scholarly journals Immunotherapy in skin cancers - A narrative review

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V. T. Anjali ◽  
Feroze Kaliyadan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Target Cancer ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Immunotherapy, in the context of cancers, involves the use of various drugs to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. Immunotherapy is being increasingly used for cutaneous malignancies, especially melanoma. Immunity plays an important part in protection against cancer. One of the factors limiting the effectiveness of host immunity is improper recognition of cancer cells. Sometimes, despite recognizing the cancer cells as abnormal, the immune response, for various reasons might not be strong enough to deal effectively with the cancer cells. Immunotherapy basically tries to address the two points mentioned above by improving the capacity of the immune system to recognize and effectively destroy cancer cells. In skin cancers, immunotherapy is best established for melanomas, but is increasingly being used for non-melanoma skin cancers too. This article reviews some of the general concepts about immunotherapy in cancer and discusses in detail, the available options and future possibilities in the applications of immunotherapy in skin cancer.

Surgical Management of Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Wargo ◽  
Kenneth Tenabe
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Stage Iv Melanoma ◽  
Melanoma Skin

The prevalence of malignant skin cancers has increased significantly over the past several years. Approximately 1.2 million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are diagnosed per year. More alarming, up to 80,000 cases of melanoma are diagnosed per year, an incidence that has been steadily increasing, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 50 for the development of melanoma. The disturbing increase in the incidence of both non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma can largely be attributed to the social attitude toward sun exposure. The clinical assessment and management of skin lesions can be challenging. This review describes the assessment process, including thorough history and examination; the need for possible biopsy; and excision criteria. Specific types of skin cancer are distinguished and include basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; and melanoma; and for each type the incidence; epidemiology; histologic subtypes; diagnosis; and both surgical and non-surgical treatments are provided. Stages I-IV of melanoma are detailed, with prognostic factors described. Surgical treatment for stages I and II include description of the margins of excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The surgical treatment of Stage III melanoma further includes therapeutic lymph node dissection and isolated limb perfusion. Adjuvant therapies are also presented and include radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The additional treatment of metastasectomy for Stage IV melanoma is described. For both Stage III and IV melanoma, the study of vaccines to host immune cells is reported. For Stage IV melanoma, the text also describes immunotherapy treatment. Operative procedures specific to superficial and deep groin dissections are outlined. This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables, and 96 references.

scholarly journals Treatment of Multiple Actinic Keratosis and Field of Cancerization with Topical Piroxicam 0.8% and Sunscreen 50+ in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Series of 10 Cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Garofalo ◽  
Alessandra Ventura ◽  
Sara Mazzilli ◽  
Laura Diluvio ◽  
Luca Bianchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Actinic Keratosis ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
Organ Transplant Recipient ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Organ transplant recipient (OTR) subjects are at high risk of skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered the precursor of these non-melanoma skin cancers. Sun protection is mandatory in subjects with AK and this preventive strategy is very important in OTR. Treatment of the field of cancerization is also crucial to reduce the risk of recurrence of skin lesions in AK and non-melanoma skin cancer patients. Activation of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of skin cancers. Topical application of cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as diclofenac and, more recently, piroxicam has shown to reduce AK lesions in immunocompetent subjects. A medical device containing piroxicam and SPF 50+ sunscreen filters (P+SS) has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing AK lesions and improving the field of cancerization. We report the effect of P+SS, applied for 16 weeks, in a case series of 10 OTR subjects with multiple AK lesions. P+SS treatment was associated with a relevant AK lesion reduction (>75%) in 7 patients (with a complete clearance in 3 subjects) with an improvement in the field of cancerization. This medical device could be considered a promising long-term curative and preventive treatment in OTR patients at high risk of non-melanoma skin cancers.

scholarly journals Microbial Modulation of Host Immunity with the Small Molecule Phosphorylcholine

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Clark ◽  
Jeffrey N. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Chop Expression ◽  
Choline Phosphate

ABSTRACTAll microorganisms dependent on persistence in a host for survival rely on either hiding from or modulating host responses to infection. The small molecule phosphorylcholine, or choline phosphate (ChoP), is used for both of these purposes by a wide array of bacterial and parasitic microbes. While the mechanisms underlying ChoP acquisition and expression are diverse, a unifying theme is the use of ChoP to reduce the immune response to infection, creating an advantage for ChoP-expressing microorganisms. In this minireview, we discuss several benefits of ChoP expression during infection as well as how the immune system fights back against ChoP-expressing pathogens.

How Mohs Surgery Transformed Into a First-Line Treatment of Skin Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Bobotsis ◽  
Lyn Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Surgical Margins ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Mohs Surgery ◽  
The Real ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
First Line Treatment

Mohs surgery is considered ideal treatment for many types of skin cancers. Developed by Dr Frederic Edward Mohs (1910-2002), Mohs surgery allows all surgical margins to be viewed microscopically, ensuring no cancer cells go unremoved, yet it failed to achieve immediate acceptance when first introduced in the 1940s. A catalyst to the widespread acceptance of Mohs surgery occurred with the work of dermatologic colleagues who reported excellent results without using the paste. It suggested the real innovation of Mohs surgery lay in its microscopic control and not the paste, the discontinuation of which removed all the problems associated with its use.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Immune Evasion in Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 414-457
Author(s):  
Elena Locci ◽  
Silvia Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Keywords Cancer ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Colored Spot

One of the most popular types of skin cancer is acral lentiginous melanoma, which usually appears as an irregular, prominent growth on the palms of the hands, feet, or under the nails. In fact, the symptoms of this cancer, which is a prominent colored spot on the skin, slowly begin to appear. In the first stage, malignant cells remain inside the tissue for months or years. The lesion then acts aggressively and appears on the skin as it exits the epidermis. Experts say this type of melanoma can grow rapidly and penetrate deep into the skin. Unlike other skin cancers that occur due to overexposure to the sun, acral melanoma has nothing to do with it. In appearance, these types of cancer spots are more than 6 mm in size and can be brown, blue-gray, black or red. Early in the onset of the disease, the melanoma may have a smooth surface, but over time it becomes thicker and has a dry, uneven surface. Bleeding and sores on the cancerous spot are also possible in some cases. Now that we know that this type of cancer is not caused by the sun's rays, then what is the reason for its occurrence? Experts say our skin has natural pigments. However, melanoma linginosis develops when some malignant pigment cells begin to proliferate in the primary layers of the epidermis. Scientists do not yet know for sure why pigment cells become malignant, but it may be rooted in genetic mutations. When a doctor diagnoses skin cancer in a person, he or she removes the cancerous spots. This process can be more complicated depending on the size of the cancer cells. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the healing process will take longer. As with other cancers, early detection of skin cancer can speed up the healing process. Therefore, after seeing any spots or colored spots on the palms of your hands, feet or under your nails, see a specialist immediately. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues; Tumors; Prevention; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

scholarly journals Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in People Living With HIV: From Epidemiology to Clinical Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo ◽  
Maria Grazia Maimone ◽  
Francesco Fiorica ◽  
Manuela Ceccarelli ◽  
Claudio Guarneri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Ablative Techniques ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Skin cancers represent the most common human tumors with a worldwide increasing incidence. They can be divided into melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). NMSCs include mainly squamous cell (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with the latest representing the 80% of the diagnosed NMSCs. The pathogenesis of NMSCs is clearly multifactorial. A growing body of literature underlies a crucial correlation between skin cancer, chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency. Intensity and duration of immunodeficiency plays an important role. In immunocompromised patients the incidence of more malignant forms or the development of multiple tumors seems to be higher than among immunocompetent patients. With regards to people living with HIV (PLWH), since the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), such as NMSCs, have been increasing and now these neoplasms represent a leading cause of illness in this particular population. PLWH with NMSCs tend to be younger, to have a higher risk of local recurrence and to have an overall poorer outcome. NMSCs show an indolent clinical course if diagnosed and treated in an early stage. BCC rarely metastasizes, while SCC presents a 4% annual incidence of metastasis. Nevertheless, metastatic forms lead to poor patient outcome. NMSCs are often treated with full thickness treatments (surgical excision, Mohs micro-graphic surgery and radiotherapy) or superficial ablative techniques (such as cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage). Advances in genetic landscape understanding of NMSCs have favored the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies. Concerning the therapeutic evaluation of PLWH, it’s mandatory to evaluate the risk of interactions between cART and other treatments, particularly antiblastic chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Development of further treatment options for NMSCs in PLWH seems needed. We reviewed the literature after searching for clinical trials, case series, clinical cases and available databases in Embase and Pubmed. We review the incidence of NMSCs among PLWH, focusing our attention on any differences in clinicopathological features of BCC and SCC between PLWH and HIV negative persons, as well as on any differences in efficacy and safety of treatments and response to immunomodulators and finally on any differences in rates of metastatic disease and outcomes.

Skin cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubeta Matin ◽  
Jane McGregor ◽  
Catherine Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cutaneous Metastasis ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Cutaneous Lymphomas ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Skin cancer is very common in the UK, and its incidence is rising rapidly. There are two broad classes of primary skin cancer: non-melanoma and melanoma. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the commonest form (100 000 cases diagnosed annually in the UK), accounting for nine out of ten skin cancers and includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cutaneous melanoma is less common (10 000 cases diagnosed in the UK annually) but confers a significantly worse prognosis and accounts for 75% of skin cancer related deaths. There are also a number of other, rarer, non-melanoma skin cancers (e.g. appendageal carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinoma, sarcomas, vascular malignancies, and cutaneous lymphomas); however, these account for less than 1% of all skin cancers in the UK and so will not be specifically discussed in this chapter. Cutaneous metastases can occur secondary to any internal cancer or, indeed, to skin cancer (e.g. melanoma). In most cases, cutaneous metastasis occurs after the diagnosis of a primary cancer and usually in late stages of the disease but, in some cases, it may be the first presentation, in which case it should prompt a thorough investigation for the primary malignancy.

Highly cytotoxic gold(i)-phosphane dithiocarbamate complexes trigger an ER stress-dependent immune response in ovarian cancer cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (22) ◽  
pp. 7355-7363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Van Le ◽  
Maria V. Babak ◽  
Muhammad Ali Ehsan ◽  
Muhammad Altaf ◽  
Lisa Reichert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽  
System P ◽  
Stress Dependent

Highly cytotoxic AuI-dithiocarbamate complexes were designed to induce severe integrative stress in ovarian cancer cells, leading to the surface exposure of calreticulin, which is a first step in the activation of immune system.

Mohs Surgery versus Standard Local Excision for Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Melanoma Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Johnson ◽  
Noah R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Local Excision ◽  
Mohs Surgery ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Face ◽  
Carcinoma Squamous Cell ◽  
Melanoma Skin

AbstractBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma represent the three most common skin cancers that occur on the face. The most common surgical treatments for facial skin cancers are Mohs surgery and standard local excision. The effective utilization of either of these techniques is based on tumor and patient risk stratification incorporating known risk factors for occult invasion and local recurrence, combined with patient comorbidities, expectations, and desires. Best available evidence highlights multiple and consistent risk factors for each specific skin cancer type, and dictate local control rates reported in the literature. Recognizing gaps in the literature, we compare and review surgical treatment guidelines and data for standard local excision versus Mohs surgery for cutaneous nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer. This article serves as a resource for optimal therapeutic decision making for surgical management of skin cancer on the face.

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