Potensi Rumput Laut Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Jamur Aspergillus flavus

Potential of Seaweed in the Inhibition of Fungi Growth Aspergillus flavus. This use of synthetic chemicals as a controller of fungal growth in foodstuffs can have adverse effects on health, so it needs natural control ingredients that do not have an impact on human health. Various types of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus attack a lot of food items after harvest, these fungi can produce aflatoxin which is very toxic to consumers. Aflatoxin cannot be neutralized through cooking so efforts to avoid fungal contamination need to be done. One of the natural fungi controllers is by utilizing natural resources, including seaweed. Development of seaweed as an antifungal is an alternative that needs to be realized. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the potential inhibitory of seaweed A. flavus development. This study examined six types of seaweed like Gracilaria verrucosa, Euchema spinosum, Ulva lactuca, Ulva reticulata, Euchema edule, and Padina sp. The results showed that Padina sp. seaweed has a very strong potential inhibitory compared to other types of seaweed.

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Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13060391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 391

Author(s):

Christopher Hernandez ◽

Laura Cadenillas ◽

Anwar El Maghubi ◽

Isaura Caceres ◽

Vanessa Durrieu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Oxidation Reactions ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Dependent Inhibition ◽

Interesting Candidate ◽

Mimosa Tenuiflora

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin that contaminates numerous crops pre- and post-harvest. To protect foods and feeds from such toxins without resorting to pesticides, the use of plant extracts has been increasingly studied. The most interesting candidate plants are those with strong antioxidative activity because oxidation reactions may interfere with AFB1 production. The present study investigates how an aqueous extract of Mimosa tenuiflora bark affects both the growth of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 production. The results reveal a dose-dependent inhibition of toxin synthesis with no impact on fungal growth. AFB1 inhibition is related to a down-modulation of the cluster genes of the biosynthetic pathway and especially to the two internal regulators aflR and aflS. Its strong anti-oxidative activity also allows the aqueous extract to modulate the expression of genes involved in fungal oxidative-stress response, such as msnA, mtfA, atfA, or sod1. Finally, a bio-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract demonstrates that condensed tannins play a major role in the anti-aflatoxin activity of Mimosa tenuiflora bark.

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Understanding Chemicals in Products

Chemistry International ◽

10.1515/ci-2020-0312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 25-25

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Best Practices ◽

Human Health ◽

Building Materials ◽

Global Environment ◽

Global Environment Facility ◽

Policy Issues ◽

Strategic Approach ◽

Chemicals Management ◽

Funded Project

Abstract The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) has published a policy brief that addresses chemicals of concern in products such as textiles, toys, building materials, and electronics, and efforts to minimize their adverse effects on human health and the environment. The policy brief titled, “Understanding Chemicals in Products,” is a contribution from the Global Environment Facility (GEF)-funded project on “Global Best Practices on Emerging Chemical Policy Issues of Concern under SAICM.”

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Mycotoxins Biocontrol Methods for Healthier Crops and Stored Products

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7050348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 348

Author(s):

Kristina Habschied ◽

Vinko Krstanović ◽

Zvonimir Zdunić ◽

Jurislav Babić ◽

Krešimir Mastanjević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Human Health ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Antifungal Compounds ◽

Stored Products ◽

Soil Air ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Environmental Systems ◽

Antifungal Substances

Contamination of crops with phytopathogenic genera such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Penicillium usually results in mycotoxins in the stored crops or the final products (bread, beer, etc.). To reduce the damage and suppress the fungal growth, it is common to add antifungal substances during growth in the field or storage. Many of these antifungal substances are also harmful to human health and the reduction of their concentration would be of immense importance to food safety. Many eminent researchers are seeking a way to reduce the use of synthetic antifungal compounds and to implement more eco-friendly and healthier bioweapons against fungal proliferation and mycotoxin synthesis. This paper aims to address the recent advances in the effectiveness of biological antifungal compounds application against the aforementioned fungal genera and their species to enhance the protection of ecological and environmental systems involved in crop growing (water, soil, air) and to reduce fungicide contamination of food derived from these commodities.

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Special Issue Sources and Composition of Ambient Particulate Matter

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040462 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 462

Author(s):

Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Human Health ◽

Ambient Particulate Matter ◽

Special Issue

Research related to ambient particulate matter (PM) remains very relative today due to the adverse effects PM have on human health. [...]

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A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11110646 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 646 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

García-Díaz ◽

Patiño ◽

Vázquez ◽

Gil-Serna

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Small Scale ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Oil Formulation ◽

Scale Test ◽

Encapsulation Method

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.

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A Caleosin-Like Protein with Peroxygenase Activity Mediates Aspergillus flavus Development, Aflatoxin Accumulation, and Seed Infection

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00867-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (18) ◽

pp. 6129-6144 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Abdulsamie Hanano ◽

Ibrahem Almousally ◽

Mouhnad Shaban ◽

Elizabeth Blee

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Calcium Binding ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Oxidation Reactions ◽

Content Type ◽

Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides

ABSTRACTCaleosins are a small family of calcium-binding proteins endowed with peroxygenase activity in plants. Caleosin-like genes are present in fungi; however, their functions have not been reported yet. In this work, we identify a plant caleosin-like protein inAspergillus flavusthat is highly expressed during the early stages of spore germination. A recombinant purified 32-kDa caleosin-like protein supported peroxygenase activities, including co-oxidation reactions and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. Deletion of the caleosin gene prevented fungal development. Alternatively, silencing of the gene led to the increased accumulation of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides and antioxidant activities but to a reduction of fungal growth and conidium formation. Two key genes of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway,aflRandaflD, were downregulated in the strains in whichA. flavusPXG(AfPXG) was silenced, leading to reduced aflatoxin B1 productionin vitro. Application of caleosin/peroxygenase-derived oxylipins restored the wild-type phenotype in the strains in whichAfPXGwas silenced.PXG-deficientA. flavusstrains were severely compromised in their capacity to infect maize seeds and to produce aflatoxin. Our results uncover a new branch of the fungal oxylipin pathway and may lead to the development of novel targets for controlling fungal disease.

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Combinational inhibitory action of essential oils and gamma irradiation for controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and their aflatoxins biosynthesis in vitro and in situ conditions

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/10820132211053086 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108201322110530

Author(s):

Hanan H Abdel-Khalek ◽

Ali AI Hammad ◽

Reham MMA El-Kader ◽

Khayria A Youssef ◽

Dalia AM Abdou

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Storage Period ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Γ Irradiation ◽

Star Anise ◽

In Situ Conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain essential oils (star anise, lemon leaves, marjoram, fennel, and lavender) on the fungal growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and their production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The degree of suppression of the aflatoxigenic strains’ growth and their production of AFB1 is mainly affected by the kind and the concentration of the tested essential oils (EOs). Star anise essential oil had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.5 and 1.0 μL/mL) against A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, so it was the best among the five different oils. The study of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that star anise EO resulted in a 98% reduction in AFB1 without a breakdown of AFB1 products after treatment thus the complete removal of AFB1 was done without any toxic residues. The combination showed a synergistic effect, the combinational treatment between γ-irradiation at a low dose (2 kGy) and star anise EO at concentrate 0.5 μL/g destroyed A. flavus and A. parasiticus inoculated (individually) in sorghum and peanut, respectively throughout the storage period (8 weeks).

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In Vitro Activity of Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica Fruit Extracts on Growth and Aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v2n4p68 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saifeldin Ahmed El-nagerabi ◽

Abdulkadir E. Elshafie ◽

Mohamed R. Elamin

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Tamarindus Indica ◽

Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽

Total Aflatoxin ◽

Animal Products ◽

Fruit Extracts ◽

Aflatoxin B

Aflatoxin and especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic secondary metabolite synthesized by certain Aspergillus species. They contaminate natural and processed agricultural and animal products which render them unfit for consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica fruit extracts on the growth and aflatoxin secretion of Aspergillus flavus (SQU21) and A. parasiticus (CBS921.7) strains. The two fruit extracts significantly (P < 0.05) reduced aflatoxin and did not inhibit mycelial dry weights of the two Aspergillus strains. At different concentrations of balanites (2.5-10%), the inhibition of total aflatoxin was 49.9-84.8% for A. flavus (SQU21) and 32.1-84.4% for A. parasiticus (CBS921.7), whereas the inhibition of aflatoxin Bwas 38.2-81.4% and 32.8-80.6% for the two strains. Tamarind fruit extract (2.5-7.5%) caused 28.8-84.2% and 40.7-85.5% reductions in total aflatoxin and 37.1-83.5% and 33.9-85.9% in aflatoxin B for the two strains, respectively. None of these extracts inhibited the fungal growth or detoxified synthetic aflatoxin B1. We have concluded that these fruits contain various inhibitors to aflatoxin biosynthesis and secretion. Therefore, they can be used in combination as safe green biopreservatives to combat aflatoxin contamination of food.

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Control of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production with spices in culture medium and rice

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2012.1437 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 43-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

V. Aiko ◽

A. Mehta

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

High Performance ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Aflatoxin Production ◽

Culture Broth ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Food Grains ◽

Star Anise ◽

Aflatoxin B ◽

Layer Chromatography

Cinnamon, cardamom, star anise and clove were studied for their effect on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis. The experiments were carried out in yeast extract sucrose culture broth as well as in rice supplemented with spices. AFB1 produced was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, cardamom and star anise did not exhibit any antifungal or anti-aflatoxigenic activity in culture broth, whereas cinnamon and clove inhibited A. flavus growth completely. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon and clove were 4 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of cinnamon and clove below their minimum inhibitory concentrations showed enhanced fungal growth, while AFB1 synthesis was reduced. Clove inhibited the synthesis of AFB1 significantly up to 99% at concentrations ≥1.0 mg/ml. The spices also inhibited AFB1 synthesis in rice at 5 mg/g, although fungal growth was not inhibited. Clove and cinnamon inhibited AFB1 synthesis significantly up to 99 and 92%, respectively, and star anise and cardamom by 41 and 23%, respectively. The results of this study suggest the use of whole spices rather than their essential oils for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination in food grains.

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Effect of kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) leaf extract on the growth and morphological structure of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).129 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 234-243

Author(s):

M.M. Lisangan ◽

R. Syarief ◽

W.P. Rahayu ◽

O.S. Dharmaputra

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Morphological Structure ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Morphological Alterations ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Growth Inhibitory ◽

Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽

Biophytum Petersianum ◽

Observation Results

The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) extract (KGE) on the mycelial growth, conidiation and morphological structure of two types of aflatoxigenic fungus, which are Aspergillus flavus BCCF 0219 and A. flavus BIO 2236. They were isolated in the three types of model media, namely carbohydrate-enriched medium, fat-enriched medium and protein-enriched medium with five concentrations of KGE (12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 mg/mL) on each media. The best extract concentration of that inhibits the growth of A. flavus BCCF 0219 was found in the carbohydrate-enriched medium (95.7%), which was 12 mg/mL, whereas at A. flavus BIO 2236 was found in the fat-enriched medium (100%), which was 16 mg/mL. Based on SEM observation results, it was found that the mechanisms involved in fungal growth inhibitory by the KGE were by morphological alterations of the hyphal development, and the collapse of the entire hyphae. These findings indicated that KGE as a potential natural antifungal agent, particularly against aflatoxigenic fungi.

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