scholarly journals Epidemiology and determinant factors of neural tube defect: Narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Melese Linger Endalifer ◽  
Gedefaw Diress
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defect ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Behavioral Nutrition

Background: The epidemiology of neural tube defect (NTD) is face ignorance from the global community. However, the problem is complex and it is a cause for child mortality and morbidity. We provide the latest insights with respect to determinant factors of NTD. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed were systematically searched to identify potential research articles concerning the epidemiology and its determinant factors of NTD. Results: The epidemiology of Neural tube defects increased in some countries. The epidemiology and determinant factors were varies across countries,geographical regions and socioeconomic status of the populations. In general, the determinant factors of NTD were summarized as behavioral, nutrition-related, environmental, medical illness, and health service-related factors. Conclusion: Birth defect is fatal which affects the new generation; specifically, NTD is the problem of middle- and low-income countries. It is a direct cause for neonatal and perinatal mortality rate globally. Even if little factors identified, yet conducting experimental and clinical trial researches are a better approach to slow down the progress.

scholarly journals Challenge of Retinoblastoma in Mexico in 2020: Perspectives and Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Garza-Garza ◽  
Raúl E. Ruiz-Lozano ◽  
Genaro Rebolledo-Méndez ◽  
Ismael Ibarra-Nava ◽  
Héctor J. Morales-Garza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Geographical Regions

Early diagnosis and positive outcomes of retinoblastoma in childhood have been positively correlated with the economic wealth of high-income countries (HICs) worldwide. Adequate curability and survival rates, adherence to treatment, presence of poor prognostic initial clinical signs, and metastatic disease at diagnosis appear to have a less favorable picture in low-income countries (LICs). However, this is not always the case. An example is Argentina, where disease-free survival rates of retinoblastoma are notably higher than expected when taking into consideration its economic situation. Unfortunately, as in other Latin American LICs, retinoblastoma outcomes in Mexico are worrisome. Interestingly, the Human Development Index (HDI) in Mexico varies widely between its different geographical regions. While in some states, the HDI resembles those of high-income countries, and in others, the opposite is observed. A unifying picture of Mexico’s developmental status, health resources, indicators, and other factors possibly influencing outcomes in retinoblastoma is currently unavailable. The present review explores the previously mentioned factors in Mexico and compares them to other countries. Additionally, it recommends solutions or enhancements where possible.

scholarly journals Mucosal immune responses against an oral ETEC vaccine evaluated in clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Mari Svennerholm ◽  
Anna Lundgren ◽  
Susannah Leach ◽  
Marjahan Akhtar ◽  
Firdausi Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Colonization Factors ◽  
Mucosal Immune Responses

Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children in low-income countries. We have tested an oral ETEC vaccine, ETVAX, consisting of inactivated E. coli over-expressing the most prevalent colonization factors and a toxoid, LCTBA, administered together with a mucosal adjuvant, dmLT, for capacity to induce mucosal immune responses and immunological memory against the primary vaccine antigens, i.e. colonization factors, LTB and O antigen. The studies show that ETVAX could induce strong intestine-derived and/or fecal immune responses in a majority of vaccinated Swedish adults and in different age groups, including infants, in Bangladesh.

Efetividade do Método Canguru em Relação à Redução da Mortalidade e Morbidade Neonatal

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Dayane Cristina Da Silva Santos ◽  
Mirian Dos Santos Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Premature Newborn ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Weight

O Método Mãe Canguru (MC) é destinado ao atendimento do recém-nascido prematuro de baixo peso, e visa fortalecer o vínculo mãe-filho, aumentar a competência e a confiança dos pais no cuidado do bebê e incentivar a prática da amamentação. O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar as evidências que apontam o uso de Método Canguru (MC) como uma alternativa aos cuidados neonatais, enfocando seus benefícios e avaliando se o método reduz a morbidade e mortalidade em neonatos de baixo peso. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados BDEnf, Lilacs, SciELO e BIREME, considerando o período de 2000 a 2016. Foram analisados artigos sobre o Método Canguru (MC) e a redução da morbimortalidade neonatal. O estudo evidenciou que o Método Mãe Canguru (MC) reduz as taxas tanto de mortalidade como morbidade neonatal, porém demonstrou que existem poucos estudos referentes a este tema. O Método Mãe Canguru (MC) demonstrou ser mais que uma alternativa para países de baixa renda, nos quais faltam incubadoras ou salas de atendimento neonatal, constituindo-se, também, uma estratégia com múltiplas vantagens para o recém-nascido, tanto o prematuro quanto o nascido a termo. Destacou-se a eficácia do método na diminuição da morbimortalidade do neonato com baixo peso. Os estudos sobre mortalidade e morbidade do Método Mãe-Canguru (MC), em países de baixa e média renda, concluíram que o Método Mãe Canguru (MC) reduz, substancialmente, a mortalidade neonatal em bebês nascidos antes do termo com baixo peso em hospitais. Palavras-chave: Morbimortalidade Neonatal. Método Canguru. Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso. Abstract: The Kangaroo Mother Method is intended for the care of the low weight premature newborn and aims to strengthen the mother-child bond, increase the parents’ competence and trust in the baby care and encourage the breastfeeding practice. The objective was  demonstrating the evidence supporting the use of KMM as an alternative to neonatal care, focusing on its benefits and evaluating whether the method reduces morbidity and mortality in low weight premature newborn. This is a descriptive research, based on a bibliographic survey in the databases BDEnf, Lilacs, SciELO and BIREME, considering the period from 2000 to 2016.  Articles were analyzed on the Kangaroo Method and the reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality, the study showed that the Kangaroo Mother Method reduces the rates of both mortality and neonatal morbidity, but has shown that there are few studies related to this topic. The Kangaroo Mother Method has proven to be more than an alternative for low-income countries, where incubators or neonatal care rooms are lacking. It is also a strategy with multiple advantages for the newborn, both premature and full-term. The method efficacy in reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality and low weight was emphasized. Mortality and morbidity studies of the Kangaroo Method in low- and middle-income countries have concluded that the Kangaroo Mother Method substantially reduces neonatal mortality in preterm infants in hospitals and underweight. Keywords: Morbidity and Mortality Neonatal. Kangaroo Method. Low Birth Newborn. 

scholarly journals Smoking behaviour and its influencing factors among adult population in selected communities of rural Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2653
Author(s):  
Kazi R. Islam ◽  
M. I. R. Rume ◽  
Liton Roy ◽  
Shahnaz Rahman ◽  
M. S. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Positive Comment

Background: Tobacco is a leading cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in the majority of high-income countries, and it is becoming increasingly prevalent in low-income countries. This study aims to assess the smoking behavior among adult population in a selected community of Mymensing district.Methods: This descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to assess the smoking behavior among the adult population in a selected community of Mymensing district. The study period was four months starting from June 2018 to September 2018. One hundred and eighty two (182) people were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study taken informed written consent from all the participants. All the data were entered and analyzed by using statistical packages for social science (SPSS) software version 16.0 (Chicago).Results: This study revealed that the highest 53.3% of the respondents were smoking daily 11-15 cigarette/day. The highest 45.6% of the respondents were smoking for 6-10 years. 52.2% of the respondents were thinking depression influence on smoking. 66.5% of the respondents were thinking personal life problem influence on smoking. 42% start and continue smoking due to friends followed by 27% were due to stress and anxiety, 12% were for relaxation, 10% were personal life problem and 4% were start and continue smoke for pleasure and fun.Conclusions: It was observed that all of the respondents have given positive comment about the influence of television (TV)/media on cessation of tobacco use.

scholarly journals Clinical assessment of micronutrient deficiencies among children (1- 5 years) enrolled in anganwadis of old Hubli slums, Karnataka, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Sarvar ◽  
D. D. Bant
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Background: Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals required in small amounts that are essential to our health, development, and growth.  As tiny as the amounts are, however, the consequences of their absence are severe. Iodine, vitamin A and iron are most important in global public health terms; their lack represents a major threat to the health and development, particularly children and pregnant women in low-income countries. The objectives were to clinically evaluate micronutrient deficiencies among children aged 1-5 years enrolled in anganwadi’s of old Hubli.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 children enrolled in the anganwadis of Hubli slums for signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiency.Results: Pallor was found in 78% children and delayed developmental milestones in 20% followed by delayed eruption of teeth in 17%. Among the studied group 37% had dry hair and dry skin. Vitamin A, B, C, D deficiency was seen in 1%, 29%, 14%, 38% respectively.Conclusions:The study concludes micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent among preschool children more so in with higher birth order having partial immunization. This appeals effective implementation of national health programmes, which can play a crucial role in addressing the hidden hunger. Correcting micronutrient deficiencies can significantly reduce childhood mortality and morbidity.

Innovative need-based low-cost kangaroo mother care (KMC) chair

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Ashish Jain ◽  
Jerin C Sekhar ◽  
Nisha Kumari ◽  
Nidhi Jain
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Tertiary Teaching

ObjectivesLow birthweight neonates contribute substantially to mortality and morbidity. Their management in low-income countries is difficult due to shortage of skilled staff and limited resources. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an effective way of providing warmth, stimulation and protection against infection, thereby decreasing mortality. We intended to perform a need-based survey among mothers and to develop an economic and comfortable chair to facilitate and optimise KMC. We also evaluated the level of satisfaction among mothers using the developed chair.DesignIterative product development.SettingA tertiary teaching hospital having level 3 neonatal intensive care and KMC ward.MethodsAn initial design for KMC chair was developed based on the structured response of 40 mothers to a need-based questionnaire. The prototype was reviewed by experts, including nursing staff, and a comfortable chair with minimum logistics was developed. A formative assessment of satisfaction was done using a questionnaire after introducing it in clinical practice.Results67.5% of mothers were satisfied with the head rest, inclination and height, while 72.5% were satisfied with the in-built KMC cloth and platform for placing utensils. 86.6% of nurses found the chair helpful to mothers; 83.3% were satisfied with the length of in-built KMC cloth; and 80% expressed their overall satisfaction in the KMC chair. 70% of nurses found the chair to facilitate safe position for the baby and to improve breast feeding.ConclusionThis innovative and need-based KMC chair would help mothers of different builds perform KMC comfortably. This might prolong the duration of KMC, thereby having beneficial effects on the neonate.

scholarly journals Disease appearance and evolution against a background of climate change and reduced resources

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1942) ◽  
pp. 1719-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Yacoub ◽  
Susy Kotit ◽  
Magdi H. Yacoub
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases

Global health continues to face increasing challenges owing to a variety of reasons that include the almost constant changes in disease appearance and evolution. Most, but not all, of these changes affect low-income countries and are influenced by climate change. Tracking the recent and anticipated changes in the demographics and global distribution of these changes is essential for evolving effective new methods for dealing with the problems. The recent recognition by the United Nations of the importance of non-communicable diseases is a major positive step. For the sake of this paper, the following diseases were chosen: dengue and malaria, to highlight the role of climate change on vector-borne diseases. Drug-resistant tuberculosis illustrates the role of globalization and reduced resources on disease evolution. The continuing rise in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, particularly in resource-poor countries is largely attributed to lack of preventive and therapeutic measures against such conditions as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and congenital heart disease as well as neglected diseases, of which Chagas and rheumatic heart disease will be discussed further.

scholarly journals Developing and implementing a novel mentorship model (4+ 1) for maternal, newborn and child health in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaclet Ngabonzima ◽  
Cynthia Kenyon ◽  
Celestin Hategeka ◽  
Aimee Josephine Utuza ◽  
Paulin Ruhato Banguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Newborn And Child Health ◽  
Training Support ◽  
And Child Health

Abstract Background There are a number of factors that may contribute to high mortality and morbidity of women and newborns in low-income countries. These include a shortage of competent health care providers (HCP) and a lack of sufficient continuous professional development (CPD) opportunities. Strengthening the skills and building the capacity of HCP involved in the provision of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) is essential to ensure quality care for mothers, newborns and children. To address this challenge in Rwanda, mentorship of HCPs was identified as an approach that could help build capacity, improve the provision of care and accelerate the reduction in maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of a novel mentorship model named Four plus One (4+ 1) for MNCH in Rwanda. Methods The mentorship model built on the basis of inter-professional collaboration (IPC) was developed in early 2017 through consultations with different key actors. The design phase included refresher courses in specific skills and training course on mentoring. Field visits were conducted in 10 hospitals from June 2017 to February 2020. Hospital management teams (MT) were involved in the development and implementation of this mentorship model to ensure ownership of the program. Results Upon completion of planned visits to each hospital, a total of 218 HCPs were involved in the process. Reports prepared by mentors upon each mentorship visit and compiled by Training Support and Access Model (TSAM) for MNCH’CPD team, highlighted the mothers and newborns who were saved by both mentors and mentees. Also, different logbooks of mentees showed how the capacity of staff was strengthened, thereby suggesting effectiveness of the model. Through different mentorship coordination meetings, the model was much appreciated by the MTs of hospitals, especially the IPC component of the model and confirmed the program ‘effectiveness. Conclusion The initiation of a mentorship model built on IPC together with the involvement of the leadership of the hospital may be the cause effect of reduction of specific mortality and improve MNCH in low resource settings even when there are a limited number of specialists in the health facilities.

scholarly journals ‘One Health’ infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania: Are we all on board the same flight?

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasto V. Mbugi ◽  
Kim A. Kayunze ◽  
Bugwesa Z. Katale ◽  
Sharon Kendall ◽  
Liam Good ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The One

Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-income countries, of which 7% is attributable to zoonoses and 13% to recently emerging diseases from animals. One of the strategic approaches for effective surveillance, monitoring and control of infectious diseases compromising health in both humans and animals could be through a combination of multiple disciplines. The approach can be achieved through a joint effort from stakeholders comprising health professionals (medical and veterinary), social, economic, agricultural, environmental and other interested parties. With resource scarcity in terms of number of staff, skills and facility in low-income countries, participatory multi- sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches in limiting the burden of zoonotic diseases could be worthwhile. We review challenging issues that may limit the ‘One Health’ approach for infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania with a focus on Health Policy and how best the human and animal health systems could be complemented or linked to suit the community in need for disease control under the theme’s context.

scholarly journals The Need for Expanding Pulmonary Rehabilitation Services

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Aroub Lahham ◽  
Anne E. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Care Systems

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a strongly recommended and effective treatment for people with chronic lung disease. However, access to pulmonary rehabilitation is poor. Globally, pulmonary rehabilitation is accessed by less than 3% of people with chronic lung disease. Barriers to referral, uptake and completion of pulmonary rehabilitation are well documented and linked with organizational, practitioner and patient-related factors. Enhancing the knowledge of health care professionals, family carers, and people with chronic lung disease about the program and its benefits produces modest increases in referral and uptake rates, but evidence of the sustainability of such approaches is limited. Additionally, initiatives focusing on addressing organizational barriers to access, such as expanding services and implementing alternative models to the conventional center-based setting, are not yet widely used in clinical practice. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for health care systems to deliver pulmonary rehabilitation programs remotely, safely, and efficiently. This paper will discuss the pressing need to address the issue of the low accessibility of pulmonary rehabilitation. It will also highlight the distinctive challenges to pulmonary rehabilitation delivery in rural and remote regions, as well as low-income countries.

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