Mechanistic Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Immune Evasion in Cancer

One of the most popular types of skin cancer is acral lentiginous melanoma, which usually appears as an irregular, prominent growth on the palms of the hands, feet, or under the nails. In fact, the symptoms of this cancer, which is a prominent colored spot on the skin, slowly begin to appear. In the first stage, malignant cells remain inside the tissue for months or years. The lesion then acts aggressively and appears on the skin as it exits the epidermis. Experts say this type of melanoma can grow rapidly and penetrate deep into the skin. Unlike other skin cancers that occur due to overexposure to the sun, acral melanoma has nothing to do with it. In appearance, these types of cancer spots are more than 6 mm in size and can be brown, blue-gray, black or red. Early in the onset of the disease, the melanoma may have a smooth surface, but over time it becomes thicker and has a dry, uneven surface. Bleeding and sores on the cancerous spot are also possible in some cases. Now that we know that this type of cancer is not caused by the sun's rays, then what is the reason for its occurrence? Experts say our skin has natural pigments. However, melanoma linginosis develops when some malignant pigment cells begin to proliferate in the primary layers of the epidermis. Scientists do not yet know for sure why pigment cells become malignant, but it may be rooted in genetic mutations. When a doctor diagnoses skin cancer in a person, he or she removes the cancerous spots. This process can be more complicated depending on the size of the cancer cells. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the healing process will take longer. As with other cancers, early detection of skin cancer can speed up the healing process. Therefore, after seeing any spots or colored spots on the palms of your hands, feet or under your nails, see a specialist immediately. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues; Tumors; Prevention; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

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How Mohs Surgery Transformed Into a First-Line Treatment of Skin Cancer

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1203475416658289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 40-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rob Bobotsis ◽

Lyn Guenther

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Surgical Margins ◽

Line Treatment ◽

First Line ◽

Mohs Surgery ◽

The Real ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Widespread Acceptance ◽

First Line Treatment

Mohs surgery is considered ideal treatment for many types of skin cancers. Developed by Dr Frederic Edward Mohs (1910-2002), Mohs surgery allows all surgical margins to be viewed microscopically, ensuring no cancer cells go unremoved, yet it failed to achieve immediate acceptance when first introduced in the 1940s. A catalyst to the widespread acceptance of Mohs surgery occurred with the work of dermatologic colleagues who reported excellent results without using the paste. It suggested the real innovation of Mohs surgery lay in its microscopic control and not the paste, the discontinuation of which removed all the problems associated with its use.

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Advances in the Understanding of Skin Cancer: Ultraviolet Radiation, Mutations, and Antisense Oligonucleotides as Anticancer Drugs

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24081516 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1516 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Laikova ◽

Oberemok ◽

Krasnodubets ◽

Gal’chinsky ◽

Useinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽

The Body ◽

Rapid Progression ◽

Tumor Focus ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Initial Tumor ◽

Before And After ◽

Artificial Uv

Skin cancer has always been and remains the leader among all tumors in terms of occurrence. One of the main factors responsible for skin cancer, natural and artificial UV radiation, causes the mutations that transform healthy cells into cancer cells. These mutations inactivate apoptosis, an event required to avoid the malignant transformation of healthy cells. Among these deadliest of cancers, melanoma and its ‘younger sister’, Merkel cell carcinoma, are the most lethal. The heavy toll of skin cancers stems from their rapid progression and the fact that they metastasize easily. Added to this is the difficulty in determining reliable margins when excising tumors and the lack of effective chemotherapy. Possibly the biggest problem posed by skin cancer is reliably detecting the extent to which cancer cells have spread throughout the body. The initial tumor is visible and can be removed, whereas metastases are invisible to the naked eye and much harder to eliminate. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides, which can be used in the form of targeted ointments, provide real hope as a treatment that will eliminate cancer cells near the tumor focus both before and after surgery.

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A Modernized Screening Technology for Cancer Non-Invasive Biodiversified Biosensors

10.36811/jca.2021.110020 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 434-472

Author(s):

Elena Locci ◽

Silvia Raymond

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Real Time ◽

Clinical Evaluation ◽

Research Team ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Deep Tissue ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Keywords Cancer ◽

Electromechanical Device

By placing a soft, sensitive device on the skin, you may be able to quickly detect non-invasive skin disorders in real time. A research team led by a scientist from California South University (CSU) has designed a simple electromechanical device that can be used to automatically and non-invasively diagnose deep tissue pathology such as psoriasis. These findings form the basis for future applications in the clinical evaluation of skin cancers or skin diseases. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues, Tumors; Prevention, Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

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Computer-aided Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: A Review

Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573405616666200129095242 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 781-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Navid Razmjooy ◽

Mohsen Ashourian ◽

Maryam Karimifard ◽

Vania V. Estrela ◽

Hermes J. Loschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Circulatory System ◽

The Body ◽

Pigment Cells ◽

Health Issues ◽

Melanoma Cancer ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

The World ◽

Skin Cancer Detection

Cancer is currently one of the main health issues in the world. Among different varieties of cancers, skin cancer is the most common cancer in the world and accounts for 75% of the world's cancer. Indeed, skin cancer involves abnormal changes in the outer layer of the skin. Although most people with skin cancer recover, it is one of the major concerns of people due to its high prevalence. Most types of skin cancers grow only locally and invade adjacent tissues, but some of them, especially melanoma (cancer of the pigment cells), which is the rarest type of skin cancer, may spread through the circulatory system or lymphatic system and reach the farthest points of the body. Many papers have been reviewed about the application of image processing in cancer detection. In this paper, the automatic skin cancer detection and also different steps of such a process have been discussed based on the implantation capabilities.

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Antibody-Based Targeted Interventions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520620666200728123006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 162-186

Author(s):

Suresh Madheswaran ◽

Neelakshi Mungra ◽

Fleury A.N. Biteghe ◽

Jean De la Croix Ndong ◽

Afolake T. Arowolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Light Activation ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Drug Conjugates ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Skin Cancers

Background: Cutaneous malignancies most commonly arise from skin epidermal cells. These cancers may rapidly progress from benign to a metastatic phase. Surgical resection represents the gold standard therapeutic treatment of non-metastatic skin cancer while chemo- and/or radiotherapy are often used against metastatic tumors. However, these therapeutic treatments are limited by the development of resistance and toxic side effects, resulting from the passive accumulation of cytotoxic drugs within healthy cells. Objective: This review aims to elucidate how the use of monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) targeting specific Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) is paving the way to improved treatment. These mAbs are used as therapeutic or diagnostic carriers that can specifically deliver cytotoxic molecules, fluorophores or radiolabels to cancer cells that overexpress specific target antigens. Results: mAbs raised against TAAs are widely in use for e.g. differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of skin cancers. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) particularly show remarkable potential. The safest ADCs reported to date use non-toxic photo-activatable Photosensitizers (PSs), allowing targeted Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) resulting in targeted delivery of PS into cancer cells and selective killing after light activation without harming the normal cell population. The use of near-infrared-emitting PSs enables both diagnostic and therapeutic applications upon light activation at the specific wavelengths. Conclusion: Antibody-based approaches are presenting an array of opportunities to complement and improve current methods employed for skin cancer diagnosis and treatment.

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Designing a Simple Electromechanical Device for Using to Automatically and Non–Invasively Diagnose Deep Tissue Pathology Such as Psoriasis

10.36811/ojrmi.2021.110030 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 421-461

Author(s):

Alireza Heidari ◽

Ricardo Gobato ◽

Abhijit Mitra

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Real Time ◽

Clinical Evaluation ◽

Research Team ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Deep Tissue ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Keywords Cancer ◽

Electromechanical Device

By placing a soft, sensitive device on the skin, you may be able to quickly detect non-invasive skin disorders in real time. A research team led by a scientist from California South University (CSU) has designed a simple electromechanical device that can be used to automatically and non-invasively diagnose deep tissue pathology such as psoriasis. These findings form the basis for future applications in the clinical evaluation of skin cancers or skin diseases. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues; Tumors; Prevention; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening, Treatment; Management

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Immunotherapy in skin cancers - A narrative review

Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

10.25259/jsstd_74_2021 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 0 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

V. T. Anjali ◽

Feroze Kaliyadan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Target Cancer ◽

Melanoma Skin

Immunotherapy, in the context of cancers, involves the use of various drugs to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. Immunotherapy is being increasingly used for cutaneous malignancies, especially melanoma. Immunity plays an important part in protection against cancer. One of the factors limiting the effectiveness of host immunity is improper recognition of cancer cells. Sometimes, despite recognizing the cancer cells as abnormal, the immune response, for various reasons might not be strong enough to deal effectively with the cancer cells. Immunotherapy basically tries to address the two points mentioned above by improving the capacity of the immune system to recognize and effectively destroy cancer cells. In skin cancers, immunotherapy is best established for melanomas, but is increasingly being used for non-melanoma skin cancers too. This article reviews some of the general concepts about immunotherapy in cancer and discusses in detail, the available options and future possibilities in the applications of immunotherapy in skin cancer.

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ANDROID APPLICATION FOR DETECTION OF SKIN CANCER USING EXPERT SYSTEM

Social Economics and Ecology International Journal (SEEIJ) ◽

10.31397/seeij.v2i1.12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yogi Udjaja

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Expert System ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

System Application ◽

Ultraviolet Rays ◽

The Sun ◽

Android Application ◽

Abnormal Growth ◽

Skin Cells

Skin cancer is an abnormal growth of human skin that can damage skin cells. By knowing the symptoms of skin cancer as early as posssible, it is helpful in preventing the spread of cancer cells and treatment. There are many factors that cause skin cancer, but in general the cause is exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Therefore, an expert system application is required to detect skin cancer. By using backward chining and probalility methode; which data is in form of someone’s risk factor and clinical sympthoms, then the application will provide temporary diagnosis. This application is built in an android platfrom because in its development android is more used than other platforms. The accuracy obtained from this application is 96.67%.

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Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation ◽

10.2174/1872211314666200817115700 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 108-125

Author(s):

Apoorva Singh ◽

Nimisha

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Cancer Therapeutics ◽

The Body ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

The Novel ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Abnormal Cells ◽

The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

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