scholarly journals Assessment of Colloidal Silver Impregnated Ceramic Bricks For Small-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Daniel M Nover ◽  
Erica R McKenzie ◽  
Geetika Joshi ◽  
William E Fleenor
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Silver Concentration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Safe Drinking Water

Colloidal silver treated ceramic substrates were tested for effectiveness in small-scale, point-of-use (POU) drinking water treatment.  Coated substrates were used to treat harvested rainwater to test their ability to produce safe drinking water, where safety was evaluated based on both coliform and silver concentrations.  The effect of two different residence times was also evaluated.   Although the harvested rainwater had high concentrations of coliforms (>200 CFU/100 mL), no fecal coliforms were detected.  Upon initial deployment, coliform-free water was produced immediately, although silver concentrations exceeded WHO guidelines.  The treatment also produced coliform-free water within 24 hours following addition of a solution of canine feces (leading to an initial spike in coliform and E. coli concentrations) to the tanks. Silver concentration in the treatment tanks generally increased when the tanks were left to stand without water cycling and was noticeably reduced when large volumes were cycled. Over 60 days, silver concentration in tanks with different residence time stayed relatively constant at about 60 ppb.  From days 60 to 76 concentrations in the short residence time tank (residence time = 1.7 days) decreased dramatically.  Results suggest that colloidal silver coated substrates may be a feasible approach to small scale water treatment systems but that ensuring safe drinking water requires careful attention to sizing substrates, cistern residence time, and duration of treatment effectiveness.

Experiences with the practical implementation and operation of biological nitrification for a small-scale drinking water treatment plant

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Richard ◽  
E. Mayr ◽  
M. Zunabovic ◽  
R. Allabashi ◽  
R. Perfler
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Biological Nitrification

The implementation and evaluation of biological nitrification as a possible treatment option for the small-scale drinking water supply of a rural Upper Austrian community was investigated. The drinking water supply of this community (average system input volume: 20 m3/d) is based on the use of deep anaerobic groundwater with a high ammonium content of geogenic origin (up to 5 mg/l) which must be treated to prevent the formation of nitrites in the drinking water supply system. This paper describes the implementation and operation of biological nitrification despite several constraints including space availability, location and financial and manpower resources. A pilot drinking water treatment plant, including biological nitrification implemented in sand filters, was designed and constructed for a maximum treatment capacity of 1.2 m3/h. Online monitoring of selected physicochemical parameters has provided continuous treatment performance data. Treatment performance of the plant was evaluated under standard operation as well as in the case of selected malfunction events.

Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the Saint Lawrence River (Canada) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Aminata Berte ◽  
Michèle Prévost ◽  
Bruno Ménard ◽  
Benoît Barbeau
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annual Risk

A 300-km portion of the Saint Lawrence hydrological basin in the province of Québec (Canada) and 45 water treatment plants were studied. River water used by drinking water treatment plants was analyzed (6-L sample volumes) to determine the level of occurrence of bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Clostridium perfringens) and pathogens (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, human enteric viruses). Pathogens and bacterial indicators were found at all sites at a wide range of values. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant correlations between the bacterial indicators and the pathogens. Physicochemical and treatment practices data were collected from most water treatment plants and used to estimate the level of removal of pathogens achieved under cold (0°C-4°C) and warm (20°C-25°C) water temperature conditions. The calculated removal values were then used to estimate the annual risk of Giardia infection using mathematical models and to compare the sites. The estimated range of probability of infection ranged from 0.75 to less than 0.0001 for the populations exposed. Given the numerous assumptions made, the model probably overestimated the annual risk, but it provided comparative data of the efficacy of the water treatment plants and thereby contributes to the protection of public health.Key words: public health, drinking water, health risk, pathogen occurrence.

scholarly journals Small-scale drinking water treatment unit of filtration and UV disinfection for remote area

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2106-2118
Author(s):  
Kassim Chabi ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Lizheng Guo ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Chengsong Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Remote Areas

Abstract People in remote areas are still drinking surface water that may contain certain pollutants including harmful microorganisms and chemical compounds directly without any pretreatment. In this study, we have designed and operated a pilot-scale drinking water treatment unit as part of our aim to find an economic and easily operable technology for providing drinking water to people in those areas. Our small-scale treatment unit contains filtration and disinfection (UV–C irradiation) stages to remove pollutants from source water. The water quality index was determined based on various parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and bacteria. Water and media samples after DNA extraction were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq throughput sequencing for the determination of bacterial community composition. After the raw water treatment, the reduction of bacteria concentration ranged from 1 to 2 log10. The average removal of the turbidity, ammonium, nitrite, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon reached up to 95.33%, 85.71%, 100%, 28.57%, and 45%, respectively. In conclusion, multiple biological stages in our designed unit showed an improvement of the drinking water quality. The designed drinking treatment unit produces potable water meeting standards at a lower cost of operation and it can be used in remote areas.

A novel low-cost multi-barrier system for drinking water treatment in rural and suburban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Novel Concept

Abstract A low-cost multi-barrier drinking water system incorporating geotextile fabric for pre-filtration, silver-coated ceramic granular media (SCCGM) for filtration and disinfection, granular activated carbon (GAC) as an adsorption media and a safe storage compartment for treated water has been developed and tested. The developed system offers a novel concept of point-of-use drinking water treatment in rural and suburban areas of developing countries. The system is primarily aimed at bacterial and aesthetic improvement and has been optimised to produce >99.99% E. coli and fecal coliforms removal. Although particular emphasis was placed on the elimination of bacteria, improvement of the acceptability aspects of water was also given high priority so that users are not motivated to use more appealing but potentially unsafe sources. This paper discusses key system features and contaminant removal performance. A system using SCCGM only was also tested alongside the multi-barrier system. Strengths and weaknesses of the system are also presented. Both the developed and SCCGM-only systems consistently provided >99.99% E. coli and fecal coliforms removal at an optimum flow of 2 L/h. The developed system significantly recorded improvements of aesthetic aspects (turbidity, color, taste and odor). Average turbidity removals were 99.2% and 90.2% by the multi-barrier and SCCGM-only systems respectively.

scholarly journals Brackish water treatment for small community by using membrane technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012073
Author(s):  
V R Auliya ◽  
B D Marsono ◽  
A Yuniarto ◽  
E Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Abstract High salinity water, containing high TDS and chloride, is a common problem in coastal areas of Indonesia. The chloride content in water causes water to taste salty. It occurs in a small community of Tambak Cemandi Village, Sidoarjo. The groundwater has chloride content up to 3,694.3 mg/L, hardness 2,071 mg/L (CaCO3), and total coliform 7,100 MPN/100 mL. Membrane technology has been overgrowing all over the world in the water desalination process. This study aims to examine the basic concepts, principles, advantages, and disadvantages of membrane technology and its application in brackish water treatment for drinking purposes. This research was conducted by literature review, secondary data analysis, and application of case studies. The case study is applied to small scale drinking water treatment (flow rate 0.2 L/second) with brackish raw water from groundwater in Tambak Cemandi Village, where some of the population do not have access to safe drinking water. The study concludes that RO membranes with UF pre-treatment are adequate to treat 98%, 96%, and 100% of chloride content, hardness, and total coliform and fulfilled Indonesia Ministry regulation’s drinking water quality standard. The treatment can serve 202 people with an operational cost of Rp. 1,198/people.day.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR BAKU DENGAN PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA STRUKTUR SARANG TAWON

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said ◽  
Arie Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
High Organic Matter

Contamination of rivers has reached an alarming level, especially in the rivers passing through major cities, agricultural areas and industrial areas. Among the contaminants that often appear dominant and very disturbing is the organic substance. The existence of high organic matter within the river water is often expressed in permanganate number that has passed the quality standard. River that contain high organic matter usually the water smell and the color is black, besides it can also cause disturbances in the water treatment process, which is an increasing use of coagulants, chlorine, activated carbon, and the emergence of substances that are not desired, and the quality of treatment results are unsatisfactory. Many ways to reduce the organic matter in river water, one of them is by using the biofilter honeycomb structure. The target of the reduction of organic substances is that the river water could be used as a raw drinking water quality standards or meet the category B, Regulation of Jakarta Governor Number 582, 1995. Raw water used for this study were taken from Krukut River which is the raw water for Regional Water Company PALYJA, Production Installation III Cilandak, South Jakarta and Cengkareng Drain river water, which is currently used as a source of raw water for PAM Taman Kota, West Jakarta using a biofilter reactor aerobic system, the capacity of 50 - 200 m3, Capasity of Blowers 300 l /min, Residence Time 6 hours up to 1 hour. Test results on the residence time of 1 hour, parameters pH, TSS, turbidity, organic substances, detergents, manganese, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, can meet the standard, except for iron which still exceeds the standard. To improve the removal  efficiency of organic matter and iron, at the beginning of processing before entering into the drinking water treatment unit need to be added powder active carbon and an oxidizing agent with a sufficient dose. Keywords: Organic substances, biofilter, aerobic, honeycomb plastic media.

scholarly journals Decentralized solar-powered drinking water ozonation in Western Kenya: an evaluation of disinfection efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Colin Hendrickson ◽  
Jared Oremo ◽  
Oscar Oluoch Akello ◽  
Simon Bunde ◽  
Isaac Rayola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Solar Powered

 Background: Decentralized drinking water treatment methods generally apply membrane-based treatment approaches. Ozonation of drinking water, which previously has only been possible at large centralized facilities, can now be accomplished on a small-scale using microplasma technology. The efficacy of decentralized solar-powered drinking water treatment systems has not previously been described. Methods: We established a 1,000L decentralized solar-powered water treatment system located in Kisumu County, Kenya. Highly contaminated surface water is pumped to the treatment system, which includes flocculation and filtration steps prior to ozonation. Turbidity, total coliform bacteria, and E. coli were measured at various stages of water treatment, and bacterial log reduction values (LRVs) were calculated. Results: Forty-seven trials were conducted in which1000L of water were flocculated, filtered, and ozonated for 180 minutes. Baseline turbidity and E. coli concentrations were reduced from a median of 238 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and 2,419.7 most probable number/100mL, respectively, in surface water to 1.0 NTU and undetectable E. coli after ozonation for 180 minutes. The median E. coli LRV was 3.99. Conclusions: The solar-powered, decentralized water treatment system that utilizes ozonation for disinfection was founded to reduce E. coli by more than 3 log-orders of magnitude despite the high turbidity of the raw water. Further research is needed to characterize limitations, scalability, economic viability, and community perspectives that could help determine the role for similar systems in other settings.

scholarly journals Effects of heated drinking water on the production responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Osborne ◽  
R. R. Hacker ◽  
B. W. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Daily Water

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of heating the drinking water of lactating dairy cows in different ambient environments on the feed and water intake and milk yield and composition and hydration status of Jersey and Holstein cows. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to either an ambient (7–15°C), or a continuously heated (30–33°C), drinking water treatment in a switchback design. The experiment was replicated four times [spring (24.4°C), summer (21.1°C), autumn (11.8°C), and winter (12.6°C)] in a tie-stall facility. Free water intake was 3.40–5.95% greater (P < 0.05) each time the heated versus ambient drinking water was supplied across all trials. Both breeds responded similarly. Feed intake was increased 4.47% (P < 0.001) when cattle were offered the heated water during the summer experiment. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.01) for the spring and summer (P < 0.05) experiments when cattle were consuming the ambient water treatment. Water treatment had no effect on milk components or hydration status. Cows consumed 40% of their daily water intake within 2 h of each milking and feeding time. The results of this experiment demonstrate that cows drank more warm water when offered, but the increase in free water intake did not influence milk yield. Key words: Drinking water temperature, milk yield, feed and water intake, dairy cattle

scholarly journals Drinking-Water Supply for CKDu Affected Areas of Sri Lanka, Using Nanofiltration Membrane Technology: From Laboratory to Practice

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titus Cooray ◽  
Yuansong Wei ◽  
Junya Zhang ◽  
Libing Zheng ◽  
Hui Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Installation of decentralized water-treatment plants is an ideal option to supply safe drinking water for rural communities. Presently in Sri Lanka, over 3.6 million villagers face acute water-quality problems, and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is also prevalent among this community. Most of the drinking water in these villages is unpalatable due to high hardness and salinity. As an interim measure, reverse-osmosis (RO) water-treatment plants are introduced to provide safe water. However, due to deficient electrolytes, RO-treated water tastes unpleasant to some consumers; hence, people refuse it after prolonged use. The operation, maintenance, and management of RO plants are other major problems. Aimed at providing safe drinking water to the rural sector in a cost-effective manner, in this study, we fabricated an automated drinking-water purification system based on nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology, which can remove divalent cations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pathogens efficiently, and monovalent ions partially, and thus keep electrolytes to some degree. Ten commercial NF membranes were tested in a laboratory, for solute and DOC removal efficiency and robustness. The DF-90 membrane showed the highest removal of DOC and hardness, and it was therefore selected, to design a pilot NF drinking-water treatment plant. The adhered DOC by the membrane can be cleaned by NaOH solution (pH = 12). The pilot NF drinking-water treatment plant has been in use since September 2018, and it shows excellent performance of removing DOC, TDS, hardness, fluoride, and pathogens in groundwater, and the permeate water of the NF plant has been well-accepted by the stakeholders of the society. The dominant genus of source water, and throughout the two processes (NF and RO), is Pseudomonas, and their difference is significant in the concentrates of the NF and RO processes.

scholarly journals PENGELOLAAN AIR MINUM BERBASIS MASYARAKAT Studi Kasus Pembangunan Air Minum Di Desa Nelayan II Kabupaten Sungai Liat, Propinsi Bangka-Belitung

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satmoko Yudo
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Policy And Strategy

According to the result of the World Bank study, from 121 drinking water management projects in rural area, only 20 (16,6%) are very effective projects. A lot of drinking water management in developing country, including Indonesia is not running well. One of the reasons of this problem is that community did not take part in developing and managing drinking water treatment plant. A right policy and strategy could overcome the problem and give an effective and sustainable of drinking water management.This paper generally explain principles and general policy in developing the drinking water treatment plant and how to apply the strategies, therefore that it is running well and the are will being of the community sustainable.There is also an example, a case study about small-scale drinking water treatment plant in a fisherman village, Sungai Liat, Province Bangka-Belitung where the community took part in every stage of building it. Keywords: Community based of drinking water management, policy of developing the drinking water treatment plant, application of strategies

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