scholarly journals Low-level environmental lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children — The current concepts of risk assessment

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores

AbstractLead is an environmental contaminant. The majority of epidemiological research on the health effects of lead has been focused on children, because they are more vulnerable to lead than adults. In children, an elevated blood lead (B-Pb) is associated with reduced Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score. This paper summarizes the current opinions on the assessment of the health risk connected with the children’s environmental exposure to lead. The B-Pb level of concern of 100 μg/l proposed by the US Centers of Disease Control in 1991 was for a long time accepted as the guideline value. In the meantime there has been a significant worldwide decrease of B-Pb levels in children and present geometric mean values in the European countries range from 20 to 30 μg/l. The recent analyses of the association of intelligence test scores and B-Pb levels have revealed that the steepest declines in IQ occur at blood levels < 100 μg/l and that no threshold below which lead does not cause neurodevelopmental toxicity can be defended. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded in 2010, on the basis of results of Benchmark Dose (BMD) analysis, that an increase in B-Pb of 12 μg/l (BMDL01) could decrease the IQ score by one point. It seems that this value can be used as a “unit risk” to calculate the possible decrease of IQ and, consequently, influence of the low-level exposure to lead (< 100 μg/l) on the health and socioeconomic status of the exposed population.

Blood lead in U.K. children–time for a lower action level?

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarlath O'DONOHOE ◽  
Sylvia CHALKLEY ◽  
John RICHMOND ◽  
Donald BARLTROP
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Recurrent Abdominal Pain ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Mean Values

1.Blood lead measurements in samples collected from 660 London schoolchildren during 1991 to 1992 suggest that the blood lead values in children in the U.K. are decreasing. 2.Geometric mean values for blood lead were 0.18 (range 0.05–0.71) ;μmol/l [3.7 (1.0–15.0) ;μg/dl]. Analysis of variance showed differences between ethnic groups, sex and schools. An age-matched subset of 148 children was compared with 136 children from an earlier study in 1986 and 1987. Trend analysis of the geometric mean lead values showed a negative slope (b = -0.484, P< 0.0001), with maximum values of 0.81, 1.00, 0.71 and 0.43 ;μmol/l (17, 21, 15 and 9 ;μg/dl) for the years 1986, 1987, 1991 and 1992 respectively. 3.It is recommended that children in the U.K. being investigated for anaemia, pica, recurrent abdominal pain or a high-risk environment should have blood lead values measured and that the action level for blood lead in children should be decreased from 1.19 ;μmol/l to 0.48 ;μmol/l (from 25 ;μg/dl to 10 ;μg/dl). 4.Guidance is offered to clinicians and other health professionals investigating excessive lead exposure.

scholarly journals Cadmium, lead and mercury in the blood of workers from recycling sorting facilities in São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Maleronka Ferron ◽  
Rúbia Kuno ◽  
Anali Espindola Machado de Campos ◽  
Francisco José Viana de Castro ◽  
Nelson Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract: Approximately 600,000 people work as recycling material collectors in Brazil and few studies evaluate the health risks involved in this occupation. The objective was to evaluate the blood levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) among workers from recycling sorting facilities (RSF) in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, compare the results with a non-occupationally exposed population, and identify factors associated with higher blood metal levels. Four RSF were selected and 226 collectors were examined for their blood metal levels and associated factors. The mean concentration of Cd (arithmetic mean - AM: 0.47µgL-1; geometric mean - GM: 0.34µgL-1) was almost four times higher than those found in a reference study. The generalized linear model (GLM) indicated that the “RSF where the collectors work”, “work in another occupation”, and “smoking” were statistically significant predictors of blood Cd levels. The Pb mean concentration (AM: 39.13µgL-1; GM: 34.11µgL-1) was also higher than the observed in the reference study (about 1.4 times) and its associated factors in the GLM were “the RSF where the collectors work”, “sex”, “smoking”, “age” and “meat consumption”. The Hg mean concentration (AM: 1.46µgL-1; GM: 0.94µgL-1) was not significantly higher than the reference population and its associated factors were “previous work in other RSF”, “fish consumption” and “years of work in the current RSF”. This study indicates that recycling material collectors have higher blood Cd and Pb levels compared to the general population.

Association of plasma lead, cadmium, and selenium levels with hearing loss in adults: NHANES 2011-2012

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yaqin Tu ◽  
Guorun Fan ◽  
Nan Wu ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Hongjun Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
High Frequency Hearing Loss ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Blood Cadmium ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract To determine the association between hearing loss and environmental lead, cadmium, and selenium exposure, a total of 1503 American adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011∼2012) were assessed. The average of 4 audiometric frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) was used to identify speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL), while the average of 3 audiometric frequencies (3, 4, and 6 kHz) was used to identify high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL). HFHL adjusted Odds ratios (ORs) determined by comparing the highest and lowest blood lead and cadmium quartiles were 1.98 (95%CI: 1.27, 3.10) and 1.81 (95%CI: 1.13, 2.90), respectively. SFHL was significant associated with blood cadmium with the OR = 2.42 for the highest quartile. When further stratified by age, this association appeared to be limited to adults aged 35-52 years. After stratified by gender, except for lead and cadmium, we observed that blood selenium showed a dose-dependent association with SFHL in men. In women, only cadmium showed a dose-dependent association with speech and high frequency hearing loss. Hearing loss was positively associated with blood levels of lead and cadmium. Additionally, our study provided novel evidence suggesting that excessive selenium supplement would increase SFHL risk in men.

scholarly journals Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Fung Tsoi ◽  
Chris Wai Hang Lo ◽  
Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽  
Bernard Man Yung Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead Levels

AbstractLead is a heavy metal without a biological role. High level of lead exposure is known to be associated with hypertension, but the risk at low levels of exposure is uncertain. In this study, data from US NHANES 1999–2016 were analyzed. Adults with blood lead and blood pressure measurements, or self-reported hypertension diagnosis, were included. If not already diagnosed, hypertension was defined according to the AHA/ACC 2017 hypertension guideline. Results were analyzed using R statistics version 3.5.1 with sample weight adjustment. Logistic regression was used to study the association between blood lead level and hypertension. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Altogether, 39,477 participants were included. Every doubling in blood lead level was associated with hypertension (OR [95%CI] 1.45 [1.40–1.50]), which remained significant after adjusting for demographics. Using quartile 1 as reference, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased adjusted odds of hypertension (Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 1.22 [1.09–1.36]; Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1: 1.15 [1.04–1.28]; Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1: 1.14 [1.05–1.25]). In conclusion, blood lead level is associated with hypertension in the general population with blood lead levels below 5 µg/dL. Our findings suggest that reducing present levels of environmental lead exposure may bring cardiovascular benefits by reducing blood pressure.

scholarly journals LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE IN CHILDHOOD AND ADULT INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION: A FOLLOW -UP STUDY

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maitreyi Mazumdar ◽  
David Bellinger ◽  
Matthew Gregas ◽  
Kathleen Abanilla ◽  
Janine Bacic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Intellectual Function ◽  
Environmental Lead Exposure

Low-Level Lead Exposure and Blood Lead Levels in Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Habib Khan ◽  
Amanullah Khan ◽  
Farooq Ghani ◽  
Muhammad Khurshid
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Lead Levels

scholarly journals The local antibody response to R.S. virus infection in the respiratory tract

1974 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott ◽  
P. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYNasopharyngeal secretions were taken during the acute phase of illness from 66 infants and children admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infections. Second secretions were taken, after an interval of 7 days, from 33 of these patients. A significant increase in neutralizing activity to R.S. virus was demonstrated in the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in response to severe R.S. virus infection. Seventeen out of 25 patients (68%) with R.S. virus infections developed a rise in secretory neutralizing titre, compared with only 1 out of 8 patients (13%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A high titre of secretory neutralizing activity was found more often in the acute phase of illness in patients with R.S. virus infections, especially bronchiolitis, than in patients with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus. Fifteen out of 34 patients (44%) with R.S. virus bronchiolitis were found to possess a neutralizing titre of 1/4 or more in their first secretions, compared with 4 out of 12 patients (33%) with R.S. virus infections other than bronchiolitis and 3 out of 20 patients (15%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins present in the secretions indicated that IgA was the only immunoglobulin consistently present at a detectable concentration. The geometric mean values of IgA, IgM and IgG in the secretions examined were found to be 22·3, 4·3 and 5·3 mg./lOO ml. respectively.The neutralizing activity against R.S. virus, present in the secretions, was shown to be due to specific IgA antibody. This was accomplished by removing the neutralizing activitv in two secretions bv absorotion with anti-IaA serum.

Question Regarding Need for Treatment

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-622
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Kaemmer ◽  
Byron R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Dr. Greensher and his colleagues are to be congratulated for bringing to the readers' attention a most unusual source of lead poisoning. Inasmuch as many localities are initiating city-wide lead screening programs, it is obvious that pediatricians in this country will be seeing many children with abnormally elevated blood lead levels, and in many cases diligent efforts such as this will have to be undertaken to determine the exact source of the environmental lead. biggest problems with mass screening programs for lead poisoning are well outlined by Moriarty's article.2

Pool Cue Chalk: A Source of Environmental Lead

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-917
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Miller ◽  
Steven C. Curry ◽  
Donald B. Kunkel ◽  
Patricia Arreola ◽  
Ernest Arvizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Childhood Lead Poisoning ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coloring Agents

Lead compounds are used as coloring agents for numerous products. Two cases of children with elevated blood lead concentrations encountered by the authors suggested that pool cue chalk may serve as a source of environmental lead. The objective of this study was to determine lead content of various brands and colors of pool cue chalk. Atomic absorption analyses were conducted of 23 different types of pool cue chalk for lead content. Three of 23 types of pool cue chalk contained more than 7000 ppm (mg/kg) lead: one manufacturer's green and tangerine chalk and another manufacturer's green chalk. It was concluded that some brands of pool cue chalk contain relatively large amounts of lead and could contribute to childhood lead poisoning.

scholarly journals Effect of Low Level Acute of Aflatoxin on Performance in Faw- Bro Broiler

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Long Time

This study was conducted in the Poultry farm of the animal during the Production department, Iraqi during the (Ministry of Science and Technology) period from 3-9-2001 to 8-4-2002. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of low – level chronic aflatoxicosis on performance (body weight, feed conversion efficiency and mortality), Serum biochemistry and activity of some enzymes (GOT,GPT, ALKP, LDH). A total of 300 male chicks of broiler breeder (Faw–Bro) were used. Chicks at day 1 of age were fed diets contaminated with aflatoxine at levels of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 the feeding period were extended to 8 weeks. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by the completely randomized design. The results showed the presence of a number of fungi especially the type of Aspergillus flavus genus that reaches 40%. All aflatoxine dose levels significantly (P < 0.05) decreased live weight, it was also noticed that there were higher significant decrease in feed conversion when aflatoxine level was elevated in the feed. Increasing mortality with each increasing in aflatoxine level, the low level of chronic aflatoxine in the diets caused increased in the relative weight of internal organs (Liver, Pancreases, spleen, heart, gizzard, fibresia gland) as a results of aflatoxine presence in the diet, the low level of chronic aflatoxicosis for long time decreased in packed cell volume percentage, heamoglbulin concentration and red blood cell cont., with increase in white blood cells and (neutrophil, Hetrophil, Lymphocyte). The aflatoxine increased the serum concentration of protein, albumin, Cholesterol, Phosphor the activity of LDH, GOT, GPT, AIKP.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document