scholarly journals Role of Laws to Control Brick Manufacturing and Kiln Establishment in Bangladesh: Scope of Alternative Bricks

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Hossain Abir
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Building Research Institute ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In Bangladesh, clay bricks are extensively used as building construction material. Rapid urbanization in the country has spurred the brick production of 8.6 billion each year. Larger part of brick fields have been set up illicitly, near human homes, schools, colleges, medicinal services offices, disregarding the current laws in this regard. Top soil of agricultural land is collected for producing bricks. As a result our country is losing hectares of precious topsoil each year. In Bangladesh, around 12,000 brick kilns are in operation. A kiln produces averagely 8,500 bricks using 1,000 cubic feet of topsoil. Tons of forest wood is burned to produce bricks every year. Brick kilns emissions consist of carbon-dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM) including black carbon (BC), sulphur-dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO), thereby causing air pollution. Brick kilns around Dhaka are responsible for up to 58 percent of all the fine-particulate air pollution in the capital. Unabated growth and running of brick kilns reveals the fact that the law enforcement mechanism is not functioning properly. Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI), has come up with various alternatives of bricks, rarely used in any private or public buildings. This study concentrates on the roles of existing laws to control brick manufacturing and kiln establishment in Bangladesh and also scope of Alternative Bricks (ABs) in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Air Quality Effects of Pollutant Gases from Brick Kilns near Chennai

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2284-2291
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Brick Kiln ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Toxic Pollutant ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Pollutant Gases

Brick kiln industries are commonly found in most of the regions in our country. Many private sectors consider this type of industry more as a business rather than giving importance to hygiene and health aspects. This work has focused on the air pollutants emitted from brick kiln industries near Chennai and its environmental effects. Majority of pollutants emitted were found to be oxides of nitrogen (NOx ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and oxides of sulphur (SOx ). Generally all these gases have adverse bad effects on the well health of human community. Workers in brick kiln industries are directly inhaling toxic pollutant gases and suffer with various health complexities. Sampling sites were chosen based on last five years historical data. Experimental survey was done in the chosen sampling sites to observe the severity of pollution around the place. Time bound study and observation was conducted to know the pollution effects in various months ranging from October 2018 to February 2019. Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated and remedial measures were suggested.

scholarly journals Prevalence of respiratory morbidity among brick kiln workers: a cross sectional study from rural north India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1506
Author(s):  
Rushali Gupta ◽  
Riya Gupta ◽  
Rayaz Jan ◽  
Bhavna Langer ◽  
Rajiv K. Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Brick Kiln ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Kilns

Background: Fired clay bricks, an important construction material, are manufactured in non-mechanized, labour intensive brick kilns which mostly employ unskilled men and women. The workers, as an occupational hazard, are exposed to dust and air pollution leading to respiratory diseases.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among brick kiln workers in RS Pura block of Jammu district. The workers were assessed regarding respiratory symptoms and illnesses using translated version of American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78A).Results: 692 brick kiln workers were interviewed during the course of survey and 58.8%of them were males. 45% of the respondents were working since last less than three years. Among the respiratory symptoms chronic cough, was present in 23.55% and phlegm in 22.83% of the respondents. Chronic bronchitis was present in 20.52% of the respondents. Association of respiratory symptoms in relation to sex of the respondents was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Respiratory symptoms and illness were found to be quite prevalent in the brick kiln workers. More research needs to be conducted to assess other health risks besides respiratory morbidity. Health planners need to plan for their basic sanitation facilities and periodic check ups.

scholarly journals Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2002
Author(s):  
Ke Huang ◽  
Martin Dallimer ◽  
Lindsay C. Stringer ◽  
Anlu Zhang ◽  
Ting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Economic Agglomeration

Urbanization involves expansion of the amount of land covered by urban uses. Rural to urban land conversion (RULC) can satisfy demand for the additional space that growing cities require. However, there can be negative consequences, such as the loss of productive agricultural land and/or the destruction of natural habitats. Considerable interest therefore exists among policy makers and researchers regarding how the efficiency of RULC can be maximized. We used the Gini index and a data envelopment analysis to quantify the relationship between RULC and economic development for 17 metropolitan areas in China. We did this from two perspectives: (i) coordination; and (ii) efficiency. We found that economic agglomeration fosters the coordination of the amount of rural land that is allocated to be converted to urban uses. Similarly, economic agglomeration increases the efficiency of RULC in terms of the processes of socio-economic production. Through production technology innovation and readjustment in the scale of input factors, the productive efficiency of RULC can be promoted. Our findings suggest a need to strictly limit the amount of RULC, design differential land management policies according to location and development level, and adjust RULC allocation between different cities. Further, in harnessing the potential of intensive urban land use and restructuring, production factors, including land, can be enhanced through technological innovation. Research presented in this paper provides insights for areas of the world which are yet to undergo the rapid urbanization that China has experienced, but where it is projected to occur over the coming decades.

scholarly journals Monitoring compliance with sulfur content regulations of shipping fuel by in situ measurements of ship emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 10087-10092 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kattner ◽  
B. Mathieu-Üffing ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Schmolke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among other issues, the sulfur content in shipping fuels, which is transformed into the air pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulfur content was limited to 1 %, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1 %. Here we present the set-up and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulfur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, thus facilitating the monitoring of compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100 % for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4 % despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions, up to 40 % of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulfur fuel content.

scholarly journals CO2 Emission Due to Excavation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 951-953
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Flat Base ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Environmental Outcome ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

Rapid urbanization in developing countries causes the emission of greenhouse gases. A major part of emission is released by infrastructure construction sites. construction process involves excavation, (which is a significant area of study, given that it involves changing the site by disturbing and removing vegetation. The main gases which are associated with excavation include carbon dioxide(CO2), methane(CH4) and nitrous oxide(N2O). These gases (greenhouse gases) are responsible for global warming. Nearly about 22.6% emission of co2 is due to earthwork on the construction site. Although excavation is economical in terms of delivering a flat base for raft construction, the environmental outcome of this approach needs to be examined more carefully in terms of influencing the environment. The air quality in India according to a WHO one of the polluted country in the world. In this situation, controlling and reducing pollution is an area of prime concern

scholarly journals Hunting for Information in Streamflow Signatures to Improve Modelled Drainage

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Raphael Schneider ◽  
Simon Stisen ◽  
Anker Lajer Højberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Drain Flow ◽  
Set Up

About half of the Danish agricultural land is drained artificially. Those drains, mostly in the form of tile drains, have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Consequently, the drainage system must also be represented in hydrological models that are used to simulate, for example, the transport and retention of chemicals. However, representation of drainage in large-scale hydrological models is challenging due to scale issues, lacking data on the distribution of drain infrastructure, and lacking drain flow observations. This calls for more indirect methods to inform such models. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that drain flow leaves a signal in streamflow signatures, as it represents a distinct streamflow generation process. Streamflow signatures are indices characterizing hydrological behaviour based on the hydrograph. Using machine learning regressors, we show that there is a correlation between signatures of simulated streamflow and simulated drain fraction. Based on these insights, signatures relevant to drain flow are incorporated in hydrological model calibration. A distributed coupled groundwater–surface water model of the Norsminde catchment, Denmark (145 km2) is set up. Calibration scenarios are defined with different objective functions; either using conventional stream flow metrics only, or a combination with hydrological signatures. We then evaluate the results from the different scenarios in terms of how well the models reproduce observed drain flow and spatial drainage patterns. Overall, the simulation of drain in the models is satisfactory. However, it remains challenging to find a direct link between signatures and an improvement in representation of drainage. This is likely attributable to model structural issues and lacking flexibility in model parameterization.

scholarly journals Air Pollution and Urban Green Space: Evidence of Environmental Injustice in Adama, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Flanagan ◽  
Kristoffer Mattisson ◽  
John Walles ◽  
Asmamaw Abera ◽  
Axel Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Injustice ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

While air pollution data in Ethiopia is limited, existing studies indicate high levels of both ambient and household air pollution; rapid urbanization also threatens the preservation of urban green spaces. In this study, environmental injustice, or the disproportionate burden of environmental exposures on persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES), was explored among women in Ethiopia using a mother and child cohort from the city of Adama. Land-use regression models were previously developed for modeling ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) throughout Adama, while household air pollution (cooking fuel type) and the presence of green space were assessed through questionnaires and home visits, respectively. The odds of being exposed to these environmental factors were analyzed in association with two SES indicators, education and occupation, using logistic regression. Our results indicate the presence of environmental injustice in Adama, as women with lower SES shouldered a higher burden of air pollution exposure and enjoyed less urban green space than their higher SES counterparts. These findings encourage the prioritization of air quality control and urban planning resources toward policy action within lower SES areas. From a societal perspective, our results also support more upstream interventions, including investment in educational and occupational opportunities. Still, a human rights approach is emphasized, as governments are responsible for protecting the right to a clean environment, especially for those disproportionately exposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on environmental injustice in Ethiopia, and the first in Sub-Saharan Africa to investigate the inequalities of ambient and household air pollution exposure as well as urban green space access in the same cohort.

scholarly journals The impact of urbanization expansion on agricultural land in Ethiopia: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Assefa Ayele ◽  
Kassa Tarekegn
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn a country like Ethiopia where the vast majority of the populations are employed in agriculture, land is an important economic resource for the development of rural livelihoods. Agricultural land in peri-urban areas is, however, transformed into built-up regions through horizontal urban expansion that has an effect on land use value. In recent years Ethiopia has been experiencing rapid urbanization, which has led to an ever-increasing demand for land in peri-urban areas for housing and other nonagricultural activities that pervades agricultural land. There is a high demand for informal and illegal peri-urban land which has been held by peri-urban farmers, and this plays a vital role in the unauthorized and sub-standard house construction on agricultural land. This urbanization has not been extensively reviewed and documented. In this review an attempt has been made to assess the impacts of rapid urbanization on agricultural activities. Urban expansion has reduced the areas available for agriculture, which has seriously impacted upon peri-urban farmers that are often left with little or no land to cultivate and which has increased their vulnerability. Housing encroachments have been observed to be uncontrolled due to a weak government response to the trend of unplanned city expansion. This has left peri-urban farmers exposed to the negative shocks of urbanization because significant urbanization-related agricultural land loss has a positive correlation with grain production decrease. Appropriate governing bodies should control urban development in order to control the illegal and informal spread of urbanization on agricultural land that threatens food production.

scholarly journals Status of Air Pollution Regulations Affecting Gas Turbines in 80 Nations

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Ketterer ◽  
N. R. Dibelius
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Ground Level Concentration ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Air Pollution Emissions

This paper summarizes regulations from 80 countries covering air pollution emissions from gas turbines. The paper includes emission and ground level concentration standards for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, visible emissions, and carbon monoxide.

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