scholarly journals ADAM A.S BUKAN MANUSIA PERTAMA DALAM TAFSIR AL-TAHRIR WA AL-TANWIR KARYA IBNU ’ATSUR (ANALISIS SURAH AL-BAQARAH AYAT 30)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Dame Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Social Language ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One ◽  
Real Truth ◽  
Physical Changes

Human as a creature created by the Khaliq for several reasons, the theological like to worship Him, pray, away from what he has forbidden and pursue what is commanded. In social language it is to continue to grow and become a useful being. The phrase to be better has certainly been a long process, requiring mental, character, and physical changes. Academically historical studies are always related to phenomena, both phenomena that occur through the something found and a text. Like the findings of fossils or skeletons that are believed to have lived much longer with Adam A.S to Muslim beliefs as the first humans were created.This is happenedin the interpretation of Ibn 'Atsur in tafsir of al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir states that once lived a group of beings who have human likeness in QS, al-baqarah (2): 30 regarding the creation of Adam A.S. in his commentary view there is a name quote that became the first creature created but made the destruction of the earth, instead, it was created the prophet Adam A.S as the most perfect form (innovation).From this the author goes on to trace further on the history of human creation, and focuses problem on the QS. Al-Baqarah (2): 30, and stands on some important questions, what underlies the interpretation? And what influences Ibn 'Atsur's method of interpretation? And what happened at that time?The results found that his method to interpretation applied by Ibn 'Atsur is not Stagnant in the sense that he always receives a lot of knowledge from various circles of scientists who are considered worthy to be published, like the opinion of Persian and Greek beliefs concerning the first creature is not Adam AS, of humanity and Jin. Absolutely, this is not a real truth according to Ibn 'Atsur also, seen from the interpreter that is not too elongated in this matter. But he still put it because it has the value of science that is considered valuable, seen at that time has been found a fossil or frame that is believed to be a human-like creature that has lived very long. This interpretation is also reinforced by the one-time interpreter Muhammad Abduh who states the same way. The conclusion that can be captured by the author is that when it is a science, there is no harm in being included in a work such as tafsir, to be known to everyone and the extension of knowledge.

scholarly journals The Royal Institution in Ancient Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Jafar Aghazadeh ◽  
Hasan Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right

<p>In the thoughts and beliefs of Iranians, kingdom has had a history of the creation of human beings on the earth. Accordingly, Iranians believe that the first creature and human being on the earth was the first king of Iran. Iranians connects the history of their mythical royal dynasties to the creation of humanity. For Iranians, the mythical kings of Iran are the creators of the royal institution and the functions and duties of the royal institution have been established, developed and transferred to next generations by the measures of these kings. The objective of the present study is to investigate the establishment of the royal institution and the development of royal institution in ancient Iran by a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that Iranians had specific sacredness for their kings and called the first creature of Ahura Mazda as the King. In addition, they believed that kings should perform particular tasks whose formation was attributed to the mythical kings of Iran. Further, they believed that only those persons had the right of being a king who were from the race of kings and were approved by Ahura Mazda. to examine Lessing’s elucidation of authentic knowledge in <em>Shikasta</em>. The methodology appropriated in the paper entails depiction of visible world as an illusion of the Real pointed in Plato’s allegory of Cave and Nagarjuna’s Mundane Truth. We clarify emotion as the main motivator of such illusionary status stressed in both Plato and Nagarjuna’s thoughts. We argue that while the importance of reason and eradicating emotion cannot be ignored, what adjoins people to Truth is mindfulness and intuitive knowledge which is close to Nagarjuna’s non-dual patterns. By examining ordinary life as the illusion of Real, and emotion as the main obstacle to achieve the Truth emphasized in both Nagarjuna and Plato’s trends, we depart from other critics who undermine the eminence of essentialist trace in Lessing’s works and examine her approach towards Truth merely under postmodern lens. This departure is significant since we clarify while essentialism has been abandoned to a large extent and supporters of Plato have become scarce, amalgamation of his thoughts with spiritual trends opens a fresh way to earn authenticity in Lessing’s novel. </p><p> </p>

Entrepreneurship in the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 1405-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Serarols-Tarrés
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

The increasing development of information technologies (IT) has significantly affected both firms and markets. IT is currently changing the world in a more permanent and far-reaching way than any other technology in the history of mankind (Carrier, Raymond, & Eltaief, 2004). A new economy, where knowledge is the most important strategic resource, is forcing firms to review their traditional routines and take advantage of the tools able to create new value. Nowadays, there are two types of firms using this new IT. On the one hand, firms with physical presence (traditional companies) use the Internet as a new distribution channel or alternatively as a logical extension of their traditional business. On the other hand, there are dotcoms, Internet start-ups, or cybertraders (European Commission, 1997), which have been specifically conceived to operate in this new environment. A number of scholars have attempted to explain the creation of new ventures from many different theoretical perspectives (economics, psychology, and population ecology among others) and have also offered frameworks for exploring the characteristics of the creation process (Bhave, 1994; Carter, Gartner, & Reynolds, 1996; Gartner, 1985; Shook, Priem, & McGee, 2003; Veciana, 1988; Vesper, 1990; Webster, 1976). However, despite the growing literature in this area, few studies have explored the process of venture creation in dotcom firms. Cyberentrepreneurship is still in its emergent phase, and there is more to know about the phenomenon and the elements of the venture creation process (Carrier et al., 2004; Jiwa, Lavelle, & Rose, 2004; Martin & Wright, 2005). What are the stages they follow to create their firms? This article attempts to answer this question. First, we analyse the entrepreneurial process of a new firm’s creation. Second, we shed some light on how this process is applied by cyberentrepreneurs in starting their businesses based on an in-depth, multiple case study of eight entrepreneurs in Spain.

scholarly journals The Problem of Ukrainian-Polish Coexistence in the Ukrainian Conservative Political Thought of the Interwar Period: Lypynskyi Versus Tomashivskyi in the Framework of Epoch

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Potulnytskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One ◽  
Territorial Group

While studying Polish-Ukrainian relations, outstanding Ukrainian conservative thinkers, namely Vjacheslav Lypynskyi and Stepan Tomashivskyi, focused mainly on the problem of distinguishing the role of Poland in the history of the Ukrainian people and on the issue of orientation towards Poland as a factor in the emergence of the Ukrainian state. The role of Poland in the history of the Ukrainian people, according to conservatives, was twofold. On the one hand, it was Poland that paved the way for Ukraine to Europeanization, providing examples of state-style literature and culture. This constructive role of Poland was especially fruitful in comparison with the Asian influences of Moscow. In this context, the conservatives emphasized that these were the Poles who played a key role in the process of separating Ukrainians from Russia, promoting the rise and establishment of the Cossacks and the Hetmanate, as well as creating the very name “Ukraine”. Conversely, the conservatives negatively assessed the Treaty of Hadiach for Ukraine, which, in their opinion, was very rational, on the one hand, and contributed, on the other hand, to the extermination of the elite and aristocratic democracy, and which disorganized the nobility and made it republican by eliminating its chivalrous essence and adding destructive anarchism instead. The conservatives also sharply assessed the Treaty of Warsaw between Petliura and Pilsudski. Simultaneously, Ukrainian monarchists did not consider Poland a force that could play a role in the creation of the Ukrainian state, although they considered the territorial autonomy of Halychyna under Poland as the first stage in educating the citizens of Western Ukraine in the spirit of the state monarchical idea. They took the position of mutual understanding between Ukrainian conservatives and Halychyna Poles in achieving the autonomy of Ukrainian lands under Poland, although they condemned the concept of a federation of Poland and Ukraine in Halychyna under the conditions put forward by Halychyna Ukrainian National Democrats. Conservatives considered such a strategy doomed to failure without the creation of a conservative territorial group in Halychyna composed of local Poles and Ukrainians. Relying heavily on local Poles not affiliated with metropolitan Warsaw, they placed the main emphasis on the internal organization of the monarchists rather than on external allies, including Poland

scholarly journals Studi Kritik Teori Penciptaan Dalam Kejadian 1:1-2 (Suatu Kajian terhadap Argumentasi Teori Celah)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Djonly J. R. Rosang
Keyword(s):  
The Earth ◽  
Genesis 1 ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Creatio Ex Nihilo ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
Biblical Perspective ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Philosophic Perspective

The creation of the universe, according to the Holy Bible has actually done as said in Genesis 1-2. However, there are some people who are still struggling in order to search for the reason to question the process of how is this universe actually began, so that they will look for scientific consideration to find the “theoretical justification” over the biblical truth. This writing aims to give an answer to the gap theory in Genesis 1:1-2. The author, through the study Genesis 1:1-2, the result of this study concluded as follows. First, there is no exegesis background that is strong enough for gap theory to give an assumption that there was an unmeasurably period of time or age in the creation of the universe. Second, a biblical statement, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ... for in six days the LORD made heaven and the earth” (Gen. 1:1; Ex. 20:11) is an ultimate fact of God’s power and majesty in creating the earth from nothing to existence with His Word (creatio ex Nihilo). Third, the doctrine of world’s creation must be the foundation of faith that is tested in the authority of God’s words (2 Tim. 3:16) and the entire creation of God which become the medium of scientifical activity in the history of humanity must be according to the biblical perspective. Fourth, The statement of Genesis 1:1 appears to be refutation toward various scientific theories and human’s philosophic perspective that are opposite the biblical truth (Gen. 1-2, Ps. 33:4-9).Pernyataan Alkitab tentang penciptaan alam semesta sebenarnya sudah tuntas sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam Kejadian 1-2. Namun ada saja orang yang berusaha mencari alasan untuk mempertanyakan proses terjadinya alam semesta ini, sehingga mencoba mencari pertimbangan ilmiah untuk menemukan “pembenaran teoritis” atas kebenaran Alkitab. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberi jawab terhadap teori celah (gap theory) dalam Kejadian 1:1-2, melalui studi biblika penulis mengemukakan argumentasi paham teori celah, dalam kajian metode induktif terhadap studi teks Kejadian 1:1-2. Hasil studi ini disimpulkan bahwa: Pertama, bahwa tidak ada dasar eksegesis yang kuat bagi teori celah untuk memberi ruang bagi asumsi adanya rentang waktu periode atau zaman yang tak terukur dalam proses penciptaan semesta. Kedua, pernyataan Alkitab, “Pada mulanya Allah menciptakan langit dan bumi ... dalam waktu enam hari lamanya” (Kej. 1:1, Kel. 20:11) adalah suatu fakta Alkitab yang tak terbantahkan sebagai tindakan kemahakuasaan dan keagungan Allah menciptakan dunia dari yang tidak ada menjadi ada dengan firman-Nya (creatio ex nihilo). Ketiga, doktrin penciptaan harus menjadi landasan iman Kristen yang  diuji dalam otoritas Firman Allah yang berkuasa (2 Tim. 3:16) serta dunia ciptaan Allah dan segala isinya menjadi arena kegiatan ilmiah dalam lintasan sejarah manusia haruslah berdasarkan perspektif Alkitab. Keempat,  pernyataan penciptaan Kejadian 1:1 merupakan sanggahan terhadap berbagai teori ilmu pengetahuan dan pandangan filsafat manusia yang bertentangan dengan kebenaran Alkitab (Kej. 1-2, Mzm. 33:4-9).

scholarly journals Greek Athonite Text of the Life of Metrophanes of Voronezh

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Bibikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of The Book ◽  
Greek Translation ◽  
Russian Edition ◽  
Liturgical Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One ◽  
Church Historians

According to its contents, the newly found manuscript, Cod. Athous Panteleemon. gr. 283, is of interest for the Russian church historians and the researchers of the cultural and literature relations between Athos and Russia, since the author and copyist of the book Jacob Neaskytiotes included hitherto unknown Greek translations of Rus’ian hagiographical and liturgical texts and other materials on Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian history of Athos. The Codex comprised the Akolouthia for Rev. Antony the Ross (Service to Antonii of the Pecherskii monastery), his Life, the Service for Feodosii (Theodosios), the Hegoumenos of the Pecherskii Monastery, the Life of Mitrofan (Methrophanes) of Voronezh, and other works. The book dated from July 1848. The methods of palaeographic and codicological analysis allow the one to trace the history of the book. Textological methods lead the one to the conclusion of the Russian origin of the texts which became a milestone for the creation of Jacob Neaskytiotes’ fundamental corpus of the Athonias. The text of the Greek translation of the Russian hagiographic monument originates from the second Russian edition of the Life of Mitrofan of Voronezh. There the text is much enlarged and revised in comparison with the first edition of hagiographic materials of 1832, the year of canonization of Mitrofan in Russia.

Stages of Development of Electromechanical Systems of Simulators for Training Cosmonauts to Work in Conditions of Zero Gravity and Low Gravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Georgiy Pyatibratov ◽  
◽  
Oleg Kravchenko ◽  
Dmitriy Bogdanov ◽  
Azamat Bekin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Low Gravity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Technical Solutions

The history of the creation and the stages of development of domestic simulators for training cosmonauts to work in conditions of weightlessness and low gravity of the planets of the solar system are analyzed. The principles of construction of simulators with the use of the force-compensating principle, which provide on the Earth the imitation of the motion of astronauts in zero gravity, are considered. The features of the implementation of simulators of different generations and the stages of development of their electromechanical force-compensating systems are given. The directions for further improvement of control systems and possible technical solutions for the creation of promising simulators for training cosmonauts to solve new problems in the implementation of lunar and Martian space exploration programs are determined.

Origin and Early Evolution of Animals

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Static System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Remarkable Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

Coming at the end of one of the most intensive glaciation periods in Earth history (glaciers at sea level on the equator!), the explosive rise of animals 530 million years ago is one of the few major events in the history of life that combines the evolution of novel developmental regulatory circuitry with the emergence of unique environmental circumstances. This “Cambrian explosion” is truly a remarkable event in the history of life, as the Earth’s biota went from an essentially static system billions of years in existence to the one we enjoy today, a dynamic and awesomely complex system that forever changed the Earth’s biota, and ultimately the Earth itself. Part of the intrigue with the Cambrian explosion is that numerous phyla with very distinct body plans (whether arthropod, annelid, mollusk, echinoderm, or chordate) arrive on the scene in a geological blink of the eye, with little or no warning of what is to come in rocks that predate this interval of time. The abruptness of the transition between the “Precambrian” to the Cambrian was apparent early on with the publication of Murchison’s The Silurian System (1839), and is still apparent today. Indeed, the abruptness of the explosion has only gotten more pronounced since Murchison’s time as more and more of the Earth’s geological record has been explored, and accurate and precise dates have been placed on many of these outcrops. The books and papers in this article highlight the multifarious nature of the origin and early evolution of animals, ranging from morphology, to phylogeny, to paleontology, to developmental biology, and even to geochemistry and molecular biology.

scholarly journals II.—Essays on Speculative Geology. 1.—On Homotaxis and Contemporaneity

1886 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
R. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
General View ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

In any inquiry into the history of the earth as a whole, we are met at the outset by a serious difficulty. In human affairs a general view of history, not confined to a single country, would be practically impossible, were we ignorant of the relations of the various eras from which different races reckon their dates: thus, it would be impossible to write a connected account of the history of Europe in the classical period were it not possible to determine the relation of the Olympian era to that dating from the foundation of the city of Eome. Yet the supposed case is not unlike that to which the geologist addresses himself when he endeavours to make a connected survey of such widely-separated regions as Europe, India, Australia, and America.In the supposed case of the Greek and Roman eras, there are numerous points of contact, principally dates of battles, which, having been recorded by both nations according to their own system, enable us to compare the two, and so to determine what would be the date of any event, recorded by the one, had it been recorded by the other. But in geology we have no such points of contact; there is a very general tendency to regard any two series of beds, in which a few fossil forms specifically identical are found, as of contemporaneous origin. That this view is erroneous, and that it would be nearer the truth to say that two widely-separated beds, in which the same forms are found, could not be of contemporaneous origin, was long ago pointed out by Forbes and Huxley, the word homotaxis being invented by the latter to express the relation existing.

scholarly journals The Pergamene Frieze: Its Relation to Literature and Tradition

1882 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 301-338
Author(s):  
L. R. Farnell
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Men 2 ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Primitive People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Artistic Work ◽  
The One

The frieze of the Pergamene altar, on which the battle between the gods and giants is represented, however its artistic work may be judged, will always hold henceforth an important place in the history of Greek art. The main outlines of its subject, the broad marks of its style, have already been made known in England through descriptions and photographs. A slight knowledge of the frieze will show one at once a mass of elaborate detail, which finds its place there because the artists have endeavoured to express in their work the various traditions which have grown up around the myth. We have therefore to deal here with a learned and reflective art; and to search out its full meaning is to ask how it stands in relation to the earlier tradition. When one looks at the forms which these enemies of the gods are here made to assume, one remarks instantly the distinction between those who are rendered with full human shape, and those whose bodies are a combination—often motley enough—of animal forms appearing side by side with the human. Now it is with this distinction that the whole history of the development of the tradition is concerned—and it is my aim to show that the Pergamene work reproduces the elements which an analysis of the myth discloses. The earth-born giants may have been regarded under three different aspects—as autochthones, a primeval race of men, or a race anterior to men, (2) as daemones, or beings that belonged to the worship of a primitive people, (3) as allegorical figures, as personifications of certain physical forces, certain powers in the natural world hostile to man. It is obvious that these ideas need not be distinct, and that by a fusion of the last two the giant may appear as a daemon whose being is rooted in certain elementary operations of nature. But one may ask the question—and the answer intimately touches the Pergamene frieze—whether, whenever the giants appear either in literature or art, there is always one and the same original conception in the background, or whether the one and the other of the above-mentioned ideas is prominent at different times and in different places?

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