Alfalfa preservation methods and use in ruminants’ diet

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
В.Г. Косолапова ◽  
Г.В. Степанова ◽  
С.А. Муссие
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
High Concentrations

В статье представлены материалы, характеризующие основные способы консервирования люцерны, такие как заготовка на сено, сенаж и силос. Консервирование — это процесс создания условий, которые подавляют рост и активность патогенных микроорганизмов. Люцерна важна для животных из-за высокого содержания белка и аминокислот, но нуждается в эффективных методах консервирования с тем, чтобы использоваться крупным рогатым скотом в течение всего года. В обзорной статье авторами отмечается важность заготовки кормов в оптимальные сроки созревания растений для снижения уровня сырой клетчатки и повышения переваримости питательных веществ. По данным зарубежных исследователей, большое значение для сохранности питательных веществ корма имеет содержание влаги: в сене — не более 15%, в силосе — 45–65% и в сенаже — 35–40%. В настоящем обзоре представлены сведения о важности использования при заготовке корма консервантов, таких как бактериальные инокулянты и химические вещества, для ингибирования нежелательных микроорганизмов. В статье рассматривается значительное влияние люцерны и кормов из неё в качестве единственного корма на увеличение потребления сухого вещества, переваримость питательных веществ, прирост живой массы, утилизацию азота, удой молока, более полноценный состав жирных кислот в мышцах животных, а также на значительное снижение выбросов СН4 и снижение риска развития руминального ацидоза. Люцерна — наиболее перспективный корм для животных, поэтому основное внимание следует уделять факторам, влияющим на процесс консервирования и использования консервантов для лучшей сохранности питательных веществ. This article deals with the production of hay, haylage and silage from alfalfa. Preservation is a process preventing growth and activity of pathogenic flora. Alfalfa is a valuable crop due to high concentrations of protein and amino acids. However, effective preservation techniques are required allowing its availability throughout the year. To reduce crude fiber content and increase nutrient digestibility plant material should be harvested at optimal times. According to foreign literature water content has the most significant impact on feed nutritional value: in hay — up to 15%, silage — 45–65%, haylage — 35–40%. Bacterial strains and chemicals have the ability to inhibit the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and are the most common preservatives. Including alfalfa in livestock diet positively affects dry matter consumption, nutrient digestibility, weight gain, nitrogen utilization, milk yield, fatty acid composition in muscles but at the same time significantly reduces СН4 emission and the risk of ruminal acidosis. Alfalfa is the promising forage and therefore, its preservation needs to be accurately performed to maintain its nutritional value.

scholarly journals Intake and digestibility of nutrients during the grazing period in sheep on deferred marandu pastures with four initial heights

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4133-4146
Author(s):  
Jhonatan Gonçalves Silva ◽  
◽  
Letícia Marques da Fonseca ◽  
Laura Andrade Reis ◽  
Dallety Haloma Alves Miler de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Simulated Grazing ◽  
The Times

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of reducing in pasture height at the beginning of the deferment period (PHBD) of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu on nutrient intake and digestibility in sheep during winter. The combinations between average sward heights (15, 25, 35 and 45 cm) at the beginning of the deferment period and the times of sward use during the winter were evaluated; intake and digestibility evaluations were carried out at the beginning, middle and end of the grazing period, which lasted 90 days. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with three replications. The parameters evaluated were: intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible dry matter (pDDM). The pDDM contents were similar in pastures kept with 15 and 25 cm, but higher than those observed in pastures with 35 and 45 cm at the beginning of the deferment period. The NDF contents were lower and the CP and NDF digestibility were higher in 15 and 25 cm deferred pastures than in 35 cm at the beginning of deferment period, except for pastures lowered to 45cm. The improvement in nutritional value of the forage apparently ingested by sheep, promoted by ISP reduction, did not result in a variation in pasture consumption by the animals. DMI, expressed as percentage of body weight (%BW), ranged from 1.10 to 1.63. At the beginning of the grazing period, higher values of pDDM, CP and DM digestibility (DMD) were verified in simulated grazing samples. The same response pattern observed for nutritional value traits also occurred for DMI (g.day-1 and %BW) and CP intake. These were higher at the beginning, than at the middle and end of the grazing period. The use of lower sward heights at the beginning of the deferment period allowed the production of pasture with better nutritional quality, but these changes in the nutritional value of the pasture were insufficient to result in higher nutrient intake and digestibility. Furthermore, there was a reduction in nutritional value of the forage apparently consumed by sheep, in the intake and digestibility of deferred pastures throughout the grazing period, in winter. The lower pastures at the beginning of the deferment period (15 cm) improves the nutritional value of forage and nutrient digestibility at the beginning of the winter grazing period. The nutritional value and intake of deferred forage by sheep are compromised by the grazing period.

scholarly journals Effect of supplementing wheat offal with varied graded levels of sugarcane scrapping on utilisation of sorghum panicle fed Red Sokoto buck Keyw

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
H. Y. Adamu ◽  
A. M. Bolakale ◽  
S. B. Abdu ◽  
M. R. Hassan ◽  
M. Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Four Red Sokoto bucks of averageweight 17. 40±2kg were fed sugarcane scrappingmeal in a complete diet to evaluate the nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. In a 4×4 Latin Square Design four dietary treatments containing sugarcane scrapping at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels of inclusion supplementing wheat offal in a complete diet were used The proximate composition of the sugarcane scrapping showed that the scrapping had, 10.01, 2.98%and 3114 Kcal/Kg of CF, CP andME respectively. The results of the trial showed that significant high dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility of some and the nitrogen balance values were recorded in the bucks fed 30%. It was concluded that DM intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of bucks can be enhanced by including 30% of sugar cane scrapping in their diets.

scholarly journals Pengaruh perbedaan level pupuk urin terfermentasi pada media tanam hidroponik terhadap komposisi dan kecernaan nutrien fodder sorgum

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Harwanto Harwanto ◽  
Eko Hendarto ◽  
Bahrun Bahrun ◽  
Joni Johanda Putra ◽  
Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Range Test

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to determine the nutritional value and nutrient digestibility by in vitro of fodder sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) from the effect of the addition of fermented urine fertilizer to the hydroponic media.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The research used sorghum Numbu varieties grown hydroponically in the fodder phase, which was carried out in June - September 2020. The research treatments consist of water medium (T1), fermented urine 12.5 mL/L (T2) and 25 mL/L media (T3) with 4 replications. The urine fertilizer used was derived from fermented Ongole Crossbreed cow urine for 21 days. Fodder sorghum planted for 15 days. The results of the fodder harvest were analyzed by proximate and in vitro nutrient digestibility. Observation nutritional value parameters consists of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), total nutrient digestible (TDN), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA design, the significance by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The results showed that the addition of fermented urine had no effect on the DM, OM, and EE, but had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on CP, CF, TDN and nutrient digestibility. The T2 and T3 treatments increased crude protein by 6.31% and 11.23% compared to T1. T3 treatment increased organic matter digestibility by 3.06% compared to T1.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It can be concluded that the crude protein and organic matter digestibility of sorghum fodder at 15 days harvest stage, increases with the addition of fermented cattle urine up to 25.0 ml/L hydroponic media.

scholarly journals Effects of the Diet Inclusion of Common Vetch Hay Versus Alfalfa Hay on the Body Weight Gain, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency, Energy Balance, and Enteric Methane Emissions of Crossbred Simmental Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuchen Du ◽  
Fujiang Hou ◽  
Atsushi Tsunekawa ◽  
Nobuyuki Kobayashi ◽  
Toshiyoshi Ichinohe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Simmental Cattle

A low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE, the ratio of retained N to N intake) and high methane (CH4) emissions of ruminants can lead to potentially high diet protein wastage and directly contribute to global warming. Diet manipulation is the most effective way to improve NUE or reduce CH4 emissions. This study investigated how replacing oat hay with alfalfa hay (AH) or common vetch hay (CVH) with different proportions (20% (20) and 40% (40) of the total dry matter (DM) allowance) affects the body weight gain (BWG), NUE, and CH4 emissions of crossbred Simmental cattle. The forage dry matter intake (DMI) and the total DMI of cattle fed on a CVH40 diet were significantly higher than the values for those fed on AH20 or AH40 diets (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the BWG for the four treatments observed, however, nutrient digestibility significantly decreased in the AH40 diet as compared with the AH20 diet (p < 0.05). The NUE was significantly lower in AH40 than in CVH20. The CH4 emissions were significantly lower for the CVH40 diet than with the AH20 diet (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that a 20% AH and 40% CVH substitution for oat hay are the optimal proportions to maintain the BWG, NUE, nutrient digestibility, and reduce the CH4 emissions of crossbred Simmental cattle. Overall, CVH has a greater potential to reduce CH4 emissions than AH.

scholarly journals Preparation of compost using layer droppings with different materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
H Khatun ◽  
F Alam ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
SME Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Acceptable Range

The experiment was carried out by anaerobic composting with layer droppings (T1), layer droppings with straw (T2), layer droppings with fodder residues (T3) and layer droppings with saw dust (T4) under soil surface to study the suitable method with layer droppings and their nutrient composition. The sample from composted materials was collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 d for proximate analysis. In 30 d of composting dry matter and organic matter were gradually decreased in every method and which were also differed among the treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein (CP) gradually increased in every method and was higher in T3 (19.43%) and then T1 (18.93%), T4 (15.99%) and T2 (14.61%) (p<0.01) at 20 d of composting. The crude fiber content gradually decreased in every method and was higher in T2 followed by T4, T1 and T3 (p<0.01) considerably with the composting period. Ash content was increased in all treatments with the advancing of composting period (p<0.01). The C/N ratio was higher in T4 (22.4) followed by T2 (22.2), T1 (22.0) and T3 (21.9) (p<0.01) considerably with the composting period. The PH value in all treatments decreased up to first ten days then gradually increased with the increase of composting period. The pH value was higher in T1 (8.54) followed by T2 (8.15), T3 (8.10) and T4 (8.00) (p<0.01) at 30 d of composting period. The proximate compositions of all treatments were in acceptable range up to the end of composting period. Therefore, the  results suggest that composting layer droppings with fodder residues improve the nutritional  value of compost at 20d of composting time.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14131Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 120-123

ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Amoka Pius ◽  
Tawose O M
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea.  N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

scholarly journals A Grain-Based SARA Challenge Affects the Composition of Epimural and Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Communities throughout the Digestive Tract of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1658
Author(s):  
Jan C. Plaizier ◽  
Anne-Mette Danscher ◽  
Paula A. Azevedo ◽  
Hooman Derakhshani ◽  
Pia H. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Distal Jejunum

The effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge on the composition of epimural and mucosa-associated bacterial communities throughout the digestive tract were determined in eight non-lactating Holstein cows. Treatments included feeding a control diet containing 19.6% dry matter (DM) starch and a SARA-challenge diet containing 33.3% DM starch for two days after a 4-day grain step-up. Subsequently, epithelial samples from the rumen and mucosa samples from the duodenum, proximal, middle and distal jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were collected. Extracted DNA from these samples were analyzed using MiSeq Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Distinct clustering patterns for each diet existed for all sites. The SARA challenge decreased microbial diversity at all sites, with the exception of the middle jejunum. The SARA challenge also affected the relative abundances of several major phyla and genera at all sites but the magnitude of these effects differed among sites. In the rumen and colon, the largest effects were an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and a reduction of Bacteroidetes. In the small intestine, the largest effect was an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. The grain-based SARA challenge conducted in this study did not only affect the composition and cause dysbiosis of epimural microbiota in the rumen, it also affected the mucosa-associated microbiota in the intestines. To assess the extent of this dysbiosis, its effects on the functionality of these microbiota must be determined in future.

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