scholarly journals Application of time to emesis data for primary triage of radiation accident victims

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Soloviev ◽  
A. S. Samoilov ◽  
A. O. Lebedev ◽  
M. K. Sedankin ◽  
E. A. Gudkov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Radiation Injury ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Primary Triage

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the risk of developing large-scale radiation accidents with a large number of victims, who will need primary medical triage and early prediction of the severity of injury for correct routing from the source of sanitary losses.Intention. Validation of the method of estimating dose by time-to-emesis under various exposure conditions for pre-hospital triage of victims.Methodology. The object of the study is the data from State Research Center – Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (Moscow) database of acute radiation injuries.Results and Discussion: We have analyzed individual data for the victims of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (114 persons) with a separate analysis of the irradiation conditions (short-term exposure for less than 20 minutes and prolonged exposure in selected groups), as well as the data from victims of other radiation accidents in the former USSR (26 persons) and 8 patients with total body radiotherapy without the use of antiemetics. It was shown that for the equal time-to-emesis intervals, predicted radiation injury is more severe in case of prolonged exposure vs short-term exposure. This may be due to varying rate of dose accumulation and so-called “unnecessary dose” effect – when the biological mechanism of vomiting has already been triggered against ongoing exposure. Results are presented as interval estimates of radiation injury severity by time-to-emesis for both short-term and prolonged exposures. We also have formulated two criteria for primary triage purposes in case of moderate or large numbers of victims due to large-scale radiation accidents.Conclusion. Recommendations for pre-hospital triage of victims are proposed.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

scholarly journals Identification of Time-Invariant Biomarkers for Non-Genotoxic Hepatocarcinogen Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan-Han Huang ◽  
Ying-Chi Lin ◽  
Chun-Wei Tung
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Time Invariant

Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGHCs) can only be confirmed by 2-year rodent studies. Toxicogenomics (TGx) approaches using gene expression profiles from short-term animal studies could enable early assessment of NGHCs. However, high variance in the modulation of the genes had been noted among exposure styles and datasets. Expanding from our previous strategy in identifying consensus biomarkers in multiple experiments, we aimed to identify time-invariant biomarkers for NGHCs in short-term exposure styles and validate their applicability to long-term exposure styles. In this study, nine time-invariant biomarkers, namely A2m, Akr7a3, Aqp7, Ca3, Cdc2a, Cdkn3, Cyp2c11, Ntf3, and Sds, were identified from four large-scale microarray datasets. Machine learning techniques were subsequently employed to assess the prediction performance of the biomarkers. The biomarker set along with the Random Forest models gave the highest median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.824 and a low interquartile range (IQR) variance of 0.036 based on a leave-one-out cross-validation. The application of the models to the external validation datasets achieved high AUC values of greater than or equal to 0.857. Enrichment analysis of the biomarkers inferred the involvement of chronic inflammatory diseases such as liver cirrhosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in NGHCs. The time-invariant biomarkers provided a robust alternative for NGHC prediction.

scholarly journals Retinal Microvascular Response to Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Matters As an Indicator of Cardiovascular Effects in Work Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Aminaei ◽  
Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi ◽  
Hamideh Mihanpour ◽  
Mojtaba Moghaddasi ◽  
Mahdiyeh Shafieizadeh Bafghi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inhalable Dust ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Retinal Artery

Introduction: According to the literature, Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE), Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE), and Artemio Venule Ratio (AVR) are three important markers in determining the changes of retinal artery. These markers are employed as an indicator of cardiovascular effects in workers. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in retinal micro vascular responses in workers exposed to short-term exposure to particulate matters caused by occupational processes using CRAE, CRVE, and AVR markers. Materials and Methods: In this study, 96 workers exposed to job-related pollution in a tile and ceramic company were investigated. Fundus photos of these people were analyzed via ARIA software using the related protocols. The data were investigated employing Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests as well as the correlation and regression tests. Results: No significant difference was observed in the ocular parameters of smokers and non-smokers. Cardiovascular parameters had no significant correlation with CRAE and CRVE as well as breathable and inhalable dust; however, these parameters had a direct and significant correlation with AVR, PM10, and PM2.5 particles. Conclusion: The results did not show any changes in the retinal artery in workers who were exposed to job-related pollution. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between retinal artery changes and cardiovascular parameters. However, more large-scale studies are needed to clarify the relationship of particulate air pollutants with CRAE, CRVE, and AVR changes.

Influence of Hospital Outdoor Space on Physiological Electroencephalography (EEG) Feedback of Staff

2021 ◽  
pp. 193758672110307
Author(s):  
Weiyi Cui ◽  
Zao Li ◽  
Xiaodong Xuan ◽  
Chao Lu ◽  
Qiqiang Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Physiological Feedback ◽  
Outdoor Space

Objectives: To investigate the differences and relationships between different outdoor spaces of hospitals on the physiological electroencephalography (EEG) feedback (PEEGF) of staff. Background: Relieving the pressure of hospital staff is essential, and several studies have revealed that even short-term exposure to outdoor space has a decompression effect. Yet, the focus is scarcely centered on the differences and influential relationships between the PEEGF from different outdoor spaces where the staff spend time, particularly in large-scale hospitals in China. Methods: EEG measurement equipment was utilized to obtain the value of β wave (vβw) that represents the stress and anxiety of staff in three different outdoor spaces: open, traffic, and rest. On the basis of EEG data, correlation analysis was conducted in accordance with the proportion of space elements. Results: The proportion of natural elements, such as landscape ( r = −.800** p=.005) and waterscape ( r = −.782* p=.013), were negatively correlated with the vβw produced by staff, while the proportion of hard paving was positive ( r = .817** p=.004) with more vβw produced by staff. In other words, the percentage of landscape and waterscape can reduce stress, while hard paving has the opposite effect. Further, there was a difference in the amount of vβw generated between nurses and administrators in the open space at the entrance of the main building ( p = .043). Conclusions: The present study revealed the influence of different outdoor space elements of the hospital on the physiological feedback of staff, demonstrated the practical necessity of evidence-based design, and proposed relevant optimization suggestions.

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Short-Term Head-Down Bed Rest: A Nonlinear Approach

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 157-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Balocchi ◽  
A. Di Garbo ◽  
C. Michelassi ◽  
S. Chillemi ◽  
M. Varanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Recurrence Quantification

Abstract:Although it is well-known that prolonged exposure to microgravity environment such as in space travel results in derangements of orthostasis, recent evidence suggests that even short-term exposure may have similar effects and parallels such common examples as prolonged bed rest. Whereas spectral analysis of heart rate and systolic blood pressure have been unable to detect changes, we hypothesized that nonlinear indexes may be better able to uncover such perturbations. Eighteen healthy subjects were exposed to 4-hour head-down tilt, and of these, 4 exhibited fainting. Two nonlinear indexes, mutual information and recurrence quantification were used to analyze the data. Only recurrence quantification was able to detect a “decoupling” of heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest using discriminant analysis (p < 0.05). These results suggest that orthostatic intolerance may be due to a decoupling of heart rate from systolic blood pressure reflexive activity occurring at rest.

Multikinase Inhibition by Sorafenib in B and T NHL Cell Lines: Increasing Cytostatic Efficacy after Prolonged Exposure

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4980-4980
Author(s):  
Bjoern Chapuy ◽  
Nikolai Schuelper ◽  
Elisabeth Kaehler ◽  
Lorenz H. Truemper ◽  
Gerald Wulf
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Erk Pathway ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Abstract Introduction: A substantial fraction of patients with relapsed or primarily refractory Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) can still not be cured with current chemotherapy regimens. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of tyrosinkinase inhibition by sorafenib against NHL cells in vitro. Methods: Phosphorylation of RAF/MEK/ERK pathway members as well as of PDGF and VEGF receptors was analyzed by western blot with phospho-antibodies in a panel of cell lines, i.e. aggressive B-NHL (Balm3, Karpas422, Raji, Ramos, SuDHL4), mantle cell lymphoma (Granta, Jeko, Mino), and T cell lymphoma (CEM, HPB-ALL, Jurkat, Molt4). Cell viability under sorafenib exposure was tested by tetrazolium-based (MTT) assays and the proapoptotic and antiproliferative mechanisms were evaluated by annexin V and cell cycle assays, respectively. Clonogenic potential after long-term (10 days) exposure to sorafenib was analyzed by colony formation in inhibitor-free semisolid media. Results: Sorafenib reduced cell viability at clinically relevant concentrations with IC50 between 3.7 and 10.9 μM in seven cell lines, whereas four cell lines (Balm3, CEM, HPB-ALL, Granta) were less susceptible requiring IC50 of &gt;15 μM. Most sensitive were the diffuse large B cell lines, SUDHL4 and Karpas422, and the Burkitt cell lines, Ramos and Raji. Induction of apoptotic death through an annexin V positive intermediate was documented in the responding cell lines (range 20–90% at 10.9 μM) after short-term exposure (24 through 72 h). After prolonged exposure (&gt;10 days), apoptosis increased significantly, with proportions of annexin V positive cells at 7.3 μM above 75% in all cell lines except Jeko (39% ± 1.2%). In the remaining cells, we found cell cycle arrest to occur, leading to a complete loss of in vitro clonogenicity after cessation of sorafenib exposure in all cell lines (7.3 μM). Activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK-pathway was inhibited to variable degrees in all cell lines. Intensity of RAF and ERK phosphorylation inhibition alone, however, did not predict susceptibility to sorafenib after short-term exposure, suggesting a heterogeneous and time-dependent pattern of sorafenib targets to be involved. Conclusions: Sorafenib has significant in vitro efficacy against B and T cell lymphoma cells, especially after prolonged exposure.

scholarly journals Microbial Ecotoxicity of Biochars in Agricultural Soil and Interactions with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Rasmus Nissen ◽  
Gunadhish Khanal ◽  
Lars Elsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Linear Alkylbenzene ◽  
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

Large-scale application of biochar on agricultural land offers the prospect of soil improvement and carbon sequestration for climate-change mitigation. However, negative side-effects on the soil microbial ecosystem are poorly understood, notably in relation to the functions of native microbiomes under realistic routes of biochar exposure. Due to divergent properties, different biochars might interact with soil in complex ways. This might result in decreased or increased ecotoxicity from biochar contaminants, such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using five biochars produced from straw and wood under contrasting pyrolysis conditions, we traced their ecotoxicological dose-effect using a bioassay for potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), through microorganisms that are sensitive stress indicators. Assays were made after soil/biochar interaction for up to 3 weeks, where straw biochar with the lowest PAH content (<0.5 mg kg−1) showed the most pronounced dose-effects to PAO, corresponding to a 10% effect concentration (EC10) of 4.6% (dry weight biochar/dry weight soil). In comparison, straw biochar with the highest PAH content was least ecotoxic (EC10, 15.2% after 3 weeks) and wood biochars pyrolysed at high temperature (700–725 °C) showed no ecotoxicity to PAO. Interactions between biochars and anionic surfactants, i.e., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are common soil pollutants, resulted in varying effects on PAO, but the effects were small and of limited ecological importance for soil-amended biochars. In conclusion, the results showed that short-term microbial side-effects of biochar in the soil ecosystem were minor at relevant field application rates (such as <30 Mg ha−1 mixed into a plough layer of 20 cm), and that inherent PAHs in biochar were not a likely source of short-term ecotoxicity. However, there were notable differences in the effects eventually observed at very high biochar rates, stressing that individual biochars need specific ecotoxicological assessment before their safe application at large scale in agricultural soils.

scholarly journals Will correlated colour temperature affect peoples’ thermal sensation outside the laboratory?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012238
Author(s):  
Jørn Toftum ◽  
Anders Thorseth ◽  
Ásta Logadóttir ◽  
Jakob Markvart ◽  
Sophie Stoffer
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Thermal Perception ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Older Subjects

Abstract Earlier studies have shown that low Correlated Color Temperature of lighting (CCT) may induce a warmer thermal sensation than high CCTs at the same ambient temperature. The current study investigated if the association between CCT and thermal sensation would persist when subjects worked on computers, were exposed for longer duration and when the study population included older subjects whose vision may have changed with age. The study was carried out in a climate chamber with controllable LED lighting and where CCT could be gradually changed. Generally, the association between CCT and thermal sensation was weak and not significant. However, at 22°C and short-term exposure, the results indicated that high CCT caused a cooler thermal sensation. This association disappeared with more prolonged exposure duration and when subjects worked on a computer. Comparison of responses to lighting exposure of the two groups of subjects with mean ages of 24 years and 44 years showed no difference in their perceived thermal sensation when the CCT was changed. However, the older group of subjects could not distinguish differences in CCTs above 4000 K. The findings suggest that the magnitude of the effect of lighting on thermal perception is modest and only visible under exceptional and tightly controlled conditions that do not mirror actual buildings.

The Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on In Vitro Platelet Function

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Schiffer ◽  
Caroline L. Whitaker ◽  
Morton Schmukler ◽  
Joseph Aisner ◽  
Steven L. Hilbert
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Structural Abnormalities

SummaryAlthough dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used extensively as a cryopreservative for platelets there are few studies dealing with the effect of DMSO on platelet function. Using techniques similar to those employed in platelet cryopreservation platelets were incubated with final concentrations of 2-10% DMSO at 25° C. After exposure to 5 and 10% DMSO platelets remained discoid and electron micrographs revealed no structural abnormalities. There was no significant change in platelet count. In terms of injury to platelet membranes, there was no increased availability of platelet factor-3 or leakage of nucleotides, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5HT) or glycosidases with final DMSO concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% DMSO. Thrombin stimulated nucleotide and 5HT release was reduced by 10% DMSO. Impairment of thrombin induced glycosidase release was noted at lower DMSO concentrations and was dose related. Similarly, aggregation to ADP was progressively impaired at DMSO concentrations from 1-5% and was dose related. After the platelets exposed to DMSO were washed, however, aggregation and release returned to control values. Platelet aggregation by epinephrine was also inhibited by DMSO and this could not be corrected by washing the platelets. DMSO-plasma solutions are hypertonic but only minimal increases in platelet volume (at 10% DMSO) could be detected. Shrinkage of platelets was seen with hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride or sucrose suggesting that the rapid transmembrane passage of DMSO prevented significant shifts of water. These studies demonstrate that there are minimal irreversible alterations in in vitro platelet function after short-term exposure to DMSO.

scholarly journals BattleNet: Capturing Advantageous Battlefield in RTS Games (Student Abstract)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 13849-13850
Author(s):  
Donghyeon Lee ◽  
Man-Je Kim ◽  
Chang Wook Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Outcome Predictor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rts Game

In a real-time strategy (RTS) game, StarCraft II, players need to know the consequences before making a decision in combat. We propose a combat outcome predictor which utilizes terrain information as well as squad information. For training the model, we generated a StarCraft II combat dataset by simulating diverse and large-scale combat situations. The overall accuracy of our model was 89.7%. Our predictor can be integrated into the artificial intelligence agent for RTS games as a short-term decision-making module.

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