scholarly journals The Improving Relative Status of Black Men

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Couch ◽  
Mary Daly
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Black Worker ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Worker ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Current Population Survey, we examine recent trends in the relative economic status of black men. Our findings point to gains in the relative wages of black men (compared to whites) during the 1990s, especially among younger workers. In 1989, the average black male worker (experienced or not) earned about 69% as much per week as the average white male worker. In 2001, the average younger black worker was earning about 86% as much as an equally experienced white male; black males at all experience levels earned 72% as much as the average white in 2001. Greater occupational diversity and a reduction in unobserved skill differences and/or labor market discrimination explain much of the trend. For both younger and older workers, general wage inequality tempered the rate of wage convergence between blacks and whites during the 1990s, although the effects were less pronounced than during the 1980s.

Occupations and the recent trends in wage inequality in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Fernández-Macías ◽  
José-María Arranz-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Term Approximation

We aim to contribute to a better understanding of the role that occupations played in recent trends in wage inequality in some European countries. Using EU-SILC data, we observe that most of the changes in wage inequality between 2005 and 2014 were the result of changes in the distribution of wages within occupations. A longer term approximation using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) shows similar patterns. We conclude that occupational dynamics did not drive recent trends in wage inequality in Europe.

Black-White Differences in Job Preferences: 16 Years Later

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1087-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
White Male ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Work Attitudes ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Job Preferences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Many

Replication of an analysis of nationally representative data from 1973–1974 showed that 16 years later there have been no significant changes in the pattern of differences between what black and white male employees ( ns = 1500) say they want most in a job. In comparison to white employees, black men continued to be more likely to prefer high income and less likely to prefer meaningful work that gives a feeling of accomplishment. This result suggests that the many considerable government efforts in recent decades to affect the economic status of blacks have had little influence on this dimension of their work attitudes.

scholarly journals Comparison of the characteristics of work-related injuries between older workers and the workers of the conventional working-age in the Republic of Korea, 2010–2014

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2020-043663
Author(s):  
Kyung-Eun Lee ◽  
Jinhee Kim ◽  
Jihye Lee
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Work Related Injury ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Occupational Patterns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Using Data

ObjectiveWith population ageing, the number of older workers is increasing and the number of work-related injuries in older people is also increasing. Occupational patterns and work-related injury patterns vary with age. This study aimed to compare the incidence and characteristics of work-related injuries in older and younger workers in Korea.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of the characteristics of workers hospitalised with work-related injuries from January 2010 to December 2014, using data from the National Hospital Discharge In-Depth Injury Survey in South Korea. The analysis was stratified by age into older (aged ≥65 years) and younger (aged 20–64 years) workers.ResultsThe hospitalisation rate in older workers was double that of younger workers (2014 IRR: 2.06, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.76). Compared with workers of conventional working-age, a higher proportion of injured older workers were female (33.1% vs 13.6%, p<0.001), injured due to falls (40.8% vs 28.5%) and injured while working on a farm (46.5% vs 6.3%, p<0.001). In older workers, work-related injuries were seasonal and peaked during summer, but there was little seasonality in injuries among younger workers.ConclusionOlder workers are more vulnerable to work-related injuries and have a different profile of work-related injuries from younger workers. Age-related differences in the injury profile need to be considered when developing workplace injury prevention policies and programmes, and the specific vulnerabilities of older workers need to be addressed.

ESTIMATION OF TECHNICAL, SPECIALIZED AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CULTIVATED POTATO VARIETIES USING DATA ENVELOPE ANALYSIS METHOD (DEA) IN IRAQ FOR SPRING LUG 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-131
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Envelope Analysis ◽  
Variable Capacity ◽  
Data Envelope Analysis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Stability

Research highlights the importance of potato crop, which occupies a prominent food and economic status in food security besides rice, wheat and corn at the local and global level. Despite the expansion of the cultivation of potato crop in Iraq in general and Ameriyah district in particular However, potato productivity remains substandard, this may be due to a lack of knowledge of the most efficient varieties and not to use productive resources at the levels at which technical, specialized and economic efficiency is achieved. Therefore, the aim of the research is to determine the technical, specialized and economic efficiency according to the cultivated seed category. The data envelope analysis (DEA) method was used to estimate technical, specialized and economic efficiency, assuming constant and variable capacity returns. As a result of the study, the Safrana variety achieved the highest average technical efficiency according to the stability of the yield and capacity efficiency in addition to achieving the highest average specialized and economic efficiency, The Lapadia variety achieved the highest average technical efficiency, assuming that capacity returns have changed. Therefore, we recommend the adoption of items that achieve higher efficiency and the need to redistribute the elements of production better and Achieving the optimum levels at which technical, specialized and economic efficiency is achieved and saving what has been wasted.

scholarly journals Description of Main Predictors for Taking Sick Leave Associated with Work-Related Eye Injuries in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5157
Author(s):  
Sergio Martín-Prieto ◽  
Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina ◽  
Israel Thuissard-Vassallo ◽  
Carlos Catalina-Romero ◽  
Eva Calvo-Bonacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sick Leave ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Eye Injury ◽  
Eye Injuries ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Type Of Injury

Recent studies in Spain have shown that males, younger workers, and people involved in manual jobs had the highest risk of suffering a work-related eye injury (WREI). This study aims to assess the predictors of sick leave associated with WREI and to compare them with risk factors of initial injury. A retrospective and descriptive study of WREI that causes sick leave of one or more days among workers from an insurance labor mutual company in Spain was conducted over a period from 2008 to 2018. The variables of the study were sex, age, occupation, and type of injury. A total of 9352 (18.6% of 50,265 WREI) cases and 113,395 total days of sick leave were observed, with an estimated EUR 4,994,009.59 of associated labor cost. The main predictors of sick leave related to WREI were found to be female (highest incidence; 25.9 (95% CI (24.8–27.1))), >55 years of age (highest incidence; 20.5 (95% CI (19.3–21.7))), not working in the industry (lowest incidence; 13.8 (95% CI (13.3–14.2))), and not suffering “other disorders of conjunctiva” (lowest incidence; 5.7 (95% CI (4.7–6.8))). The consequences associated with WREI are worse for female and older workers, despite the main risk of suffering WREI being observed in males and younger workers.

scholarly journals 12-Year Trends in Active School Transport across Four European Countries—Findings from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2118
Author(s):  
Ellen Haug ◽  
Otto Robert Frans Smith ◽  
Jens Bucksch ◽  
Catherina Brindley ◽  
Jan Pavelka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Family Affluence ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Using Data

Active school transport (AST) is a source of daily physical activity uptake. However, AST seems to have decreased worldwide over recent decades. We aimed to examine recent trends in AST and associations with gender, age, family affluence, and time to school, using data from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study collected in 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 in the Czech Republic, Norway, Scotland, and Wales. Data from 88,212 students (11, 13 and 15 years old) revealed stable patterns of AST from 2006 to 2018, apart from a decrease in the Czech Republic between 2006 and 2010. For survey waves combined, walking to and from school was most common in the Czech Republic (55%) and least common in Wales (30%). Cycling was only common in Norway (22%). AST differed by gender (Scotland and Wales), by age (Norway), and by family affluence (everywhere but Norway). In the Czech Republic, family affluence was associated with change over time in AST, and the effect of travel time on AST was stronger. The findings indicate that the decrease in AST could be levelling off in the countries considered here. Differential associations with sociodemographic factors and travel time should be considered in the development of strategies for AST.

Inequalities in the Regional Distribution of Private Psychiatric Services Provided under Medicare

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Jorm ◽  
Stephen J. Rosenman ◽  
Patricia A. Jacomb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Medicare Data ◽  
Consultant Physician ◽  
Using Data

An analysis was carried out on Medicare data to find out if there are inequalities in the geographical distribution of private psychiatric services in Australia. The number of psychiatric services and persons becoming patients per 100,000 population was calculated for each federal electorate for the year 1985/86 and related to social indicators derived from the 1986 census. As a comparison, services provided by consultant physicians were analyzed as well. The data were based on the electorate of the patient rather than the electorate of the practitioner. Consultant psychiatrist services were found to be received more often in high socio-economic status electorates and those with older populations, and less often in rural areas. A similar pattern was found for consultant physician services, although the relationship with socio-economic status was not as strong. Frequent psychiatric consultations of longer duration, which are an indicator of insight psychotherapy, were more common in higher socioeconomic status electorates. A limitation of the Medicare data is that they cover only private services. To overcome this limitation, a supplementary analysis was carried out on the distribution of consultations for mental disorders using data from the National Health Survey. These data confirmed that individuals of high socio-economic status with a mental disorder are more likely to receive specialist treatment.

scholarly journals Center-Based Child Care and Differential Improvements in the Child Development Outcomes of Disadvantaged Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Anne Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research finds center-based child care typically benefits children of low socio-economic status (SES) but few studies have examined if it also reduces inequalities in developmental disadvantage. Objective I test if the length of time in center-based care between ages one and three years associates with child development scores at age three years, focusing on the impact for groups of children in the lower tercile of child development scores and in the lower SES tercile. Method Using data from 1,606 children collected in a nationally representative Chilean survey, I apply a value-added approach to measure gains in child development scores between age one and three years that are associated with length of time in center-based child care. Results Disadvantages at age one year were associated with lower child development scores at age three years. No benefits of additional time in center-based care were found for the non-disadvantaged group, but positive associations were found between more time in center-based care and child development outcomes for children with the SES disadvantage only. Center-based care was not associated with child development trajectories of children with lower child development scores at age one year, no matter their SES status. Conclusions There is evidence that Chilean center-based child care reduces SES inequality in child development scores between ages one and three years, but only if children already were not low-scorers at age one year.

Overeducation and the Earnings of Black, Hispanic, and White Male Workers

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Verdugo ◽  
Naomi Turner Verdugo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Workers ◽  
White Minority

This study addresses two issues: (1) the impact of overeducation on the earnings of male workers in the United States, and (2) white-minority earnings differences among males. Given that educational attainment levels are increasing among workers, there is some suspicion that earnings returns to education are not as great as might be expected. This topic is examined by including an overeducation variable in an earnings function. Regarding the second issue addressed in this article, little is actually known about white-minority differences because the bulk of such research compares whites and blacks. By including selected Hispanic groups in this analysis (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Other Hispanics) we are able to assess white-minority earnings differences to a greater degree. Using data from a 5% sample of the 1980 census to estimate an earnings function, we find that overeducated workers earn less than either undereducated or adequately educated workers. Second, we find that there are substantial earnings differences between whites and minorities, and, also, between the five minority groups examined.

Hoe bereid zijn werkgevers om ouderen aan te nemen?

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Fouarge ◽  
Raymond Montizaan
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Opinion ◽  
Vignette Study ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Relative Productivity

How willing are employers to hire older workers? How willing are employers to hire older workers? In this article, we use a vignette study among employers in the public sector to investigate how the role of the job applicant’s age and employers’ views on productivity and the wages of older workers affect the likelihood that older applicants are hired. We find that the likelihood of being hired significantly decreases with the age of the applicant. A job applicant who is 60 years old, has a 41% lower chance of being hired than someone who is 35 years. Employers believe that the productivity of 55to 64-year-olds is lower and labor costs are higher than that of younger workers. However, a negative opinion on the labor costs of older workers has no significant impact on older applicants’ probability of being hired. A negative opinion of the employer on the relative productivity of older workers does substantially lower the probability that an older applicant will be hired.

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