scholarly journals Cluster as the mechanism for neo-industrialization of the economy

Author(s):  
Natalya Vladimirovna Lapenkova ◽  
Dmitrii Vladimirovich Firsov

The subject of this research is various approaches towards the definition of clusters applicable to economic relations, as well as their key characteristics. Special attention is given to the analysis of the existing forms and types of clusters. The authors describe the role and place of clusters in neo-industrialization process, since cluster is not just a form of business organization, but also a form of social interaction and reproduction. Due to the ability of a cluster to accumulate and use knowledge independently, it should be viewed as the mechanism for neo-industrialization of the economy, as well as an integral element for ensuring regional competitiveness. The article notes a substantial difference between the cluster form of organization and the holding form of organization based on the Russian and foreign research, as well as the differences between economic clusters and territorial production complexes, which are characteristic to sectoral approach. The conclusion is made that the prerequisite for the emergence of cluster is not the solution of the administrative guidance system, but a natural need of the business, favorable conditions for integration, and availability of the necessary infrastructure. The novelty consists in viewing cluster as the mechanism for neo-industrialization of the economy. It is underlined that clusters create a synergistic effect for the global region they are located in, as well as for the economies of the countries, separate regions or territories of these countries. The authors indicate the need for elaboration of the new approach towards the development of cluster policy. The new cluster policy is intended to regulate the industrial innovation process in the Russian Federation.

Author(s):  
FELIX I. BADAEV ◽  
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SVETLANA G. PYANKOVA ◽  
MARINA A. ANISIMOVA ◽  
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...  

The article is devoted to the consideration of the formation of an innovative medical cluster in the structure of the region. The importance of cluster policy as a tool for increasing regional competitiveness is emphasized. A classification of the concept of cluster policy is given from the position of the state’s role in stimulating innovation, as well as the formation by cluster participants of an interaction mechanism based on a breakthrough idea. Tendencies in the development of global cluster initiatives in medicine are systematized. The main types of medical clusters existing in the world practice are highlighted and their key characteristics are given. A comparison of the level of development of European and Russian clusters in the biopharmaceutical and medical industries is given. The main features of the innovative medical cluster in the Sverdlovsk region are formulated, its model is presented. The vision of the medical cluster management system is shown.


Author(s):  
Olena Akymenko ◽  
Vladyslav Andarak

The article summarizes the scientific material on the research topic and substantiates the idea that nowadays there is a substantial need to expand the range of Ukrainian products presented in the world markets, which requires increasing their competitiveness to the level of EU Member States. It has been given the definition of the concept of «industry competitiveness», which refers to a permanent ability to withstand competition due to the existing technical, economic and organizational conditions for mining, processing, and production of high-quality products that meet the requirements of specific consumer groups. It has been defined the principles of a systematic approach to competitiveness management, including systematic, integrity, structuring, balance, fairness, limited rationality, multiplicity, development, infinity, ensuring the attractiveness of positions, involvement, reliability of information, warnings, correspondence in time and space. There are a number of key characteristics of competitiveness, namely: relativity, objectivity, dynamism, integration, belonging to a specific competitive market, need for purposeful formation, immanence, uniformity, adequacy. It has been proved that the combination of restoration of the productive and financial capacity of industrial enterprises and the implementation of state programs on stimulation of economic development will help to increase the competitiveness of domestic industry.


2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas

The main goal of the paper is to analyse methodical and practical aspects of country (region) competitiveness sustainable development strategy and its implementation means. Such an innovative problem has raised a lot of original tasks and a need for developing corresponding solution methods. Today definitions of development and sustainability often go together analysing global, regional and local processes. Indeed, in this case the definition of competitiveness, as well as the definition of development sustainability require adequate interpretation and quantitative assessment. In the paper, country (region) competitiveness measure is assumed as three‐dimensional indicator, which depends on the fields of activity, dominating in the country, international economic relations and legal, financial, ecological, natural resources and geographical location environment competitiveness. An assumption is made that it is possible to evaluate quantitatively general competitiveness subject to three mentioned components competitiveness, as well as the competitiveness of every component, subject to the competitiveness of its components, based on generally accepted methods or with the help of expert means. Another assumption is made, that there exist quantitative dependencies among components competitiveness increases and amount of costs required to obtain them. As the instrument of the funds accumulated and developed for integrated country competitiveness indicator increase, evaluation and optimal allocation, the adequate for the decision results reliability assessment portfolio theory is selected, which allows assessing reliability of development possibilities under different levels of risk. Success in risk management is supposed to be factor of the highest importance to tackle sustainability at country's competitiveness development. Final structurisation of expert decision‐making support system principles is discussed when applying the system to competitiveness and risk management. Santrauka Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – panagrinėti metodologinius ir praktinius šalies (regiono) konkurencingumo tvariosios plėtros strategijos aspektus ir jos įgyvendinimo priemones. Ši inovatyvi problema iškėlė daug originalių praktinio realizavimo uždavinių, kai kurie iš jų tinka sprendimo metodams sudaryti. Šiandien plėtros ir tvarumo sąvokos dažnai eina kartu analizuojant tiek globalinius, tiek regioninius, tiek vietinius procesus. Iš tikrųjų šiuo atveju konkurencingumo sąvoka, kaip ir plėtros tvarumo sąvoka, reikalauja adekvačios interpretacijos ir kiekybinio įvertinimo. Straipsnyje šalies (regiono) konkurencingumo matu priimtas trimatis indikatorius, kuris priklauso nuo veiklos sričių, dominuojančių šalyje, tarptautinių ekonominių santykių bei teisinės, finansinės, ekologinės, gamtinių išteklių ir geografinės padėties aplinkos konkurencingumų. Straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad galima kiekybiškai įvertinti tiek bendrąjį konkurencingumą, priklausomai nuo trijų iš paminėtų komponenčių konkurencingumų, tiek kiekvienos iš komponenčių konkurencingumą, priklausomai nuo jas sudarančių subkomponenčių konkurencingumų, remiantis visuotinai pripažintais metodais arba ekspertinėmis priemonėmis. Taip pat daroma prielaida, kad yra pažinios kiekybinės priklausomybės tarp subkomponenčių konkurencingumų prieaugių ir sąnaudų, reikalingų jiems pasiekti, apimčių. Lėšų, sukauptų ir paruoštų integruotam šalies konkurencingumo rodikliui padidinti, įvertinti ir optimaliai paskirstyti, instrumentu yra pasirinkta portfelio teorija, adekvati sprendimų rezultatų patikimumo įvertinimui ir leidžianti įvertinti plėtros galimybių patikimumą esant skirtingiems rizikos lygiams. Rizikos valdymo sėkmė yra laikoma aukščiausios svarbos veiksniu, įtvirtinančiu šalies konkurencingumo plėtros tvarumą. Galutinė ekspertinės sprendimų priėmimo ir paramos sistemos principų struktūrizacija aptariama pritaikant sistemą konkurencingumo ir rizikos valdymui.


10.5772/56920 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Žižlavský

In the modern globalized world, innovation is a basic prerequisite for economic development and the preservation of competitiveness. However, there is still no generally accepted definition of innovation or the innovation process; individual authors use their own definitions, often formed from different concepts. This paper compares these definitions using methods of analysis and synthesis, constructing its own conceptual framework of the innovation process reflecting the key characteristics that are identical or similar in many of the compared definitions. When constructing a new definition and model, it is necessary to bear in mind that innovation is not an isolated activity but rather an entire process or even sequence of processes. With true innovation, every partial process must be successfully completed. This process as a whole becomes the starting point for further research, measurement and the management control of innovation performance under the postdoc research project “Innovation Process Performance Assessment: a Management Control System Approach in the Czech Small and Medium-sized Enterprises” No. 13-20123P of the Czech Science Foundation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2691-2700
Author(s):  
Stefan Goetz ◽  
Dennis Horber ◽  
Benjamin Schleich ◽  
Sandro Wartzack

AbstractThe success of complex product development projects strongly depends on the clear definition of target factors that allow a reliable statement about the fulfilment of the product requirements. In the context of tolerancing and robust design, Key Characteristics (KCs) have been established for this purpose and form the basis for all downstream activities. In order to integrate the activities related to the KC definition into product development as early as possible, the often vaguely formulated requirements must be translated into quantifiable KCs. However, this is primarily a manual process, so the results strongly depend on the experience of the design engineer.In order to overcome this problem, a novel computer-aided approach is presented, which automatically derives associated functions and KCs already during the definition of product requirements. The approach uses natural language processing and formalized design knowledge to extract and provide implicit information from the requirements. This leads to a clear definition of the requirements and KCs and thus creates a founded basis for robustness evaluation at the beginning of the concept design stage. The approach is exemplarily applied to a window lifter.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Nargiz Sattarova ◽  

This article presents the definitions of the concept of trade services by various scientists, the place and role of trade services in all spheres and sectors of society, as well as a new definition of trade services given by the author.If the main goal of the current stage of economic transformation is to create favorable conditions for the effective operation of trade enterprises, then the main goal of the article is an in-depth study of the essence and content of the concept of trade services as an independent economic entity.


Author(s):  
Alla Brovdii ◽  

Some aspects of the economic and legal status of a consulting engineer are analyzed, taking into account the specifics of national legislation. Some problems of the legal status of the consulting engineer and the forms of his economic activity are revealed. The introduction of such an entity as a consulting engineer in the modern conditions of construction development is of particular importance due to the need to improve the quality of construction work, the development of competition in this area and the need to change approaches to economic activity in this area. It is established that the concept of consulting engineer is defined in some special regulations, in particular, regulating activities in the field of road construction, but the economic and legal aspects of his business remain unresolved. This significantly affects the effectiveness of the introduction of the institute of consulting engineers in the field of management. The problem of lack of clear definition of the form of conducting economic activity by the specified participant of economic relations is revealed. The necessity of adopting a special normative legal act, namely the Law of Ukraine "On the activities of consulting engineers", in which to regulate general issues of their legal status, features of the organization of its activities, responsibilities, etc is proved. The author's definition of the concept of consulting engineer is proposed, taking into account the need to establish the organizational and legal form of his business, which will ensure proper regulation of relations between him and other participants in construction relations, including contractors and customers. The solution of some problems of the economic and legal status of the consulting engineer under the legislation of Ukraine is offered. The expediency of conducting the activity of a consulting engineer as a self-employed person, or carrying out its activity by creating a legal entity (association of consulting engineers) is substantiated. In addition, in our opinion, an entity that carries out engineering activities and has concluded employment contracts with duly accredited consulting engineers has the right to provide the services of a consulting engineer.


Author(s):  
Vasyl Ya. Tatsii ◽  
Yevhen M. Bilousov ◽  
Daryna S. Kosinova

The purpose of this article is to address current issues of doctrinal and legal security of economic security of the state with the actualisation of issues concerning the relationship between the concepts of “economic security” and “economic sovereignty” in their relationship and mutual understanding. The authors pay attention to the analysis of existing in the national legal doctrines of individual countries scientific approaches to the definition of “economic sovereignty”, clarify its main features, analyse the scientific approaches of domestic and foreign researchers to define the concept of “economic security” and on this basis own vision of the instrumental content of these definitions. It is argued that the concept of “economic sovereignty” is primary in relation to the concept of “economic security”. The article examines the national systems (models) of economic security of the state, including, in particular, American, Japanese, Chinese, models of institutional entities (in particular, the EU), models typical of countries with economies in transition. The authors found that Ukraine is characterised by a system (model) of economic security of countries with economies in transition, which is fragmented and inconsistent in its construction, which ultimately affects the state of economic security of the state as a whole. It was found that the main goal of Ukraine at this stage of its development in the context of building a national model of economic security is to create an effective system of means to overcome or minimise existing or potential threats, especially in the context of globalisation of trade and economic relations. The paper emphasises the need to borrow positive foreign experience of legal support of relations for the creation and implementation of national systems of economic security of the state to gradually transform Ukraine into an important participant in the processes of international economic security


Author(s):  
Анна Сазонова ◽  
Anna Sazonova

The national innovation system is one of the main mechanisms for restructuring the Russian economy. The implementation of innovations, the active development of the science and technology industry creates the necessary conditions and prerequisites for the transition of the economy to its new technological structure, providing an innovative type of economic growth. In recent years, the literature has developed many approaches to the definition of the concept of “innovative potential”. Some authors consider this category as a set of resources and capabilities of the system to create and implement innovations. Others define innovative potential as a measure of the region’s readiness to create and promote innovations. The third group of authors treats innovation potential as a result of innovation activity, identifying in some way the concept of “innovation potential” and “innovation process”. This article discusses approaches to the definition of a comprehensive indicator of innovative potential. The assessment methods considered in this article allow to determine the level of innovative potential of an organizational system, to perform a comparative analysis of systems according to a generalized indicator of innovative potential and its components, and also to develop programs for the development of organizational systems taking into account the effective use of innovative system capabilities.


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1(63)) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
O.I. Laiko ◽  
V.S. Ivanchenkov ◽  
I.V. Strutynska

It is considered the essence of the terms of innovations and innovative activity of the canning industry enterprise, on example of enterprises of the Ukrainian Black Sea region. It is improved the classification of types of innovations and innovative processes for canning enterprises, by allocating relevant classification groups, that are actual in the aspect of modern scientific and practical approaches. The economic essence of the category of innovative susceptibility of enterprises is determined. According to the modern requirements and challenges that arise in the process of transformation of the national economic system it is determined the need of update of the theoretical basis for the study of innovation processes, and it is proved the necessity of formulation of the objective definitions and classifications of innovations, of the types of innovation activities that make key-point in the research process of the current realities of economic development. As a result of the research of various types and definitions of innovations, it is established that the most important for the analyzing process of innovations for enterprises in the canning industry are such classifications, which are based on the degree of participation in the production process (production and non-productive innovations: administrative, in other processes of internal management, in the processes of supply-sales, in circulation processes, financial services), on the functional purpose of innovations (production and technological, personnel, economic, logistic, marketing, financial, investment, infrastructure innovations). The definition of innovations for canning enterprises is given in the article, it is developed the classification of types of innovation for the canning enterprise that is oriented on objective features and distinguishes of the innovation process, which is actually carried out by domestic enterprises that allows to take into account the aspect of actuality.


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