THE TECHNIQUE OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS A WAY OF TEACHING IN A MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Author(s):  
Т.Э. Караогланова ◽  
В.В. Падалко

Формирование клинического мышления и умения на основе полученных знаний проводить дифференциальную диагностику при оценке состояния пациента является основным вопросом преподавания любого предмета в медицинском ВУЗе. Одной из самых эффективных современных технологий обучения, способствующей развитию и становлению современной компетентной личности, способной к творческому поиску, принятию самостоятельного решения и инициативной деятельности, является проблемное обучение. Данная методика должна заложить у студентов основу получения профессиональных навыков решения поставленных задач на основе системы получения знаний: лекция - учебник - семинарское занятие. Технология проблемного обучения предусматривает активную роль преподавателя, который должен обозначить проблему и руководить поиском ее решения, и одновременно, активной роли студентов, поскольку на основе имеющейся информации они должны понять и принять учебную проблему и продемонстрировать умение использовать полученные знания в ее разрешении. Методика преподавания с использованием технологии проблемного обучения представлена на примере семинарского занятия на тему: «Типовые формы патологии системы эритроцитов, значение для дифференциальной диагностики типовых патологических процессов». Formation of clinical thinking and the ability to make a knowledge-based differential diagnosis by evaluating a patient is the main goal of teaching any subject in a medical school. The problem-based teaching is one of the most effective modern teaching approaches, which provides development and formation of a modern, competent person capable of creative search, independent decision making, and proactive actions. This methodology should build a foundation for students to obtain professional skills for solving assigned tasks based on the knowledge acquisition system: lecture-tutorial-seminars. The problem-based teaching assumes an active role of the teacher who should identify the problem and lead the search for a solution. At the same time, the role of students is active as well, since, on the basis of available information, they should understand and accept the training problem and demonstrate the ability to use the acquired knowledge for its solution. Teaching methods using the technique of problem-based teaching are exemplified by a seminar class on “Pathological types of the erythrocyte system and their significance for differential diagnosis of typical pathological processes”.

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1473-1489
Author(s):  
Aníbal Mesa ◽  
Hugo Luna-Soria ◽  
José Luis Castilla

This paper explores the relation that the inhabitants of an urban space, in this case the city of Querétaro, Mexico, establish with the water supply system. In particular, it seeks to understand the way in which the supply-side policies are configuring the relation that subjects keep with the territory around them. For this purpose, four variables (educational level, land value, housing legal status and development goals) are crossed with the existing knowledge about the water supply system, paying special attention to the differences among different city areas. The final goal is to understand how water modernization policies are affecting the links between subjects and territories. The results express that in the areas where those policies are more deeply consolidated, the links with territory are weaker, generating weakness in the ability to articulate management alternatives. Another weakness lies in the ability to create a much more active role of the subjects in their relation with water and its management as a basic resource.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Keisham Sangeeta Devi

It has been agreed that information is key to developments in the 21st century. Thus, information serves as one of the fundamental resources and indispensable in all spheres of life of the civilized society. Information is considered as an important factor for the development of any society. Today in this age of information society, it is essential part of Library and Information Professionals to take active role in imparting information literacy to the citizen at large to keep them up-to-date in their life and continue lifelong learning. Information literacy and lifelong learning have a strategic, mutually reinforcing relationship with each other that is critical to the success of every individual, organization, and nation-state in the global information society. In this regard, the present article is an attempt to highlight that Library Professionals association should take a unique role in gathering, organizing, and coordinating access to the best available information for the organization, understanding the critical need of turning that information into usable knowledge.


2022 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 313-337
Author(s):  
Nuha Alshaar

Although modern scholars tend to be sceptical of the role of religion in the formation of ethical and political thought in the Būyid period (334/945–440/1048), this article argues that both philosophy and religion, as envisioned by al-Tawḥīdī and his contemporaries, played an integral role in its creation. The analysis shows that modern concepts such as ‘humanism’ and ‘political philosophy,’ as applied to these authors and their texts, are not felicitous to the social and intellectual contexts in which they were produced. Through analysing al-Tawḥīdī’s ethical and political thought, certain modern assumed dichotomies, including scientific enquiry versus religious teaching, theoretical ethics versus practical ethics, and the social versus the personal, are reconsidered. The article argues that a contextual approach to al-Tawḥīdī and his peers should consider the encyclopaedic system of knowledge that shaped their thought and the interdisciplinary nature of their work where religious, philosophical, and literary elements are intertwined. The article highlights al-Tawḥīdī’s political thought, his active role as an intellectual and his attempt to disseminate knowledge based on two main beliefs: the role of knowledge linked to action in social life and reform, and a solid sense of the religious and moral responsibility of the scholar to offer advice to the leaders of the community. The concepts that he uses, such as maḥabba (love) and ṣadāqa (friendship) with its four foundational components, namely the soul (nafs), intellect (ʿaql), nature (ṭabīʿa), and morals (khulq), addressed social and political challenges in Būyid society and produced alternative moral and intellectual responses to sectarianism, social disintegration and the decline in morality, which were characteristic of the Būyid era. Keywords: Ethical political thought, Būyid, Humanism, Political philosophy, ʿIlm (Knowledge), ʿAmal (action), Ṣadāqa (friendship), al-Tawḥīdī, Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Nurul Ivar Faturahmi

Introduction. The role of information institutions in the post-truth era is important in creating an independent and competent society in dealing with information. This conceptual article aims to see the role of information institutions in responding to community information behavior in the post-truth era. Data Collection Method. The method in this article uses a qualitative approach with the type of narrative review. Data Analysis. The analysis was carried out by synthesizing the literature and case studies from several reports discussing  the impact of fake news spread in the community. Results and Discussions. Information institutions need to take an active role in improving the conditions of society through knowledge-based development and information sharing processes, to create a community that is capable in using information and in evaluating the credibility and suitability of information sources. Conclusion. In the post-truth era, psychological aspects become an important aspect, where one's information behavior becomes more dominantly influenced by emotional dimensions and personal beliefs. This increasingly shows the importance of skills in evaluating information sources and critical thinking more clearly than in previous eras.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
Tetiana Savchuk ◽  
Ivanna Tymofiichuk

The article discusses the features of teaching physiology to students medical universities specializing in "Medical Psychology". From a future doctor - a medical psychologist is needed solid theoretical training in one of the most difficult areas of medicine - neurology and psychiatry. It is with the second year, in physiology lessons, the development of theoretical material begins and the foundations of clinical thinking is necessary already in senior courses, on an internship for successful mastering of knowledge. Medical psychology studies the psychological aspects of a doctor's activities and patient behavior. He studies the mental manifestations of diseases, the role of the psyche in their emergence, course, treatment, as well as in strengthening human health. Relevance of scientific research. The links between psychology and medicine are so close that for psychologists working in this field, medical knowledge is absolutely essential. At the same time, doctors are increasingly aware of the need for psychological knowledge for successful medical work. So, medical psychology is an area of ​​scientific knowledge and an area practical work, which applies equally to medicine and psychology. When developing problemsmedical psychology combines the efforts of psychologists, physiologists and doctors. Relevance of medical psychology is determined by the basic position of medicine that the doctor should treat not the disease, but the patient. Conclusions. Special attention to the teachers of the department is paid to the development of practical skills for solving situational problems, the acquisition skills of checking reflex activity, measuring reflex time. Solving situational problems poses a problem for the future doctor, to teach the student to think clinically and at the same time gives excellent theoretical training.


Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.


Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.


2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.


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