Cluster analysis and individual anthropogenic risk

Models and assessment methods of anthropogenic risk are analyzed at this article, general basis of mathematical approach for risk analysis is disclosed. Based on multivariate statistic methods, algorithm of analysis for Siberian territories safety is formulated, it allows to define acceptable level of risk for each territorial group (cities with population density more than 70 000, towns with population less than 70 000, and municipals areas).

The Problem of Ukrainian-Polish Coexistence in the Ukrainian Conservative Political Thought of the Interwar Period: Lypynskyi Versus Tomashivskyi in the Framework of Epoch

While studying Polish-Ukrainian relations, outstanding Ukrainian conservative thinkers, namely Vjacheslav Lypynskyi and Stepan Tomashivskyi, focused mainly on the problem of distinguishing the role of Poland in the history of the Ukrainian people and on the issue of orientation towards Poland as a factor in the emergence of the Ukrainian state. The role of Poland in the history of the Ukrainian people, according to conservatives, was twofold. On the one hand, it was Poland that paved the way for Ukraine to Europeanization, providing examples of state-style literature and culture. This constructive role of Poland was especially fruitful in comparison with the Asian influences of Moscow. In this context, the conservatives emphasized that these were the Poles who played a key role in the process of separating Ukrainians from Russia, promoting the rise and establishment of the Cossacks and the Hetmanate, as well as creating the very name “Ukraine”. Conversely, the conservatives negatively assessed the Treaty of Hadiach for Ukraine, which, in their opinion, was very rational, on the one hand, and contributed, on the other hand, to the extermination of the elite and aristocratic democracy, and which disorganized the nobility and made it republican by eliminating its chivalrous essence and adding destructive anarchism instead. The conservatives also sharply assessed the Treaty of Warsaw between Petliura and Pilsudski. Simultaneously, Ukrainian monarchists did not consider Poland a force that could play a role in the creation of the Ukrainian state, although they considered the territorial autonomy of Halychyna under Poland as the first stage in educating the citizens of Western Ukraine in the spirit of the state monarchical idea. They took the position of mutual understanding between Ukrainian conservatives and Halychyna Poles in achieving the autonomy of Ukrainian lands under Poland, although they condemned the concept of a federation of Poland and Ukraine in Halychyna under the conditions put forward by Halychyna Ukrainian National Democrats. Conservatives considered such a strategy doomed to failure without the creation of a conservative territorial group in Halychyna composed of local Poles and Ukrainians. Relying heavily on local Poles not affiliated with metropolitan Warsaw, they placed the main emphasis on the internal organization of the monarchists rather than on external allies, including Poland

Forecasting assessment of phenotypical features of ethnoteritorial groups of the Prykarpattya

The issue related to the study of anthroposcopic, anthropometric, dermatoglyphic parameters of the population of Ukraine to create regional gene pools remains relevant, because given the intensification of migration processes both within Ukraine and worldwide. The growing flow of global migration and assimilation creates all the conditions for the disappearance of pure ethnic groups and peoples. This work highlights the prospects for studying the ethnic and regional features of human anthroscopic parameters. The article presents the differential anthroscopic characteristics of Hutsul, Boyko, Lemko, Opollia, Pokuttia ethno-territorial groups. The goal of the work. To form anthroscopic portraits of Hutsul, Boyko, Lemko, Opollia, Pokuttia ethno-territorial groups in comparison with the control group of persons. Materials and methods. The material of the study was anthroscopic parameters of 480 males and females aged 18-59 years, belonging to the Hutsul, Boyko, Lemko, Opollia, Pokuttia and control groups, obtained by questionnaires using standardized methods proposed by Ginsburg BB (1963). The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results. Anthroposcopic portrait of the studied groups: Hutsul ethno-territorial group is characterized by dark skin tone, black straight hair, oval elongated straight face, dark brown or green-brown eyes, long narrow nose; Boyko ethno-territorial group is marked by white skin color, blond straight or wavy hair, round broad face, gray or dark brown eyes, wide straight nose; the Lemko ethno-territorial group is distinguished by white skin color, light straight or curly hair, oval elongated narrow long face, light brown and blue eyes, narrow straight nose; Opole ethno-territorial group is characterized by white skin color, light blond and dark blond wavy hair, round broad face, dark brown and light brown eyes, straight wide nose; The Pokut ethno-territorial group is distinguished by white skin, black and dark blond straight hair, an oval elongated narrow face, brown-green eyes, and a long narrow nose. Conclusion. We were able to apply the obtained results in practice, including in the set of identification features and developing an algorithm for rapid prediction of human outward signs.

Breeding displacement in gray wolves (Canis lupus): Three males usurp breeding position and pup rearing from a neighboring pack in Yellowstone National Park

Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) are territorial, group living carnivores that live in packs typically consisting of a dominant breeding pair and their offspring. Breeding tenures are relatively short and competitive, with vacancies usually occurring following a breeder’s death, and are often filled by unrelated immigrants or by relatives of the previous breeder. The frequency and conditions of active breeder displacements are poorly understood. Position changes in the dominance hierarchy are common yet rarely documented in detail. We describe a turnover in male breeding position in a wolf pack by males from a neighboring pack in mid-summer 2016 in Yellowstone National Park. Over the course of two months, three males from the Mollie’s pack displaced the breeding male of the neighboring Wapiti Lake pack, joined the pack’s two adult females, and subsequently raised the previous male’s four approximately three-month old pups. In the four years following the displacement (2017 to 2020), at least one of the intruding males has successfully bred with the dominant female and most years with a subordinate female (who was one of the pups at the time of displacement). The pack reared pups to adulthood each year. Male breeding displacements are likely influenced by male-male competition and female mate choice. These changes are the result of individuals competing to improve breeding position and may lead to increased pack stability and greater reproductive success. We report in detail on the behavior of a closely observed breeding displacement and we discuss the adaptive benefits of the change.

Who do you trust? Wild birds use social knowledge to avoid being deceived

Many species give deceptive warning calls, enabled by the high risk of ignoring them. In Siberian jays, a territorial, group-living bird, individuals give warning calls toward perched predators and mob them. However, intruding neighbors can emit these warning calls in the absence of predators to access food, but breeders often ignore these calls. Playback field experiments show that breeders flee sooner and return later after warning calls of former group members than those of neighbors or unknown individuals. Thus, breeders respond appropriately only to warning calls of previous cooperation partners. This mechanism facilitates the evolution and maintenance of communication vulnerable to deceptive signaling. This conclusion also applies to human language because of its cooperative nature and thus, its vulnerability to deception.

The Daur People of Buteha Region and Creation of a Self-Defense Squad (The Middle of the 20s — The Beginning of the 30s XX c.)

The article is devoted to the study of the ethno-territorial group of Daur people, who living in the Buteha region. The work studied the creation of a self-defense detachment in the late 1920s. The purpose of its creation was to protect against attacks by Chinese militarists and bandits. The author described a series of battles of the self-defense detachment of Daur people with the Chinese militarists.

Toponymic space of the Erzya-Mordovian village Bolshaya Yoga of Samara Oblast

Pokhvistnevsky District of Samara Oblast and its surroundings, as well as other elements of the toponymic space: geographical vocabulary, toponymic legends. Objective: introduction to scientific circulation, etymological and comparative analysis of toponymic nomenclature of the Erzya-Mordovian village Bolshaya Yoga. Research materials: the study is based on the materials collected and processed by the author during the field seasons 2015, 2018 and 2019 in the village Bolshaya Yoga, as well as in the neighboring Erzya-Mordovian villages of Pokhvistnevsky District of Samara Oblast forming the special Pokhvistnevo ethno-territorial group of the Mordovian people of the Samara Volga region. Results and novelty of the research: the result of the study is the comprehensive analysis of toponymic space of the Erzya-Mordovian village Bolshaya Yoga, including the comparative analysis of geographical vocabulary of the Bolshaya Yoga subdialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language, etymological analysis of the geographical names of the village and its vicinities. Scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that such analysis with regard to the toponymic space of Bolshaya Yoga was completed at the first time; valuable data for researchers of toponyms of Mordovia, Mordovian languages, as well as for professionals in other Finno-Ugric languages are introduced into scientific circulation.

Ecotypification of local populations of rare species Calvatia gigantea (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) in ultracontinental zones of Mongolia and Russia

Study of the levels of climatic comfort in localities of the rare species Calvatia gigantea from Agaricales of Basidiomycota is performed using multimodal ecoinformative approach with maximum entropy method. For numerically exact and correct assessment of the level of climate suitability, we propose recalculate the scale of probalility finding of a species into a new scale of climate suitability, with the next intervals: low suitable (1–3 points), ambivalent (4–6 points), and genuine suitable (7–9 points). Also there are two transit zones between these intervals. It has been astablished that local populations of the species in Altai territorial group differ significantly in levels of climatic comfort (3.2, 5.4, and 6.2 points). Local population near Sharangol in Khentei territorial cluster (Central Mongolia) gets 4.0 points of climate comfort, and local population in Khingan Mountains (Eastern Mongolia) gets 7.3 points, the best result in the set studied. The ecotypification of localities was carried out, according to which all the studied populations of C. gigantea are assigned to different ecotypes, since each studied locality is characterized by the unique climatic spectrum and the specific variable of the first rank.

Toponymic folklore of Moksha-Mordovians of Samarskaja Luka

В данной статье вводятся в научный оборот оттопонимические предания мордвы-мокши Самарской Луки, проживающей на данный момент в трех населенных пунктах на полуострове: селе Бахилово Ставропольского района Самарской области и селах Торновое и Шелехметь Волжского района Самарской области. Данная этнотерриториальная группа мордвы-мокши в силу особенностей этноисторического развития, а также природно-географических условий проживания была изолирована от носителей иных мордовских диалектов по меньшей мере с первой половины XVII века. В силу этих обстоятельств, культурное, топонимическое и фольклорное пространство мордвы Самарской Луки является уникальным. Предания, связанные с названиями географических объектов, как правило, составляют значительную часть фольклора того или иного населенного пункта. При этом информация, содержащаяся в подобных преданиях, чаще всего рассматривается исследователями как «народная топонимика», подразумевающая «наивную этимологию». На примерах оттопонимических преданий мордвы-мокши Самарской Луки автор показывает, что данный подход не всегда является верным. Топонимическая информация, содержащаяся в фольклорных произведениях такого рода, зачастую может указывать на истинную мотивацию номинаций, либо косвенно указывать верное направление исследований. Данная работа выполнена на основе полевых материалов автора. This article introduces toponymical traditions of the Moksha-Mordovians of Samarskaja Luka, currently residing in the three settlements on the Peninsula: the village of Bahilovo, Stavropol district, Samara region and villages of Tornovoe and Shelehmet of the Volga district of the Samara region, into scientific circulation. This ethno-territorial group of Moksha-Mordovians, due to the peculiarities of ethno-historical development, as well as natural and geographical conditions of residence, was isolated from the carriers of other Mordovian dialects, at least from the first half of the XVII century. In these circumstances, cultural, and toponymic and folkloric space of the Mordvinians of the Samarskaja Luka is unique. Legends associated with names of geographical objects, as a rule, constitute a significant part of the folklore of a settlement. At the same time, the information contained in the legends of this kind is most often considered by researchers as "folk toponymy", implying "naive etymology". The author shows that this approach is not always correct regarding the examples of toponymical traditions of the Mordva-Moksha Samarskaya Luka. Toponymic information contained in folklore works of this kind can often indicate the true motivation of nominations, or indirectly indicate the right direction of research. This work is based on the author's field materials.

Urban (co)participatory practices (case Dnipro City)

The study tested, that participatory urban practices are a form of social practices, implemented in city areas and connected with the process of (co)participation of the citizens, both collectively and individually, in the city’s vital activities. Those practices can be implemented on the three levels: formal, semi-formal, informal. Wherein, it is stated, that on the formal level of the implementation of participatory practices, citizens recreate themselves in a form of territorial group, on the semi-formal – as a community, and on the informal – as a togetherness. There is a whole spectrum of various participatory practices on the formal level – a city referendum, general citizens’ meeting at the place of residence, local initiatives, public hearings and councils, bodies of self-organization of the population, etc. To semi-formal one can include the budgets of participation, city participatory projects, etc., to informal - the local actions of like-minded people, who unite around space. The study notes, that since the 2000’s, the gradual activation of collective participatory forms has begun. Even though, the researches have shown, that those practices nowadays are vital only for a small part of the territorial community. Probably, the main reason for that is the habitus of modern Ukrainian that is a combination of strong distrust towards government, including the local one; distrust that people are capable to influence the decisions of officers, paternalism of mindset, etc. Therefore, the leftovers of Soviet world perception don’t let the modern citizens actively use legal schemes in urban participatory practices. On the other hand, the informal practices follow the concept of tactical urbanism. Its main idea is that people change the city themselves, only they can improve the surroundings through the action that don’t require neither a lot of time, nor money, just a bunch of enthusiasts. Moreover, the study proved that today institutionalization of urban participatory practices takes place both «from the bottom and from above». The main prerequisite for the emergence of new practices is the impossibility of the old (traditional) to fully meet the demands of actors in achieving certain goals. In this regard, new practices arise, for example, a consensus conference, a consultative survey, an open office, a public panel, etc. The actual and potential level of participation of residents of the city of Dnipro in the life of the city is revealed. The results of four national surveys, studies of the Department of Sociology recorded that the residents carry out routine actions based on the habit, believing in the fact that there is a certain order of action, but not much efficiency in them. Regarding semi-formal and informal practices, the readiness for their implementation is inherent in the Dnipro City, not to a significant extent.