scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KEKUATAN TANAH ORGANIK DENGAN PENCAMPURAN EMPAT JENIS LIMBAH RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Aldo Febrian ◽  
Aniek Prihatiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Waste Mixture ◽  
Physical Stabilization ◽  
General Method

Waste is one of the problems in Indonesia. Based on the Ministry of the Environment, each person produces an average of 0.8 kg of waste per day. The average waste per person will increase in line with the increase in people's welfare and lifestyle. Assuming 220 million Indonesians, waste reaches 176,000 tons per day. Accompanied by increasing population growth, the need for infrastructure development on land is increasing. Soils that is often used for construction land is organic soil. It has low soil bearing capacity values and soil improvement methods are commonly used. The general method usually is to mix the soil with better bearing capacity. To minimize costs, a physical stabilization system is carried out that can use soil improvement methods with waste. This can deal with 2 problems at once, where there is the use of certain types of waste and also the planning of organic soil stabilization with small carrying capacity. By doing a triaxial test on organic soil by mixing 4 different types of waste, it shows that the best waste mixture that can affect the bearing capacity of the soil in sequence is coconut husk, tile fragments, construction demolition debris, and chicken egg shells.    ABSTRAKLimbah merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia, Berdasarkan informasi Kementerian lingkungan Hidup, setiap orang menghasilkan rata-rata 0,8 kg sampah per hari. Rata-rata limbah per orang akan meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kesejahteraan dan gaya hidup masyarakat. Dengan asumsi 220 juta penduduk Indonesia, limbah mencapai 176.000 ton per hari. Diiringi dengan peningkatan pertumbuhan penduduk, maka kebutuhan pembangunan infrastruktur di lahan tanah semakin bertambah. Salah satu tanah yang sering dipakai untuk lahan konstruksi adalah tanah organik. Tanah organik memiliki nilai daya dukung tanah yang rendah dan biasa dilakukan metode perbaikan tanah. Metode umum yang biasa dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pencampuran tanah dengan daya dukung yang lebih baik. Untuk memperkecil biaya maka dilakukannya sistem stabilisasi fisik yang bisa menggunakan metode perbaikan tanah dengan limbah. Hal ini bisa menangani 2 masalah sekaligus, dimana adanya pemanfaatan dari jenis limbah tertentu dan juga perencanaan stabilisasi tanah organik dengan daya dukung kecil. Dengan melakukin uji triaksial pada tanah organik dengan mencampurkan 4 jenis limbah berbeda menunjukan bahwa campuran limbah terbaik yang bisa mempengaruhi daya dukung tanah secara berurutan adalah sabut kelapa, pecahan genteng, puing pembongkaran konstruksi, dan cangkang telur ayam.

Bearing Capacity Improvement of Shallow Foundations Using Cement-Stabilized Sand

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Rasouli ◽  
Hana Takhtfirouzeh ◽  
Abbasali Taghavi Ghalesari ◽  
Roya Hemati
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Shallow Foundation ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Suitable Material

In order to attain a satisfactory level of safety and stability in the construction of structures on weak soil, one of the best solutions can be soil improvement. The addition of a certain percentage of some materials to the soil may compensate for its deficiency. Cement is a suitable material to be used for stabilization and modification of a wide variety of soils. By using this material, the engineering properties of soil can be improved. In this study, the effect of soil stabilization with cement on the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation was studied by employing finite element method. The material properties were obtained by conducting experimental tests on cement-stabilized sand. Cement varying from 2% to 8% by soil dry weight was added for stabilization. The effect of reinforced soil block dimensions, foundation width and cement content were investigated. From the results, it can be figured out that by stabilizing the soil below the foundation to certain dimensions with the necessary cement content, the bearing capacity of the foundation will increase to an acceptable level.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF LATERITE SOIL WITH PORTLAND CEMENT MIXED VARIATIONS AND THE EFFECT ON THE CBR UNSOAKED

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ravi ◽  
Hurul 'Ain ◽  
Betti Ses Eka Polonia ◽  
M. Hanif Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Expansive Clay ◽  
Traffic Loads ◽  
Construction Loads ◽  
Strength And Durability ◽  
Test Result

Ketapang and Kayong Utara Regency have road construction that often suffers damage before the planned life age caused by the behavior of expansive clay. The subgrade is a fundamental structure in building road construction because the subgrade will support traffic loads or construction loads. The strength and durability of the pavement structure road will depend on the properties and bearing capacity of the subgrade. Practically soil stabilization is a reinforcement engineering against foundation or subgrade by using mixed materials. Therefore, different soil improvement variations are needed. Based on the test result, the CBR value of Sukadana initially gets a 2.95% point. The CBR value for the 6% and 10 % mixture, respectively, gets 17.14% and 25.02%. The CBR value of Sungai Melayu Rayak originally get 4.65% point. Then, for the 6% and 10% mixture, the CBR values increased by 13.78% and 18%. The value of the bearing capacity of the highway soil construction can be know from the results of CBR testing on each variation. The CBR also can measure the strength of the soil. The addition of cement to the earth tends to increase the bearing capacity of the ground. It is because cement can function as a binder between soil particles with chemical compounds contained in cement.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Soils Stabilized with Two Types of Plastic Waste

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinis Gardete ◽  
Rosa Luzia
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Dry Unit Weight ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Cbr Test ◽  
Plastic Wastes

The reuse and recycling rates for plastics are still below desirable values. The valorisation of plastic wastes that presently end in landfills or is incinerated can help to mitigate this environmental problem. There have been studies in soil improvement using plastic waste. Two  types of plastic waste were used to assess their ability to improve soil properties for embankment construction and pavement layers. The selected plastic wastes are made from shredded package labels and ground bottles. The main properties of the soils were characterized. Three percentages of plastic waste were used, and the bearing capacity of the soil determined using CBR test (California Bearing Ratio). The results from the tests show that plastic waste stabilization leads to an increase in bearing capacity, expressed in CBR values, for low contents of plastic waste. This increase was more effective for high penetration values. Reduction in the bearing capacity was observed for higher plastic waste contents. Maximum dry unit weight decreased with increasing plastic waste content, whereas expansion increased with increasing plastic waste content. Keywords: Soil stabilization, Plastic waste, CBR test, Compaction, Earthworks

scholarly journals Effectiveness of strip footing with geogrid reinforcement for different types of soils in Mosul, Iraq

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243293
Author(s):  
Noor Ibrahim Hasan ◽  
Aizat Mohd Taib ◽  
Nur Shazwani Muhammad ◽  
Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid ◽  
Azrul A. Mutalib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Strip Footing ◽  
Shallow Foundation ◽  
Geogrid Reinforcement ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Soil Foundation ◽  
Problematic Soil

The main cause of problematic soil failure under a certain load is due to low bearing capacity and excessive settlement. With a growing interest in employing shallow foundation to support heavy structures, it is important to study the soil improvement techniques. The technique of using geosynthetic reinforcement is commonly applied over the last few decades. This paper aims to determine the effect of using geogrid Tensar BX1500 on the bearing capacity and settlement of strip footing for different types of soils, namely Al-Hamedat, Ba’shiqah, and Al-Rashidia in Mosul, Iraq. The analysis of reinforced and unreinforced soil foundations was conducted numerically and analytically. A series of conditions were tested by varying the number (N) and the width (b) of the geogrid layers. The results showed that the geogrid could improve the footing’s bearing capacity and reduce settlement. The soil of the Al-Rashidia site was sandy and indicated better improvement than the other two sites’ soils (clayey soils). The optimum geogrid width (b) was five times the footing width (B), while no optimum geogrid number (N) was obtained. Finally, the numerical results of the ultimate bearing capacity were compared with the analytical results, and the comparison showed good agreement between both the analyses and the optimum range published in the literature. The significant findings reveal that the geogrid reinforcement may induce improvement to the soil foundation, however, not directly subject to the width and number of the geogrid alone. The varying soil properties and footing size also contribute to both BCR and SRR values supported by the improvement factor calculations. Hence, the output complemented the benefit of applying reinforced soil foundations effectively.

scholarly journals Visualizing Spatial Economic Supply Chains to Enhance Sustainability and Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Yicheol Han ◽  
Stephan J. Goetz ◽  
Claudia Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Firm Location ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gravity Equations ◽  
General Method

This article presents a spatial supply network model for estimating and visualizing spatial commodity flows that used data on firm location and employment, an input–output table of inter-industry transactions, and material balance-type equations. Building on earlier work, we proposed a general method for visualizing detailed supply chains across geographic space, applying the preferential attachment rule to gravity equations in the network context; we then provided illustrations for U.S. extractive, manufacturing, and service industries, also highlighting differences in rural–urban interdependencies across these sectors. The resulting visualizations may be helpful for better understanding supply chain geographies, as well as business interconnections and interdependencies, and to anticipate and potentially address vulnerabilities to different types of shocks.

USE OF ACRYLIC COPOLYMER ADDITIVE SOIL STABILIZATION PLUS FOR PREPARATION OF MIXTURES MADE BY COLD RESYCLING TECHNOLOGY AND CRUSHED STONE-SAND MIXTURES IN PAVEMENT FOUNDATION LAYERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (24) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Anatolii Mudrychenko ◽  
◽  
Ivan Balashov ◽  
Sergey Illyasch ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Crushed Stone ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Acrylic Copolymer ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Recycling Technology ◽  
Complex Binder ◽  
Cold Recycling ◽  
Pavement Foundation

ntroduction. Rehabilitation of public roads network requires a comprehensive recovery with strengthening of the bearing capacity of the pavement foundation. Rehabilitation of the foundation bearing capacity performed by arranging layers of road material made by cold recycling technology (hereinafter — CRRM) in accordance with [4] or by arranging a layer of crushed stone — sand mixture reinforced with cement or complex binder (hereinafter — CSSM 20) according to [13]. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the feasibility of using acrylic additives for the preparation of mixtures made by cold recycling technology and crushed stone-sand mixtures treated with cement in the layers of pavement foundation. Materials and methods. Experimental comparative tests of CRRM and CSSM 20 with different content of complex binder were performed. Results. Feasibility of acrylic additives use has been established (hereinafter — the additive) for the preparation of CRRM and CSSM 20 in the pavement foundation layers. Recommendations on technological parameters of preparation, transportation, laying and compaction of mentioned mixtures are given. Conclusions. Performed researches have shown that according to physical and mechanical indicators CRRM and CSSM20 meet the requirements of the current normative documents of Ukraine. The advantages of use are noted.

Strength Assessments of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Support of Soft Rock Roadway

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 1884-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Long Qu ◽  
Yan Fa Gao ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Bin Jing Xu ◽  
Guo Lei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Flexural Performance ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Soft Rock Roadway ◽  
Core Concrete ◽  
Rock Roadway

Compared with I-shaped and U-shaped supports in soft rock roadway, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) support, as a new supporting form, has stronger bearing capacity with reasonable price. So it is becoming more and more popular in roadway supporting of coal mine in China. In this article, the surrounding rock in soft rock roadway was classified into three different types: hard rock in deep coal mine, soft surrounding rock, extremely soft surrounding rock. And, according to the characteristics of deformation failure of the CFST support and the surrounding rock in the industrial tests, three different strength assessments, including assessment of axial compressive strength, assessment of lateral flexural performance, assessment of hardening rate of core concrete, were proposed through mechanical analysis and laboratory tests for the three different types of the surrounding rock, respectively. Moreover, aimed to insufficient flexural strength of the support or low hardening rate of the core concrete in some of the roadway supporting, strengthening lateral flexural performance or making early strength concrete was necessary for the above unfavorable situations. The laboratory test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity for the CFST support with φ194*8mm of steel tube reinforced by φ38mm round steel was 31% greater than that of the unreinforced one, 177% greater than that of the U-shaped one with equivalent weight per unit length.

Research of the Load Bearing Capacity of Shape-Optimized Metal Inserts Embedded in CFRP under Different Types of Stresses

2017 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 636-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentin Pottmeyer ◽  
Markus Muth ◽  
Kay André Weidenmann
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Residual Strength ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Temperature Cycles ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Impact Energies

An efficient implementation of lightweight design is the use of continuous carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) due to their outstanding specific mechanical properties. Embedded metal elements, so-called inserts, can be used to join metal-based attachments to structural CFRP parts in the context of multi-material design. They differ from other mechanical fasteners and have distinctive benefits. In particular, drilling of the components to be joined can be avoided and, depending on the preforming, fiber continuity can be maintained using such elements. Thus, no local bearing stress is anticipated. Previous work published by the authors [1] dealt with a systematic research of the influence of different types of stresses on the load bearing capacity of welded inserts. This contribution aims at the investigation of the performance of shape-optimized inserts under the same types of loading to compare with the results of the welded inserts serving as a reference. For that purpose, the respective load bearing capacities were evaluated after preinduced damages from impact tests and thermal cycling. In addition, dynamic high-speed tensile tests (pull-out) were conducted under different loading velocities. It is shown that the load bearing capacities increased up to 19% for high velocities (250 mm/s) in comparison to quasi-static loading conditions (1.5 mm/min) showing an obvious strain rate dependency of the CFRP. Quasi-static residual strength measurements under tensile loading identified the influence of the respective preinduced damages of the insert. Influence of the thermal loading condition was evaluated by placing the specimens in a climate chamber and exposing it to various numbers of temperature cycles from-40 °C to +80 °C with a duration time of 1.5 hours each. Here, it turned out that already 10 temperature cycles decreased the quasi-static load bearing capacity up to 31%. According to DIN EN 6038 the specimens were loaded with different impact energies and the residual strength were measured carrying out pull-out tests. It could be shown that the damage tolerance is significantly lower for the shape-optimized insert due to failure-critical delamination. The optimized insert also endured lower impact energies and the influence on the performance was higher.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF PILE FOUNDATION IN PORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Pondasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Adi Sunarno ◽  
Rinda Karlinasari ◽  
Abdul Rochim
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Pile Foundation ◽  
Pile Group ◽  
Standard Penetration Test ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Lateral Deflection ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
Pile Length ◽  
Group Pile

ABSTRACTThe rapid infrastructure development is one of the indicators on the country economic progress. Indonesia as one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world, should be prioritized the port infrastructure to support the maritime. One of the government’s solutions is infrastructure development of Kuala Tanjung port. This research analyzed bearing capacity and settlement of single and group pile foundation on port infrastructure of Kuala Tanjung so it is known that the port is safe to use. The data used are Standard Penetration Test data with soil stratigraphy that is clay and sand. The type of foundation used is Concrete Spun Pile 1000 mm and 600 mm with a pile length of 36 meters. The data are then analyzed by manual calculation and Allpile 6.5E program based on Reese method and methods such as Vesic and Converse-Labarre. The results showed that single pile foundations of 1000 mm and 600 mm each had allowable capacity (Qall) 492.78-538.81 ton and 110.65-128.31 ton, with vertical load (Q) of 330.90 ton, settlement 0.56-1.17 cm and 3.32-3.64 cm, lateral deflection 27.50 cm and 94.90 cm. While the 1000 mm and 600 mm pile group foundations respectively have Qall 8717.31-10796.29 tons and 2059.25-2566.32 tons, with Q of 6618 tons, settlement 0.56-1.68 cm and 3.32-3.64 cm, lateral deflection of 2.49 cm and 19.49 cm. The conclusion of the research indicates that the safe pile foundation used is 1000 mm group pile foundation. Keywords: Bearing Capacity; Foundations; Pile Foundation; Port Infrastructure; Settlement

Usaha Produksi Bibit Bawang Merah Melalui Peningkatan Ketahanan Tanaman Dari Serangan Hama Dan Infeksi Penyakit Di Desa Taman Ayu Lombok Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
I Ketut Ngawit ◽  
Ahmad Zubaidi ◽  
Wayan Wangiyana ◽  
Ni Wayan Sri Suliartini
Keyword(s):  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Ecological Farming ◽  
Onion Seed ◽  
Normal Seed

Due to the increasing use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, the prototype of the onion seed bulb known as the Ampenan Cultivar, its superiority has been declining from year to year. This phenomenon is characterized by the increasing size of the seed bulbs reaching 400-500 cloves kg-1 (while the size of normal seed tubers is 700-800 cloves kg-1), is less dense, has no breath, and grows less than 95%. Actions taken to overcome these problems are, training and direct field guidance through demonstration plots on efforts to increase the quantity and quality of onion seed tuber production by applying repeated clone selection techniques, optimal application of organic soil improvement materials and regulation of intercropping cropping patterns between shallots with peanut plants as an antidote to pest and disease infections. Based on the evaluation of all activities, the results obtained from the implementation of this program are: The target farmers attending the training and demonstration plot implementation were very enthusiastic. The appropriate technology that was introduced can be well received because it gives higher results and benefits compared to conventional businesses that have been undertaken so far. More benefits are gained by applying this integrated ecological farming model because, very little is needed for fertilizers and pesticides, weeding is easier, irrigation is efficient and farmers get additional products from peanut products. Besides being able to provide added value economically, agronomically the legume crop is very beneficial because it can protect plants from pest, weeds and diseases and restore soil fertility for sustainable farming.

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