scholarly journals Defensive Constructions of the Markula Hillfort: the Dating Revisited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.В. Требелева ◽  
А.С. Кизилов ◽  
К.А. Глазов ◽  
З.Г. Хондзия ◽  
Г.Ю. Юрков
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church ◽  
Masonry Mortar

В ходе разведок 2013 г. совместной российско абхазской экспедицией в селе Маркула Очамчырского района Республики Абхазия рядом с известной по литературе башней Алахаш абаа был обнаружен комплекс архитектурных остатков, представленных храмом и оборонительными сооружениями. Памятник назван городище Маркула . В 2014 г. здесь были проведены замеры обеих башен, заложены разведочные шурфы, частично изучена технология кладки, исследован раскопками храм и территория вокруг него. Применялись традиционные методы, а также физико химический анализ связующего раствора кладки и фотограмметрия. При исследовании строительно архитектурных особенностей башни Алахаш абаа выявлены специфические элементы деревянных балочных продольных укрепительных поясов сооружения. Данная технология описана Витрувием. На основе анализа археологического материала и технологии строительства сделан вывод, что оборонительные сооружения, скорее всего, одновременны или являются более ранними, чем центральный храм базилика. Конструктивные особенности последнего, археологические материалы и характер известкового раствора дают основания относить храм к одному из наиболее ранних в Абхазии и датировать его не позднее VI в. In 2013 when performing reconnaissance works, a joint Russian and Abkhazian expedition discovered an ensemble of architectural remains represented by a temple and defensive constructions in the village of Markula in the Ochamchira District of Abkhazia near the Alakhash abaa Tower well known in literature. The site got the name of the Markula hillfort. In 2014 the towers were measured, test trenches were dug, the masonry technology was partially examined, the church and the area around it were excavated. Traditional methods as well as physical and chemical analysis of the masonry mortar and photogrammetric mapping were employed. The study of the construction and architectural distinctive features of the Alakhash abaa Tower identified specific elements of lengthwise reinforcing strips of the construction made from wooden beams. This technology was described by Vitruvius. The analysis of the archaeological material and the technology concluded that these defensive constructions were, most likely, contemporary with the central basilica type church or had been made earlier. Constructive features of the basilica, archaeological materials and the nature of limestone mortar make it possible to consider this church as one of the earliest pieces of church architecture in Abkhazia and date it not later than the 6th century.

Dimensions and Proportions in Egypt’s Byzantine Religious Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 35-57
Author(s):  
Ramez Boutros
Keyword(s):  
Church Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Building Activity ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Church ◽  
Written Sources

In the study of Egypt’s Byzantine religious architecture, modern scholarship has been focusing essentially on es- tablishing the typology of plans and their relative chronology. Church building activity has also been studied by using the written sources complimented by the archaeological evidence. is abundant Christian archaeological material shows an amazing variety and complexity in church designs. ere is a need of a rationalized analysis of the proportion ratios of the church buildings, and a necessity to focus on the dominant factors dictating its size, the type of its structure, and the quantities of materials used in its construction. e study of geometric shapes and the evolution of their sacred perceptions is yet another interesting facet of this type of architecture. e purpose of this paper is to explore new approaches in studying the proportion ratios and its correlation with the measuring units used in Byzantine church architecture and the existence of any symbolic concepts.

scholarly journals The Uniate church with three “towers” in the village of Michale on the Bug

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Sygowski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Pipe Organs ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church ◽  
National Style

AbstractThe specificity of cultural tradition of the Uniate Church in the Commonwealth [Republic] of Poland was the integration of elements of the Eastern and the Western Church tradition. This process intensified throughout the 18th century and was observable first of all in the church interiors as well as in architecture. The result of assimilation of Latin elements was inter alia similarities in the appearance of Uniate and Catholic churches - more often in the western and northern regions of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kiev. In the church interior, the iconostasis was replaced by a set of Baroque altars - the main and usually two side ones. Pews, pulpits, confessionals and even pipe organs appeared. In the Eastern-Church architecture the three-part layout (the chancel, nave, and women’s section) was replaced by the two-part layout (the chancel and the large rectangular nave covered by gabled roofs with an ave-bell turret). The richest form of the Latinized Uniate church body was the churches with the two-tower front facade (inter alia Buśno, Kodeniec, Dywin [Dzivin], Hołoby [Goloby], Olble). After the Partitions, new patterns of Orthodox Church architecture were introduced in the Russian partition, in particular after the liquidation of the Uniate Church (in the Russian Empire - 1839, in the Kingdom of Poland - 1875). Uniate churches were replaced by Orthodox churches built in the Russian “national” style. After the devastations caused by the two World Wars, after the practice of demolishing Orthodox churches in the Lublin region in 1938, and after demolishing them under the Soviet Union and People’s Poland, there are very few Uniate churches left. In order to have a complete picture of the Uniate religious tradition, archives have to be searched (records of inspections, and inventories). The inspection records of 1788 describe the Uniate church (built in 1751) in the village of Michale on the Bug as one with “three towers”. The records show a similar description of the no longer extant Uniate church in Wielka Hłusza (Velyka Hlusha) in Volhynia: according to a later description it had two towers with a prominent ave-bell turret. It could be assumed that the Uniate church in Michale had a similar appearance. This church, converted in 1881 in the Russian “national” style”, completely lost its former appearance.

scholarly journals THE CHURCH OF THEOTOKOS OF TIKHVIN IN YUDMOZERO, ARKHANGELSK REGION. HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Andrey Bode ◽  
Tatiana Zhigaltsova
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
Log Structure ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church

The article describes three stages of constructing the Church of the Theotokos of Tikhvin in the village of Yudmozero located in the Onega district of the Arkhangelsk region, which were discovered through the analysis of data retrieved from the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, and the architectural features of these stages. The construction stages correlate with rebuilding the church in 1863 and replacing its porch and erecting a bell tower in 1907. The church is a quadrangle with a five-walled altar. The porch and the bell tower were lost. The on-site inspection of the monument enabled to classify this chapel church as a “chapel-type prayer house”, combining features of a chapel and a dwelling house. It differs from the chapels of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions or Karelia, since its core log structure is similar to a log cabin (“izba”). The chapel is distinguished by its dome and antechamber with a tent-like bell tower. The study resulted in reconstructing how the Yudmozero chapel looked between the late 18th and the early 20th centuries, and providing a brief analysis of the distinctive features of similar buildings in the villages of Vorzogory, Maloshuika, Nimenga, Podporozhye. The authors conclude that there are differences in the architectural traditions of Pomorye and the mainland Russian North, and put forward a hypothesis on the connection between the spread of chapel-type prayer houses and the Old Belief, which requires further study.

Ṭur ʿAbdin

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-223
Author(s):  
Elif Keser Kayaalp
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Small Churches ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Architectural Sculpture ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church

The introduction of the chapter analyses the topography of Ṭur ʿAbdin through comparisons and settlement relations. The material about church architecture is organized under the separate headings of ‘Villages’ and ‘Monasteries’, which constitute the main settlements in the region, together with some fortifications. The division of settlements into villages and monasteries also coincides with two distinct types of church plans: parish and monastic. In the section on villages, the main settlement features of a late antique village are discussed. After that, the village churches are examined through some of their distinct features, such as engaged arcades, masonry, brickwork, architectural sculpture, and outdoor oratories. The analysis shows that some of these churches underwent considerable rebuilding in the eighth century. Some sixth-century evidence points to their possible origins. Some small churches, built probably from scratch in the eighth century, show that in that period some architectural features were repeated faithfully. Monasteries are first examined as settlements, and spaces that constitute a monastery, other than the churches, such as walls, towers and beth qadishe, are discussed. Then both the main and secondary churches are examined in detail. Some churches of the monasteries stand out for their plan or decoration, such as the church of Mor Ḥananyo at Dayr al-Zaʿfarān and the main church of the monastery of Mor Gabriel. They are dealt with under separate headings. Although not a monastic church, the Church of Yoldath Aloho at Ḥāḥ is treated together with these churches because of some of its architectural features.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF EXISTENCE AND APPEARANCE AN ANCIENT RUS` CHURCH OF ASCENSION IN PEREMYSHL (PRZEMIŚL)

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-127
Author(s):  
Roman Frankiv
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
North West ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
The North ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Church

Architectural and urban organization of Przemyśl in the era of Kievan Rus' remains a little-studied topic. Significant changes that city has undergone throughout history have almost completely leveled the spatial structure of the first centuries of its history, when it was the capital, and later, the second most important city in Halician Rus'. One of the few covered topics are the identification and localization of religious buildings of the X-XIV centuries. Sometimes, data about them is obtained from small crumbs of information preserved in medieval sources, as well as in archaeological materials. The articles summarize the sources and archaeological materials about probable existence of ancient Rus` Ascension church on so-called "Tatar Hill" in Przemyśl. On their basis it provides arguments on this hypotheses. Such arguments are: onomastic (historical dominance of the name of the Ascension and its derivatives in the area), necropolic (presence of traces of the churchyard), ritualistic (ancient tradition of religious processions that ended here), conversionalistic (existence here in the XVI - XVII centuries roman-catholic chapel of St. Leonard may be associated with the practice of transformation of Latin temples from old Rus` ones). Additionally, it is supported by the practice of building rocky-wooden objects in Нalician Rus', a number of which were discovered in the second half of the twentieth century. Due to the exceptional location of the hill in terms of survey of the area and archaeological material, it was suggested a military nature of its use. However, in all the archaeological research conducted here since the nineteenth (and possibly eighteenth centuries), no object of military purpose has been found. This is a stark contrast, for example, to the archeological material found on Stare Zamchysko Hill (or the hill of the Three Crosses), one kilometer to the north-west. Probable structure of the Ascension Hill in ancient Rus` times can be outlined as such. The church could be part of a small monastery complex and was located on the highest rock from the west. The rock was partially covered with earth to eliminate cracks and level the surface. Further to the east there was a reduction, on which, on the loose soil, there were living quarters. The complex could protect the fence, both at the top and around the hill.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING OF THE CHURCH ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING ART OF ARTSAKH OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY ON THE PAGES OF THE EASTERN ARMENIAN PERIODICAL PRESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (8(72)) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
M. Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Cultural Centers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church

Our scientific research is dedicated to the study of the church architecture and urban art of Artsakh of the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century which is based on valuable materials published in the pages of the periodical press of Eastern Armenian. The article shows with undeniable facts that along with other branches of the Armenian culture the architecture and urban planning art developed in Artsakh during the period. Many magnificent architectural monuments, public buildings, printing houses, schools and other cultural centers were built. Previously built architectural monuments continued their activities in that period as well, some of which were renovated in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.  Among the historical and cultural values Dadivank (Khota Monastery or Charektar Monastery), the monastery of Amaras, the monastery of Gandzasar, the monastery of St. Hakoba, St. George Monastery (in the Khachen province), St. Yeghishe Monastery (in the Javanshir province), St. Ghondeants Monastery (Ghondik - desert, built in Varanda, near the village of Avetaranots), Gtich or Gtchavanq (in the Dizak province, near the village of Togh), Spitak Khach Monastery (in Dizak), Yerits Mankants Monastery, Inn Masants Monastery are known. And among the Armenian cultural centers are the Diocesan School of Shushi, the Realakan College, the Hripsimyan and Girls' Schools of Shushi, the Khandamiryan Theater Building, the Printing Houses of Metropolitan Baghdasar, Mirzajan Mahtesi Hakobyants, Bagrat Ter Sahakyan, Melkon Babajanyan, etc.. 

Historic Churches of New Mexico Today

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Graziano
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Pueblo Indians ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
Attachment To Place ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Church ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Historic Churches of New Mexico Today is an interpretive ethnography based on fieldwork among hispanic villagers, Pueblo Indians, and Mescalero Apaches. The fieldwork was reinforced by extensive research in archives and in previous scholarship. The book presents scholarly interpretations in prose that is accessible, often narrative, at times lyrical, and crafted to convey the experience of researching in New Mexican villages. Descriptive guide information and directions to remote historic churches are provided. Themes treated in the book include the interactions of past and present, the decline of traditions, a sense of place and attachment to place, the church as a cultural legacy, the church in relation to native traditions, resistance to Catholicism, tensions between priests and congregations, maintenance and restoration of historic buildings, and, in general, how the church as a place and devotion as a practice are important (or not) to the identities and everyday lives of individuals and communities. Among many others, the historic churches discussed in the study include the Santuario de Chimayó, San José de Gracia in Las Trampas, San Francisco de Asís in Ranchos de Taos, the village churches of Mora County, St. Joseph Apache Mission in Mescalero, and the mission churches at Laguna, Acoma, and Picurís Pueblos.

scholarly journals Physico Chemical Analysis of Sapota (Manilkara zapota) Coated by Edible Aloe Vera Gel

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Padmaja ◽  
S. John Don Bosco ◽  
J. Sudhakara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit have immense significance as they ultimately affect the quality of processed productsprepared from them. Over ripening of Sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruits at the post-harvest stage usually results in dramatic decline in quality.In the present study, physico chemical analysis (which includes Weight loss, Colour, Texture, TSS, pH, TA and Ascorbic acid content) ofedible Aloe vera gel coated Sapota fruits packed in LDPE and stored at 15 ± 2? were studied at regular intervals of 5 days i.e., 0th,5th, 10th,15thand 20th days. The dip treatment of Aloe vera gel coating 1:2, 7 minutes had best retained the physico chemical characteristics than the othertreatments performed and was found to be the most effective treatment in maintaining the fruit quality attributes along with the shelf lifeextension of about 20 days.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11703 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 20-25      

scholarly journals Formulation of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures Based on Physical and Chemical Analysis of Hydrodepolymerized Cellulosic Diesel Fuel

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 7331-7341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne J. Luning Prak ◽  
Peter J. Luning Prak ◽  
Paul C. Trulove ◽  
Jim S. Cowart
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Surrogate Fuel ◽  
Physical And Chemical
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