios utilizes waste from vegetable and fruit plants that are above the 4G fish pond

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Effective growth of dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum by cultivating the cells using municipal wastewater as nutrient source

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.325 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 1100-1106 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kin-Chung Ho ◽

Steven Jing-Liang Xu ◽

Kam-Chau Wu ◽

Fred Wang-Fat Lee

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Algal Cell ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Production Costs ◽

Prorocentrum Minimum ◽

Cell Cultivation ◽

Nutrient Source ◽

Maximum Cell Density ◽

Microalgal Biomass

Several studies have been conducted worldwide in order to develop a more economical method for mass algal cultivation so that more cost-effective biomass production can be accessed. One of the directions is to reduce production costs by using wastewater as a nutrient source in algal cell cultivation. The growth ability of a red-tide causative dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum minimum, in various concentrations of local urban wastewater was examined in this study. The highest exponential growth rate and maximum cell density (MCD) were achieved when autoclaved 10% wastewater was used for cell cultivation, although the cells could survive in 0.01–100% wastewater. Both growth rate and MCD of the cells in wastewater were found to be substantially higher than that in optimized L1 culture medium. This research highlights the potential of using wastewater as a cost-effective approach for mass cultivation of dinoflagellate cells with consequent production of valuable microalgal biomass.

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