scholarly journals Road Safety Habits and Related Factors of the Adult Population. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aija Bukova-Žideļūna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Road traffic collisions and injuries are a global public health issue, not only due to high mortality rates, but also due to significant multiple injuries and subsequent disabilities. The number of deaths and injuries from road traffic collisions in Latvia is still significantly higher than in other European Union countries. Given the current paradigm that views road traffic injuries as predictable and avoidable, the development of an evidence–based and cross–sectoral understanding of individual habits and related factors is essential for the successful implementation of road safety improvement measures in the long term. The aim of the study was to describe persons killed or seriously injured in road traffic collisions and their risk factors from 2010 to 2018, to study the road safety habits of the adult population of Latvia during the same period, as well as to clarify the relationship between the habits and individual factors, health behaviour, and attitude towards road safety factors. Material and methods. The research has been carried out in parallel in two stages. In the first stage of the study, The Statistical Database of Road Traffic Collisions and Consequences was used for the analysis, including data on 57,471 persons involved in road traffic collisions. In the second stage of the study, using the data of a representative cross–sectional study of “Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population”, road safety habits – the use of reflectors, the use of seat belts in the front and rear seats – were analysed. The study tool was a validated, standardised questionnaire, including data from 10,731 respondents. Frequency distribution, cross–tabulation analysis, and Chi–square (?2) test were used for processing statistical data. Odds ratio, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the associations. Results. Between 2010 and 2018, the percentage of persons killed or seriously injured in road traffic collisions has decreased on average by 0.3 percentage points per year, while the incidence rate of persons killed or seriously injured in road traffic collisions per 100,000 person–years has increased on average by 1.2% per year. Higher odds of being fatally or seriously injured in road traffic collisions are observed in males, among the elderly (55 years and older) and the youngest (18 to 24 years) persons, when the collision occurs on regional and local roads, and in other cities compared to Riga, as well as in persons with exceeded permitted blood alcohol concentration level. During the period from 2010 to 2018, the use of reflectors in Latvia has not changed significantly (p > 0.05), in general, they are almost always worn by 53.6% of respondents. The use of seat belts has increased slightly – from 93.5% to 95.6% in the front seat of the vehicle, from 52.4% to 56.3% in the rear seat of the vehicle (p < 0,001). The multifactor regression analysis shows that lower odds for road safety habits are observed in males, among the youngest age group (18–24 years), in respondents with primary education,as well as among residents of Riga, followed by other cities compared to rural areas. Better road safety habits are among respondents without excessive alcohol consumption (OR = 1,6 – 2,1 depending on the habit analysed), among nonsmokers (OR = 1,5 – 1,8) and those with families where smoking is not allowed in the car (OR = 1,3 – 1,7). The odds for safe road habits are higher among persons who have visited their family doctor during the last year (OR = 1,2 – 1,3). Individuals with a possitive attitude towards the use of seat belts (OR = 1,9 – 9,7 depending on the specific question) and penalties for traffic violations (OR = 1,3 – 1,9) have higher odds for road safety habits. Higher odds of wearing seat belts are among respondents with more responsible attitude towards driving under the influence of alcohol (OR = 1,8 – 2,8) and respect for speed limits (OR = 1,3 – 1,9). Conclusions. Road safety and individual habits are a pressing public health issue in Latvia. Although the proportion of persons killed or seriously injured in road traffic collisions is decreasing, the incidence rate of persons killed or seriously injured in road traffic collisions (per 100,000 person–years) is increasing. The use of seat belts in the front seat of the vehicle is gradually approaching the level of other European countries, while the use of seat belts in the rear seat of the vehicle and the use of reflectors is insufficient and critically low. The relationship between individual road safety habits has been demonstrated not only with demographic, socio–economic, and attitude factors but also with careless health behaviour, which highlights the need to base sectoral policies and research in the long term on an integrated approach and cross–sectoral cooperation.

scholarly journals ESTONIAN TRAFFIC BEHAVIOUR MONITORING STUDIES 2001–2016: OVERVIEW AND RESULTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Juri Ess ◽  
Dago Antov
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Significant Factors

One of the most significant factors affecting road safety is human. Estonia has improved road safety dramatically since its re-independence in 1991, and among the other reasons, this has happened due to changes in behaviour of road users. Likely, at the same time, there have been annual studies conducted, aimed at measuring specific indicators connected to compliance with road traffic law. As a result, one gets long-term trends in such indicators as compliance with traffic signals, usage of seat belts, yielding to pedestrians at uncontrolled crossings. This paper aims to describe Estonian traffic behaviour studies, analysing their results and pointing out actual problems in traffic behaviour. According to the results of studies, all aspects of traffic behaviour showed positive trends, but these trends are different. Certain indicators such as usage of seat belts have changed dramatically, while others like compliance with traffic signals showed only moderate changes. The foremost problem in traffic behaviour is found out to be ignorance to yield at uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. It is certainly one of the issues to deal with in the context of achieving Estonian strategic goals in road safety.

scholarly journals PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC CONDITIONS OF RURAL ROADS AND BUILT-UP AREAS: THE ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SITUATION AND POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Nemunas Abukauskas ◽  
Egidijus Skrodenis
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Main Activity

The results of lengthy thorough investigations into traffic safety situation show that the percentage of pedestrians getting involved in road traffic accidents on Lithuanian roads is significantly higher (more than 33 % of the total number of injury and fatal accidents) than that compared to the other European Union member-states. The article studies traffic safety problems and their factors causing the largest influence on the occurrence of these accidents. Considering valuable experience gained by foreign countries, investigation was carried out to establish general and main factors causing insufficient road safety conditions and significance of these factors to road safety. The article also shows the main activity improving road safety in Lithuania and discusses the effectiveness of strategic and local (temporary and long term) measures to improve conditions for pedestrian road safety.

Statistics for, Death and Injury on the Roads: What Do They Tell Us about Risk and Safety Engineering?

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
A. H. Reinhardt-Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Safety Engineering ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
The Relationship

A reasonable strategy for reducing road casualties should reside in safety engineering: seat-belts; airbags; ABS brakes; water-repellent road-surfaces; and the like. Yet, for some time there have been rumblings about whether engineering initiatives are ever effective over the long term. One crucial issue that has emerged concerns the interpretation of trends in casualty rates; the present article is directed primarily to this issue and, specifically, to what appears to be a paradox in the relationship between death and injury statistics.

scholarly journals Comparison between the risks in road safety behaviour in urban and rural areas in Latvia in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Aija Bukova-Zideluna ◽  
Anita Villerusa ◽  
Iveta Pudule
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Safety Behaviour

The study examined the differences between respondents in urban and rural areas in respect of their self-reported attitudes and behaviour regarding taking risks in road traffic. Data of Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population 2016 survey was used for analysis. Results: 83.7% (N=1605) of urban respondents and 86.7% (N = 1456) of rural respondents always used seatbelts in the front seat. Only 55.3% (N = 1605) of urban respondents and 52.1% (N = 875) of rural respondents always used seatbelts in the back seat. Odds to use seatbelts in the front seat were higher for rural population (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.05–1.53). Odds to use seatbelts in the back seat were higher for urban population (OR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.01–1.30). Rural residents agreed more often with suggestion that it is not necessary to fasten the seatbelt on short journeys (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.15–1.75) and that it is not necessary to fasten the seatbelt travelling at speed less than 40 km/h (OR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.01–1.56). Rural respondents agreed more often than urban respondents that that driving a car under alcohol influence increases a chance of being involved in an accident (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.10–1.90).

scholarly journals Strategic Risk Measures in Road Traffic

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Jamroz
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Strategic Risk ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The Right ◽  
Strategic Goal

Strategic Risk Measures in Road Traffic Strategic risk is a long-term risk which forms part of long-term decisions taken by organisations which manage road safety in a specific area. The strategic risk on a country's road network is the uncertainty about the strategic goal which is to protect road users from death and injury. When estimating risk in traffic engineering it is important to use the right measures of risk and methods for calculating or forecasting risk. The paper presents an analysis of macro level measures of strategic risk in road traffic.

scholarly journals A Predictive Framework of Speed Camera Locations for Road Safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Asmae Rhanizar ◽  
Zineb El Akkaoui
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Classification Algorithm ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Crash Likelihood

Road traffic crashes are a public health issue due to their terrible impact on individuals, communities, and countries. Studies affirmed that vehicle speed is a major contributor to crash likelihood and severity. At the same time, they identified Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE) systems, namely speed cameras, as a highly effective measure to reduce excessive and inappropriate speed, and thus improving road safety. However, identifying optimum sites for fixed speed camera placement stays an open issue in the literature, although it is a key factor that guarantees the efficiency of such ASE systems. This paper describes a predictive framework of speed camera locations using a classification algorithm that can predict, for each section of a given road network, its pertinence as a speed camera location. First, we identify a set of features as predictors of the classification algorithm, that we have argued their goodness through correlation tests. Second, for training our algorithm, data from road controlled sections, corresponding to existing speed cameras, is exploited. Each section class reflects the contribution level of the ASE system (good, neutral, or bad) to road safety. Third, as a proofof-concept, the framework has been implemented and deployed on the Moroccan road network. The results showed that Random Forest classifier is the best performing model attaining an accuracy of 95% and a precision of 88%. Further, a tool was developed to visualize updated classification results on a Moroccan road network map to support authorities in their decision making process.

scholarly journals Important risk factors for road accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Dilshod Imamaliev ◽  
Aslidin Urakov ◽  
Muzrob Darabov ◽  
Ruzigul Sayfutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes the relationship and influence of factors such as the population, the level of motorization, economic development, and the state of the state road network on the state of the risk of road accidents, including the level of mortality and road injuries, as well as the relevance of improving methods for assessing, managing and predicting the risk of accidents in road traffic. National indicators of the level of road deaths and injuries in different countries were studied. The relationship between road accidents and the level of motorization, income of the population, the state of the road network, and other indicators were revealed. The urgency of the problem of road accidents and the organization of measures to reduce the level of road accidents is emphasized. It also takes into account the special importance of forming conceptually new approaches to the task of improving the efficiency of public administration in the field of organization and maintenance of road traffic through the implementation of the Concept of Road Safety in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2018-2022, which includes the following main directions: further improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of road safety, including significant strengthening of responsibility for gross violations of traffic rules; comprehensive improvement of road infrastructure, improving the quality of roads, creating reliable conditions for the safe movement of vehicles; improving the legal culture, the necessary knowledge, and skills of road users, strengthening their discipline.

VALIDITY OF THE SMID LAW IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION VISION ZERO

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Shevtsova Anastasia Gennad’evna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Vision Zero

Vizion Zero – a long-term program to improve road safety, according to which no one should be killed or seriously injured as a result of a road traffic accident (RTA). Due to the high efficiency of this program, many world countries, including the Russian Federation, took it as a basis for de-veloping long-term transport strategies. To assess the indicators and determine the possibility of achieving the established safety level, within the framework of this article, the main statistical models applicable to the analysis of the indicators of world countries are considered, a mathemat-ical calculation is made and the analysis of point data is carried out.

Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebrovascular thrombosis in the pediatric population: Few answers to many questions

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110214
Author(s):  
Georges El Hasbani ◽  
Ali T Taher ◽  
Nadine Sunji ◽  
Savino Sciascia ◽  
Imad Uthman
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Antibodies ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Sinovenous Thrombosis ◽  
The Relationship

Most of the knowledge in pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is derived from studies performed on the adult population. As in adults, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) can contribute to thrombosis, especially cerebrovascular thrombosis, in neonates and children. Since aPL have the potential to cross the placental barrier, and since the pediatric population is prone to infections, re-testing for their positivity is essential to specify their role in cerebrovascular thrombosis. In this review, we aimed at assessing the prevalence of aPL, criteria or non-criteria, in neonatal and childhood ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis trying to find an association between aPL and cerebrovascular thrombosis in the neonatal and pediatric population. Also, we looked into the effect of aPL and anticoagulants/antiplatelets on the long term neurological outcomes of affected neonates or children. The questions regarding the prevalence of aPL among pediatric patients with cerebrovascular thrombosis, the relationship between the titers of aPL and incidence and recurrence of cerebrovascular events, the predictability of the long term neurological outcomes, and the most optimal anticoagulation plan are still to be answered. However, it is crucial for clinicians to screen neonates and children with cerebrovascular thrombosis for aPL and confirm their presence if positive.

scholarly journals ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS RATE IN TYUMEN: 21th CENTURY TRENDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Artur I. Petrov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Transportation Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transport Mobility ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the problems of road traffic accidents rate in a large Russian city Tyumen in the late 20 – early 21st centuries. The statistics describes the actual road safety (RS) in Tyumen in 1998–2020. The article presents models based on specific data from Tyumen, that confirm R. Smid's law on the relationship between motorization and the estimated characteristics of RS – human risk (HR) and transportation risk (TR). The trends of HR and TR formation over time for the Tyumen transport system correspond to the stage of a qualitative transition from the third to the fourth RS paradigm. The leading countries are characterized by the fifth paradigm of RS in the field of ensuring the safety of the population today. This is a system of views based on the ideas of the highest value of human life and the need to limit transport mobility, transfer it to another quality. Tyumen with the values of the third and fourth paradigms of RS in practice, so far in all objective manifestations repeats the experience of cities in other countries that passed this stage 20–30 years ago.

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