QUANTIFICATION OF THE EFFECT OF LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT ON SPACIOUSNESS OF INTERIOR SPACE

Spaciousness is an important quality of space which is affected by both the volume of space and the lighting environment. This study’s aim is to create the calculation model to quantify the effect of lighting environment on spaciousness. 3D luminance mapping, which is the combined data of luminance of surface and its distance to the observer, is used for the analysis of lighting environment, because we hypothesized that the three-dimensional localization of light affects the spaciousness. From the result of a subjective experiment to evaluate spaciousness with different lighting environment, it is revealed that spaciousness can be quantified from average luminance and “Dark-part-reduced visible volume” which is the reduced visible volume according to the distribution of dark pixels in the 3D luminance mapping. We also compared average illuminance of whole image and of ceiling, walls, floor, and concluded that the whole average illuminance best describes the effect.

Download Full-text

Faktura

Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism ◽

10.4324/9781135000356-rem807-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Isabel Wünsche

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Work Of Art ◽

Pictorial Space ◽

Avant Garde ◽

Artistic Production ◽

Important Quality ◽

Visual Demonstration ◽

Viktor Shklovsky

Faktura, literally "texture," is related to the Russian avant-garde’s preoccupation with the fundamental principles of the creative process. The term, applied to a work of art, addresses the way in which materials are used, the processes, the surrounding environment, and the artistic devices; it characterizes the textural structure of a work of art and the manner by which it was constructed. As a creative principle, it rejects a pictorial space based on perspective and the illusion of three-dimensional space projected onto a flat canvas. The Russian formalist critic Viktor Shklovsky considered faktura to be the single most important quality of an object of art as a constructed object: it was the evidence of its having been made. He applied the term to poetic writing as well as the visual arts; in both cases faktura offered a visual demonstration of the properties inherent in a material or construction: "The whole effort of a poet and a painter is aimed first and foremost at creating a continuous and thoroughly palpable object, an object with a faktura." The term faktura remained a fluid concept during the 1910s, its essential qualities being further defined and developed by members of the avant-garde from 1913 well into the mid-1920s. While faktura, as initially used by members of the early Russian avant-garde, was characterized by the use of natural materials and a holistic–metaphysical approach to art, it was later adapted by the Constructivists to conform to a strictly materialist ideology and utilitarian orientation in artistic production.

Download Full-text

Analysis on Three-Dimensional Virtual Simulation for Rationality of Large-Scale Commercial and Residential Space

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2307 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 513-517 ◽

pp. 2307-2310

Author(s):

Jing Liu

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Large Scale ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Calculation Model ◽

Virtual Simulation ◽

Spatial Distance ◽

Interior Space ◽

Design Data ◽

Residential Space

As an emerging industry, large-scale commercial and residential interior rational planning is related to the comfort of living. This paper proposes a virtual simulation method to design and plan large-scale commercial and residential interior space. The paper uses least squares image matching method in virtual reality to construct spatial distance calculation model, calculate the straight-line distance of key parts in large-scale commercial and residential space, and make up the shortcomings in traditional design. The design can be adjusted to the specific circumstances to reduce the cost of the actual design. Finally, simulation is conducted on basis of design data to prove the advantages of virtual reality.

Download Full-text

Lighting Enhancement of Classrooms in Heritage School Buildings Based on the Greenship Rating Tools

Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences ◽

10.53560/ppasa(58-sp1)728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (S) ◽

pp. 9-20

Author(s):

Susan Susan ◽

Rani Prihatmanti

Keyword(s):

Power Density ◽

Green Building ◽

Visual Comfort ◽

Interior Space ◽

Heritage Buildings ◽

Lighting Environment ◽

Energy Efficiency And Conservation ◽

Indoor Lighting ◽

And Control

This study aims to suggest some strategies for improving the quality of lighting in adaptive reuse buildings. Recently, several concerns have been raised about the lighting environment of heritage buildings that have been adaptively reused for a different function. These changes may lead to a problem for the occupants of the building, particularly on the indoor lighting quality. It is regarded as one of the most affected variables in the building of heritage that is adaptively reused. Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) has been concerned about this issue, particularly to the requirements related to lighting power density and control, visual comfort, outside view, and daylight. The purpose of this research is therefore to suggest some strategies for improving the quality of lighting in the two classrooms of two heritage schools in Surabaya, Indonesia, based on the Greenship Interior Space rating tool. There are three credits for lighting power density and control, and one credit for visual comfort criteria. By performing light mapping measurements, calculations, and computer simulation, this analysis is qualitative. To capture the condition of the classrooms examined, building observation was also performed. The observation shows that the existing condition gains four credits only. If adopted, the strategies proposed could achieve eight credits, which is covers 80% of the assessment points. The higher credits achieved reflect a better lighting environment and better value for energy efficiency and conservation.

Download Full-text

Scanning Electron Microscopy in Hybrid Microelectronics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100092244 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 456-457

Author(s):

S. Khadpe ◽

R. Faryniak

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Thick Film ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Circuit Components ◽

Hybrid Microcircuit ◽

Electrical Connections ◽

Scanning Electron

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an important tool in Thick Film Hybrid Microcircuits Manufacturing because of its large depth of focus and three dimensional capability. This paper discusses some of the important areas in which the SEM is used to monitor process control and component failure modes during the various stages of manufacture of a typical hybrid microcircuit.Figure 1 shows a thick film hybrid microcircuit used in a Motorola Paging Receiver. The circuit consists of thick film resistors and conductors screened and fired on a ceramic (aluminum oxide) substrate. Two integrated circuit dice are bonded to the conductors by means of conductive epoxy and electrical connections from each integrated circuit to the substrate are made by ultrasonically bonding 1 mil aluminum wires from the die pads to appropriate conductor pads on the substrate. In addition to the integrated circuits and the resistors, the circuit includes seven chip capacitors soldered onto the substrate. Some of the important considerations involved in the selection and reliability aspects of the hybrid circuit components are: (a) the quality of the substrate; (b) the surface structure of the thick film conductors; (c) the metallization characteristics of the integrated circuit; and (d) the quality of the wire bond interconnections.

Download Full-text

Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100136581 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 42-43

Author(s):

B. Carragher ◽

M. Whittaker

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Time Saving ◽

Macromolecular Complexes ◽

Symmetry Properties ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Experienced Operator ◽

Projection Images ◽

The Individual ◽

Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

Download Full-text

Towards Predicting Relative Belt Edge Endurance With the Finite Element Method

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2141701 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 216-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. De Eskinazi ◽

K. Ishihara ◽

H. Volk ◽

T. C. Warholic

Keyword(s):

Finite Element Method ◽

Finite Element ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Shear Deformations ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Vertical Loading ◽

Predicted Values ◽

Element Method

Abstract The paper describes the intention of the authors to determine whether it is possible to predict relative belt edge endurance for radial passenger car tires using the finite element method. Three groups of tires with different belt edge configurations were tested on a fleet test in an attempt to validate predictions from the finite element results. A two-dimensional, axisymmetric finite element analysis was first used to determine if the results from such an analysis, with emphasis on the shear deformations between the belts, could be used to predict a relative ranking for belt edge endurance. It is shown that such an analysis can lead to erroneous conclusions. A three-dimensional analysis in which tires are modeled under free rotation and static vertical loading was performed next. This approach resulted in an improvement in the quality of the correlations. The differences in the predicted values of various stress analysis parameters for the three belt edge configurations are studied and their implication on predicting belt edge endurance is discussed.

Download Full-text

Study of dynamic pressure on the packer for deep-water perforation

Open Physics ◽

10.1515/phys-2021-0025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 215-223

Author(s):

Hao Huang ◽

Qiao Deng ◽

Hui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Deep Water ◽

Peak Pressure ◽

Orthogonal Design ◽

Dynamic Pressure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Calculation Model ◽

Well Testing ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Wellbore Pressure ◽

Three Dimensional Finite Element

Abstract The packer is one of the most important tools in deep-water perforation combined well testing, and its safety directly determines the success of perforation test operations. The study of dynamic perforating pressure on the packer is one of the key technical problems in the production of deep-water wells. However, there are few studies on the safety of packers with shock loads. In this article, the three-dimensional finite element models of downhole perforation have been established, and a series of numerical simulations are carried out by using orthogonal design. The relationship between the perforating peak pressure on the packer with the factors such as perforating charge quantity, wellbore pressure, perforating explosion volume, formation pressure, and elastic modulus is established. Meanwhile, the database is established based on the results of numerical simulation, and the calculation model of peak pressure on the packer during perforating is obtained by considering the reflection and transmission of shock waves on the packer. The results of this study have been applied in the field case of deep-water well, and the safety optimization program for deep-water downhole perforation safety has been put forward. This study provides important theoretical guidance for the safety of the packer during deep-water perforating.

Download Full-text

Simulation and Analysis of Floodlighting Based on 3D Computer Graphics

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1042

Author(s):

Rafał Krupiński

Keyword(s):

Computer Graphics ◽

External Surface ◽

Geometric Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Luminance Level ◽

Object Model ◽

Geometric Mesh ◽

Average Luminance ◽

To Receive

The paper presents the opportunities to apply computer graphics in an object floodlighting design process and in an analysis of object illumination. The course of object floodlighting design has been defined based on a virtual three-dimensional geometric model. The problems related to carrying out the analysis of lighting, calculating the average illuminance, luminance levels and determining the illuminated object surface area are also described. These parameters are directly tied with the calculations of the Floodlighting Utilisation Factor, and therefore, with the energy efficiency of the design as well as the aspects of light pollution of the natural environment. The paper shows how high an impact of the geometric model of the object has on the accuracy of photometric calculations. Very often the model contains the components that should not be taken into account in the photometric calculations. The research on what influence the purity of the geometric mesh of the illuminated object has on the obtained results is presented. It shows that the errors can be significant, but it is possible to optimise the 3D object model appropriately in order to receive the precise results. For the example object presented in this paper, removing the planes that do not constitute its external surface has caused a two-fold increase in the average illuminance and average luminance. This is dangerous because a designer who wants to achieve a specific average luminance level in their design without optimizing the model will obtain the luminance values that will actually be much higher.

Download Full-text