scholarly journals The Growing Role of Re-export in International Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-202
Author(s):  
V. N. Kirillov ◽  
Y. A. Savinov ◽  
A. E. Gudzenko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The article aims to determine the essence, role, and significance of re-export in international trade using its opportunities to develop Russian exports and imports.The authors define re-export and its key characteristics, analyze the main factors of re-export trade development, study re-export dynamics compared to the commodity supplies dynamics within the framework of ordinary exports. When exporting highly differentiated goods, it is the role of knowledge about the terms, forms, and trading methods on the international market that increases. Specialized trading companies possess this knowledge; they create large transport and logistics centers in the countries crossing international trade routes, including extensive consignment warehouses.The article studies the dynamics of re-export flows and makes calculations, based on which it concludes that the volume of these commercial operations is growing faster in the world market. At the same time, large re-export operations are now performed not only by small states located at the intersection of sea roads but also by large, industrialized states: the USA, Great Britain, Italy, etc.The authors conclude that an essential factor in the development of re-export was the growth of trade restrictions imposed primarily for political reasons. Such restrictions apply in trade relations between India and Pakistan, Israel and the Arab countries, between some states of the Persian Gulf, etc. The anti-Russian sanctions adopted in the United States and other Western states inadvertently contribute to the development of re-exports, since many trading companies, including Western ones conducting international commercial operations, do not consider themselves bound by unilateral decisions of the anti-Russian part of the US government. Many US trading companies themselves are actively involved in re-export operations without disclosing partners. Given the undesirability of disseminating information on re-export operations, many countries actively involved in re-export have stopped submitting data on their re-exports to international statistical agencies.The authors concentrate on the re-export operation of the United Arab Emirates, where are thousands of trading firms with transport and logistics infrastructure and consignment warehouses. Russia is involved in re-export trade, mainly through the UAE companies, carrying on export and import operations on the world market. The authors conclude that expanding the practice of re-export increases sales of national products in the world market.

scholarly journals Do Callable Convertibles Support The Investment Process Of A Company? An Analysis Of The World Market Of Hybrid Debt

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Damian Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Convertible Bonds ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The World ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
A Company

Using a sample of 1,705 convertible bonds issued by manufacturing and service companies from the United States (1,138 issues); Europe (270); and Asia (297) between 2004 and 2014 this paper investigates the role of callable convertibles in the corporate investment process. This research shows first that callable convertibles are used to finance investment projects particularly by American firms which may exercise new investment options to improve poor financial performance. Secondly, the same strategy may be followed by European companies, but they seem not to carry out investments on as large a scale as American firms. Thirdly, the research results do not provide evidence that Asian enterprises use callable convertibles for investment purposes: they likely use these instruments for different reasons.

scholarly journals ROLE OF CUSTOMS DUTY REGULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD MARKET

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahir Abbaszade
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tariff Protection ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Agriculture And Food

The main purpose of the article is to determine the role of customs duty regulation in the development of the food market. In recent years, as in other post-Soviet countries, effective measures are being taken to improve the customs duty policy in the Azerbaijan Republic. The article shows that the implementation of customs tariff protection of the national economy plays an important role in the formation of foreign trade strategy of each country. International experience shows that the United States of America, the European Union and Japan, the most important participants in the world market of agriculture and food products, are implementing important measures to regulate the domestic market through customs tariffs. The article identifies the problems arising in the development of the food market; offers and recommendations for their elimination are presented.

scholarly journals The role of the economic crisis on the competitiveness of the agri-food sector in the main Mediterranean countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Crescimanno ◽  
A. Galati ◽  
T. Bal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic

The world economic crisis that, since 2008 has also struck the real economy, cannot be attributed only to the United States bubble which in 2007 involved the mortgage credit market, but it is the result of a series of factors among which the imbalance of the financial market, of the public accounts of the main economies and the real sector. Also agriculture, which has always been considered an anti-cyclic sector, has seen a strong slowdown with a plunge in the trade flows. This paper analyses the changes which happened to the competitive position in the world market of some Mediterranean countries and of France, Italy, Spain and Turkey in particular trying, moreover, to understand the vulnerability of the countries belonging to the EU concerning their integration into an economic and monetary union. The results show how much the crisis has involved all the countries bringing, on the whole, a reduction of the competitive potential in the international market which has been less strong in Turkey, the country characterized by a low per capita income and a low public debt. It can be seen, in particular, how the sectors with a strongest commercial specialization have showed a better resistance to the pressure of the recessive trend.  

Functioning of enterprises in the global economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kaledin ◽  
Marina Motorina
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Market ◽  
International Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
National Economies

In the modern economic system, there is a continuous acceleration of the integration processes that lead to the formation of a unified global economic system. The international economy can no longer be described as a community of sufficiently independent and even largely self-sufficient national economies. Accordingly, the concept of internationalization can no longer be used to describe contemporary international relations, which traditionally presupposes, above all, the prevailing role of international trade, manifested in the mass entry of national companies into the world market. At present, the processes of unification and interdependence affect not so much trade as the universal interrelationships of the countries of the world. В современной экономической системе происходит непрерывное ускорение объединительных процессов, вызывающих формирование единой глобальной мирохозяйственной системы. Международная экономика уже не может быть охарактеризована как сообщество достаточно независимых и даже во многом самодостаточных национальных экономик. Соответственно, для описания современных международных отношений уже не может использоваться понятие интернационализации, традиционно предполагающее, прежде всего, превалирующую роль международной торговли, проявляющуюся в массовости выхода национальных компаний на мировой рынок. В настоящее время процессы объединения и установления взаимозависимостей затрагивают не столько торговые, сколько всеобщие взаимосвязи стран мира.

scholarly journals Medium- and Long-Term Trends in the Development of the World Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey N. Spartak ◽  
Tatiana A. Voronova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
World Economic Order

The article deals with long-term trends in the world economy and international trade, new challenges for global development, including digitalization and servicification of the economy, trade wars and increasing geopolitical tensions in the world. Also the medium-term prospects of world economic and commodity markets situation are analyzed, as well as specific economic developments in the largest countries and groupings – the USA, EU, China and India. The unprecedented scale of trade and economic confrontation between the United States and China has significantly increased uncertainty in the global market and provoked an explosive growth of trade protectionism, destabilized the foundations of the existing world economic order. Long-term structural shifts in international trade are associated with an increase in the share of services and expanding range of tradable services due to digitization, in the world energy market – with the US becoming one of the largest net exporters of energy and the formation of a highly competitive global gas market due to the explosive growth of LNG exports and the diversification of its suppliers. Almost all future scenarios are dominated by downside risks and strategic uncertainties, which increases the demand for multi-vector policy and diversification in foreign economic activity.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF NAVAL WEAPONS’ LIMITATION IN FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USA IN THE EARLY 20-IES OF XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Goncharenko A.V.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
White House ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The article researches the position of the United States on the issue of naval arms restriction in the early 20-ies of the XX century. There are outlined causes, the course and the consequences of the intensification of Washington’s naval activity during the investigated period. It is explored the process of formation and implementation of the US initiatives to limit naval weapons before and during the Washington Peace Conference of 1921–1922. The role of the USA in the settlement of foreign policy contradictions between the leading countries of the world in the early 20-ies of the XX century is analyzed. In the early 20’s of the XX century there have been some changes in the international relations system and the role of the USA in it. Despite the isolation stance taken by Washington, the White House continues its policy of «open doors» and «equal opportunities», promoting the elimination of unequal agreements between foreign countries with China, and attempts to influence the position of European countries and Japan in the naval contest issues and limitation of naval weapons. Taking full advantages, which were giving the United States’ the richest country and world creditor status, the US Department of State has stepped up its US impact in the Asia-Pacific region. The new Republican administration succeeded in offsetting the failures of the Paris Decisions of 1919–1920 and began to СУМСЬКА СТАРОВИНА 2019 №LIV 75 construct a new model of international relations in which the United States would occupy a leading position. The success of US diplomacy at the Washington Peace Conference of 1921– 1922 contributed to this. However, the conflict between the former allies within the Entente was only smoothed out and not settled. The latter has led to increasing US capital expansion into Europe due to the significant economic growth in the country. Despite the fact that the Republicans’ achievements in US foreign policy on local issues have been much more specific than trying to solve the problem of a new system of international relations globally, these achievements have been rather relative. Leading countries in the world were still making concessions to the White House on separate issues, but in principle they were not ready to accept the scheme of relations offered by the States. That is why American foreign policy achievements have been impermanent. Key words: the

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MARKET OF SERVICES IN TURBULENCE CONDITIONS AND CHANGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larysa Nosach ◽  
◽  
Victoria Morgun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World

The author's research of the current state and features of the development of the world market for services in conditions of turbulence of world processes was carried; the world leaders of the service sector in the global dimension and leaders of the most dynamic articles of service categories were identified; the share of world exports of services by countries by the level of their economic development was justified; weaknesses in the assessment of indicators of international trade in services were identified; the research is based on UNCTAD statistics.

Front-line Healthcare Workers in COVID-19: The Way from Elbow-Bump Greeting to Closing Body Bags

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Resource Center ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

COVID-19 is a serious coronavirus disease that is spreading all over the world. As of the date of this publication, 2.834.134 people have been infected with COVID-19 and 197.924 deaths have been recorded in 185 countries (John Hopkins Corona Resource Center, 25th April 2020) [1]. This overwhelming mortality rate requires intensive research activities around the world. To date, the number of deaths per day in the United States is still killing, indicating an uncontrollable state of infection spread. SARS-CoV-2 binds to the angiotensin II receptor in various tissues of the human body, particularly in the oral cavity and tongue. SARS-CoV-2 requires the cheerful TMPRSS2 to activate this inertia. SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptor as a gateway to the lungs. The SARS-CoV-2 virus binds with the spike protein to the ACE2 receptor. COVID-19 is more common among African Americans in the USA (Science 10th April 2020). The comfort and the emotional loading capacity of the employees in the health service are key components for the maintenance of the essential health services during the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus (Coronavirus) [2,3]. Hence, it will be important to anticipate the charges linked with this work and to release support for employees in the health service. The supervision and assessment of the psychic health and the well-being of the employees in the health service will be important, just as the efforts to guarantee a successful reunion with colleagues if they are infected.

The Reasoning Structure in Legal Disputes on the International Trade of Biotechnology: From a Judicial Balance by Chance to a Judicial Balance by Design

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Alessandra GUIDA
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Biotech Products

The international trade in biotech products boosts national economies and advances scientific as well as technology innovation. However, while trading these products increases the spread of benefits on a global scale, it also increases risks to human health and the environment (ie biosafety). This is because the effects of this technology on biosafety are still highly uncertain. Against this background, the judicial bodies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) find themselves in the middle of an intricate and polarised debate in which a proper judicial balance between free trade and biosafety becomes fundamental in order to determine whether requests for ensuring human and environmental health justify trade restrictions. This paper aims to highlight that the WTO is institutionally unready for balancing economic and non-economic values. In suggesting how to rationalise the judicial balance between the competing interests in the context of biotechnology, this paper demonstrates that the judicial adoption of a well-structured proportionality analysis can turn the current balance by chance into a balance by structure.

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