scholarly journals Klasifikasi Jenis Pisang Berdasarkan Fitur Warna, Tekstur, Bentuk Citra Menggunakan SVM dan KNN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yusuf Eka Yana ◽  
Nur Nafi'iyah
Keyword(s):  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Gray Level

<em>Di Indonesia mempunyai beragam jenis tanaman, buah yang dapat ditanam di berbagai daerah Indonesia. Contohnya buah Pisang mempunyai beragam jenis Pisang, dan beberapa masyarakat kurang memahami jenis-jenis Pisang yang ada di Indonesia. Dengan kondisi itu maka kami akan melakukan suatu penelitian terkait mengklasifikasikan jenis Pisang berbasis komputer. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu mengidentifikasi atau mengklasifikasi jenis Pisang berdasarkan fitur citra (warna, tekstur, bentuk) dengan algoritma SVM dan KNN. Data yang digunakan adalah citra Pisang total 399, yang diklasifikasi menjadi 7 jenis, Pisang ambon, Pisang kepok, Pisang susu, Pisang raja, Pisang mas, Pisang raja nangka, Pisang cavendish. Dari citra Pisang diambil fitur warna nilai rata-rata RGB, standar deviasi RGB, skewness RGB, entropy RGB. Fitur tekstur nilai rata-rata citra grayscale, standar deviasi grayscale, dan gray level co-occurance matrix (kontras, energi, korelasi, homogeneity). Serta fitur bentuk dari citra biner nilai area, perimeter, metric, major axis, minor axis, eccentricity. Hasil ujicoba menunjukkan algoritma SVM nilai akurasi mengklasifikasi jenis Pisang secara berturut-turut dari fitur warna, tekstur, bentuk adalah 41,67%, 33,3%, 8,3%. Dan hasil klasifikasi jenis Pisang dengan algoritma KNN, nilai K terbaik adalah 2 pada fitur warna 55,95%, fitur tekstur 58,33%, dan fitur bentuk 45,24%.</em>

Design of Turning Area for LNG Terminal Base on Computer Simulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 1236-1240
Author(s):  
Yao Tian Fan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Computer Simulator

Design of turning area for sea port is generally done according to the outcome of theoretical calculation or real-ship trial. However, these methods only take into account some limited respects for planning a port or are not so cost-effective. In this paper, computer simulator is used for optimizing the size of turning area for Yangshan LNG terminal. The outcome indicates that the major axis and minor axis of the turning area can meet the requirement of Q-Max LNG carrier berthing operation and it is suggested to do such maneuvering in some given conditions related to wind, current, tide, visibility and wave.

Effect of Mach number on the acoustic field of 2:1 elliptic-slot jet

2001 ◽  
Vol 105 (1043) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Verma ◽  
E. Rathakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Shock Structure ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Underexpanded Jets ◽  
Barrel Shock ◽  
Mach Numbers

Abstract The shock-structure and the related acoustic field of underexpanded jets undergoes significant changes as the Mach number Mj is increased. The present investigation is carried out to study the effect of Mach number on an underexpanded 2:1 elliptic-slot jet. Experimental data are presented for fully expanded Mach numbers ranging from 1.3 to 2.0. It is observed that the ‘cross-over’ point at the end of the first cell at low Mach numbers gets replaced by a normal shock at a highly underexpanded condition resulting in the formation of a ‘barrel’ shock along the minor-axis side with a ‘bulb’ shock formed along the major-axis side. The above change in shock structure is accompanied by a related change in the acoustic field. The amplitude of fundamental frequency along the minor-axis side grows with Mj but falls beyond Mj = 1.75. Along the major-axis side, however, the fundamental frequency does not exist at low Mach numbers. It appears at Mj = 1.75 but then falls at Mj = 2.0. The related azimuthal directivity of overall noise levels (OASPL) shows significant changes with Mj.

Comparison of the Flame Characteristics of Turbulent Circular and Elliptic Jets in a Crossflow

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Gollahalli ◽  
D. Pardiwalla
Keyword(s):  
Flame Structure ◽  
Flux Ratio ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
No Production ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Lower Limits

This study was directed to understand the coupling effects of the noncircular geometry of the burner and a crossflow on the combustion of gas jets. This paper compares the characteristics of turbulent propane jet flames from circular (diameter=0.45 cm) and elliptic (major axis/minor axis=3) burners of equivalent exit area in a crossflow. The elliptic burner was oriented with its major axis or minor axis aligned with the crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel provided with optical and probe access and capable of wind speeds up to 12.5 m/s. The burners were fabricated with metal tubes. Instrumentation included a Pt-Pt/13% Rh thermocouple, a quartz-probe gas sampling system, chemiluminescent and nondispersive infrared analyzers, a video-recorder, and a computer data acquisition system. The measurements consisted of the upper and lower limits of jet velocity for a stable flame, flame configuration, and visible length. Flame structure data including temperature profiles and concentration profiles of CO2,O2, CO, and NO were obtained in a two-zone flame configuration (at jet to crossflow momentum flux ratio=0.11), where a planar recirculation exists in the wake of the burner tube followed by an axisymmetric tail. The relative emission indicators of CO and NO were estimated from the composition data. Results show that the upper and lower limits of the fuel jet velocity increase with the crossflow velocity for all burners, and the rate of increase is highest for the elliptic burner with its minor axis aligned with the crossflow. That burner configuration also produces the longest flame. The relative emission indicators show that the CO production is lower and NO production is higher with elliptic burners than with circular burners in crossflow.

Quantitative diagenetic analyses of Edmontosaurus regalis (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) postcranial elements from the Danek Bonebed, Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: implications for allometric studies of fossil organisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1007-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Baert ◽  
Michael E. Burns ◽  
Philip J. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Fossil Assemblages ◽  
Fossil Vertebrate ◽  
Horseshoe Canyon Formation ◽  
Upper Campanian

For fossil assemblages, quantitative size and shape studies are often complicated by diagenetic distortion. Different vertebrate elements, although subjected to similar burial stresses, exhibit deformations based upon their original shapes; this hypothesis is tested here by quantitatively comparing deformed humeri and femora from the Danek Bonebed (a monodominant Edmontosaurus regalis bonebed from the upper Campanian Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) with samples of undeformed humeri and femora from modern and fossil assemblages. Analyses suggest that at the Danek Bonebed a strong relationship exists between element length and circumference despite being distorted by crushing deformation. Major and minor axes of the midshaft cross section, however, were not uniformly distorted. Although their anatomical position did not change, the major axis became longer relative to the minor axis in distorted specimens. A regression based on the undeformed humeri was not able to accurately predict circumference in the Danek humeri. Further study might quantify the deformation of other bones in the Danek Bonebed and could be extended to other assemblages and genera. Caution should be taken when conducting studies in which diagenetic crushing may have altered morphological features of fossil vertebrate remains.

scholarly journals Effect of soaking process on physical properties of mature pepper berries (Piper nigrum L.)

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A.A.P.N. Megat ◽  
Rosnah Shamsudin ◽  
H. Che Man ◽  
M.E. Ya'acob
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Uptake Ratio ◽  
Fracture Force ◽  
Brown Colour

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the soaking process on the physical properties of the mature pepper berries. The soaking process was conducted by immersing pepper berries in water. The results showed the dimensions of the pepper berries before soaking was 5.24 mm (minor axis), 5.57 mm (medium axis) and 5.61 mm (major axis). The weight of pepper berries increased from day 1 (13.58%) until day 3 (16.92%) and decreased after day 4 (0.77%) until day 7 of soaking (13.08%). The water uptake ratio of soaked pepper berries increased from 1.14% (day 1) until 1.17% (day 3) and then decreased from 1.01% (day 4) until 0.87% (day 7). The fracture force required to fracture the pericarp was decreased starting from 67.21 N (day 1) decreased until 21.40 N (day 7). The colour of mature pepper berries was changed into black-brown colour (L= 34.16, a= 1.38, b= 1.40).

Flow field and acoustics characteristics of elliptical jet

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1364-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manigandan ◽  
Vijayaraja K.
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Shock Cell ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Elliptical Jet

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of mixing promotion and screech frequency of controlled elliptical supersonic jet. Design/methodology/approach Flow field characteristics of low-aspect-ratio elliptical jets are examined at over-expanded, under-expanded and correctly expanded conditions. The tabs are placed at elliptical jet exit along the major and minor axes. Findings The results show that the mixing done by the minor axis is superior to the tabs along major axis. At all pressure ratios, the content of jet noise and the frequency are high for the tabs along the major axis because of increase in the amplitude of screech frequency. Further the tabs along minor axis show a dominance of large-scale vertical structures. In under-expanded conditions, the shock cell shows the rapid change because of the presence of tabs. The tabs along minor axis are making the shock weaker, hence no evidence of axis switching. Practical implications To achieve the greater performance of jet, the authors need to reduce the potential core length of the issuing jet. This can be achieved by implementing different types of tabs at the exit of the nozzle. Originality/value The present paper represents the flow of controlled jet using inverted triangular tabs. By achieving the controlled jet flow, the performance of propulsion systems can be improved. This can be used in systems such as combustion chamber, missile’s noise reduction and thrust vector control.

Effect of Nozzle Geometry on the Near-Field Flow Characteristics of High-Pressure Gas Leak Jets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Li ◽  
Fakun Zhuang ◽  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Yian Wang ◽  
Libo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Nozzle Exit ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Square Jets

Three-dimensional large eddy simulations of high-pressure jets at the same nozzle pressure ratio of 5.60 but issuing from different nozzles are conducted. Four different nozzle geometries, i.e., the circular, elliptic, square, and rectangular nozzles, are used to investigate the effect of the nozzle geometry on the near-field jet flow behavior. A high-resolution, hexahedral, and block-structured grid containing about 31.8 million computational cells is applied. The compressible flow solver, astroFoam, which is developed based on the OpenFOAM C++ library, is used to perform the simulations. The time-averaged near-field shock structures and the mean axial density are compared with the experiment data to validate the fidelity of the LES results, and the reasonable agreement is observed. The results indicate that the remarkable differences exist in the near-field flow structures of the jets. In particular, the circular and square jets correspond to a three-dimensional helical instability mode, while the elliptic and rectangular jets have a two-dimensional lateral instability in their minor axis planes. A subsonic flow zone exists after the Mach disk in the circular and square jets, but is lacking in the elliptic and rectangular jets. The intercepting shocks in the circular jet originate near the nozzle exit, and appear to be circular in cross-section. The intercepting shocks in the square jet originate at the four corners of the nozzle exit at first, and then are observed along the major axis plane some distance downstream of the nozzle exit. However, the formation of the intercepting shock is observed in the major axis planes but is lacking in the minor axis planes for the elliptic and rectangular jets. In addition, the real mass flow rates and discharge coefficients for different jets are computed based on the LES modeling, and their differences are explored.

scholarly journals Anisotropic Distribution Functions for the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1600

1996 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 413-413
Author(s):  
Michael Matthias ◽  
Ortwin Gerhard
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Elliptical Galaxy ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Ccd Photometry ◽  
Radial Anisotropy ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Integral Distribution

Three-integral (3I) dynamical models for NGC 1600 were constructed as follows: (i) Lucy-inversion of CCD photometry and gravitational potential as in Binney, Davies, Illingworth (ApJ 361, 78, 1990), assuming axisymmetry. (ii) Third integral by perturbation theory as in Gerhard & Saha (MN 261, 311, 1991). (iii) Two- and three-integral distribution functions as in Dehnen & Gerhard (MN 261, 311, 1993), assuming various anisotropy patterns. The kinematic results from these models are presented in Fig. 1. The best-fitting 3I model (solid line, right panels) has outward-increasing radial anisotropy on the major axis and is nearly isotropic on the minor axis. The M/L of the various 3I-models varies only slightly around M/L=6.2.

scholarly journals Formation of inner rings in 3D potentials of barred galaxies

2004 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Panos A. Patsis ◽  
Charalampos Skokos ◽  
E. Athanassoula
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbits ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Barred Galaxies ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Families Of Periodic Orbits ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Analytic Potential

In a 3D analytic potential we find the families of periodic orbits that support the formation of inner rings. These are families at high energies, between the inner radial ultraharmonic 4:1 (iUHR) resonance and corotation, influenced by the 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1 resonances. the inner rings they support are mainly ovals and polygons with ‘corners’ on the bar minor axis, on its sides, which correspond to morphologies often seen in real galaxies like NGC 6782 and IC 4290. We also investigate the conditions under which less probable shapes of rings may be supported by orbits at the region. Such rings include pentagonal features (NGC 3367) and hexagons with cusps on the major axis of the bar and two sides parallel to it (NGC 7020).

scholarly journals Box/Peanut Galaxies in the Near-IR

1996 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 224-226
Author(s):  
S. M. Baggett ◽  
J. W. MacKenty
Keyword(s):  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Disk Galaxies ◽  
Early Type ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Near Ir

Galaxies with box/peanut-shaped (b/p) bulges have been known for some time (e.g., NGC 128 and NGC 7332 (Sandage 1961)). Observationally, b/p features are detected in edge-on systems, and are visible in images, contour maps, and brightness profiles as isophote sections that near minor axis are relatively flat and parallel to major axis (see Figure 1). Peanut-type bulges have isophotes indented at the intersection with the minor axis.There have been several morphological surveys to date. The two most recent studies have found that about 20% of early-type galaxies and nearly 45% of all disk galaxies are b/p galaxies (see Shaw 1987, Dettmar 1989, and references therein) and that the b/p galaxy properties appear similar to normal spirals in the optical, radio, and infrared. A few kinematical studies have been done: b/p bulges are found to rotate more like disks than bulges (e.g., 150 km s−1 up to 6 kpc above the plane in NGC 128 (Jarvis 1990) and the velocities remain constant up to large z, implying cylindrical rotation (e.g., NGC 3079 has v constant out to 1.6 kpc (Shaw et al. 1993)).

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