FLAXSEED CAKE IN PROTEIN FOOD ADDITIVES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. ЗВЕРЕВ ◽  
В.А. ЗУБЦОВ ◽  
В.Г. ЛОБАНОВ ◽  
Ю.Ф. РОСЛЯКОВ ◽  
Е.В. ГЛУХОВА
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Reference Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Исследована комплементарность белка льняного жмыха с белком ряда семян и зерна бобовых культур с целью создания пищевых добавок повышенной биологической ценности для использования в индивидуальном,функциональном, специализированном и спортивном питании. Произведен расчет аминокислотных скоров белка зерна продуктов растениеводства по отношению к эталонному белку ФАО/ВОЗ 2013 г. для человека (без учета усвояемости). По общему уровню белка и основным показателям льняной жмых существенно уступает только соевому жмыху и обрушенному люпину. Однако белок семян льна неполный. Разработан алгоритм оптимизации пятикомпонентных пищевых белковых систем по критерию максимума минимального аминокислотного скора лимитирующих аминокислот смеси. Программа расчета рационального состава белковых смесей выравнивает скоры лимитирующих аминокислот двух компонентов при ограничениях на содержание остальных трех компонентов. Определено, что идеальный белок (18–20%) получается при смешивании льняного жмыха с продуктами переработки зерна амаранта с долей льна (д. л.) 13–27%. Смеси льняного жмыха (ЛЖ) с нутом (Н) и люпином обрушенным (ЛО) с д. л. 37,0 и 6,5% соответственно имеют меньшее общее содержание белка, чем каждая компонента в отдельности, например, %: (ЛЖ + Н) 28, (ЛЖ + ЛО) 39, ЛЖ 31, ЛО 40. Однако смеси содержат большее количество эталонного белка: (ЛЖ + Н) 28%; (ЛЖ + ЛО) 37,6%. Для сравнения, содержание эталонного белка в продукте составляет, %: ЛЖ 23,3; ЛО 36,7; Н 25,0. Установлено, что высокое содержание белка в жмыхе, полученном из семян льна, позволяет создавать смеси с зернобобовыми продуктами, чей белок комплементарен льняному белку, иполучать пищевые системы с белком улучшенного аминокислотного профиля. The complementarity of flaxseed cake protein with the protein of a number of seeds and legume grains was studied in order to create food additives of increased biological value for use in individual, functional, specialized and sports nutrition. The calculation of the amino-acid score of the grain protein of some leguminous crops in relation to the FAO/WHO 2013 reference protein for humans (excluding digestibility) was made. In terms of the overall protein level and main indicators, flaxseed cake is significantly inferior only to soy cake and collapsed lupine. However, the protein of flax seeds is incomplete. An algorithm for optimizing five-component food protein systems based on the criterion of the maximum of the minimum amino-acid score of the limiting amino acids of the mixture is developed. The program for calculating the rational composition of protein mixtures equalizes the scores of limiting amino acids of two components with restrictions on the content of the other three components. It was determined that the ideal protein (18–20%) is obtained by mixing flaxseed cake with products of amaranth grain processing with a proportion of flax of 13–27%. Mixtures of flaxseed cake (FC) with chickpeas (Ch) and collapsed lupine (CL) with a proportion of flax of 37,0 and 6,5%, respectively, have a lower total protein content than each component separately, for example, %: (FC + Ch) 28, (FC + CL) 39, FC 31, CL 40. However, the mixtures contain more of the reference protein: (FC + Ch) 28%; (FC + CL) 37,6%. For comparison, the reference protein content in the product is, %: FC 23,3; CL 36,7; Ch 25,0. It was found that the high protein content in the cake obtained from flax seeds makes it possible to create mixtures with leguminous products whose protein is complementary to flaxseed protein, and to obtain food systems with protein of an improved amino acid profile.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Optimization of food compositions according to the ideal protein profile

Food systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
S. V. Zverev ◽  
V. I. Karpov ◽  
M. A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Sum Of Squares ◽  
Reference Protein ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Score

The paper emphasizes the importance of not only the quantitative but also qualitative composition of protein in nutrition. The authors propose protein classification into three main groups according to the concept of reference (ideal) protein. A mathematical model is examined to solve the task of rational mixture production upon the given profile of reference protein. Two variants of the criterion for formation of optimal composition are described. One of them presents the classical sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1. The second also presents the sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1 but with regard to only those amino acids, which scores are less than 1. The minima of these criteria at the set of variants for the content of ingredients are taken as targeted functions. The algorithm and the program of calculation were realized in the program environment Builder C++ 6.0. The macro flowchart of the algorithm is presented and detailed description of each block is given. The program interface before and after the start of the calculation module is shown. The main windows and interpretation of the presented data are described. An example of realization of the proposed mathematical apparatus when calculating a food model composition is given. Plant components (white kidney beans, flax, peanut, grit “Poltavskaya», dry red carrot) were used as an object of the research. Most plant proteins were incomplete. It is possible to regulate the chemical composition including correction of a protein profile by combination of plant raw materials. Analysis of alternative variants demonstrated that minimum essential amino acid score in the first composition was 0.79 (by the first criterion), in the second 1.0 (by the second criterion); the reference protein proportion in the mixture was 10.8 and 13.5, respectively, according to the first and second criterion. The comparative results by other quality indicators for protein in the mixture are also presented: the coefficient of amino acid score difference (CAASD), biological value (BV), coefficient of utility, essential amino acids index (IEAA).

DESIGNING BALANCED FEEDS FOR INDUSTRIAL AQUACULTURE USING PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES OF FISH BY-PASS RAW MATERIALS

Fisheries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Olga Mezenova ◽  
Dmitriy Pyanov ◽  
Svetlana Agafonova ◽  
Natalia Mezenova ◽  
V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Amino Acid Balance ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
By Products

The perspective of the production of domestic compound feed for the development of industrial aquaculture in Russia is shown. Alternative sources of protein in mixed fodder for salmon and sturgeon have been investigated. The advantages of using protein hydrolysates instead of a part of fishmeal in compound feed are described. The advantages of protein hydrolysates from fish by-products are considered, the chemical composition and molecular fractional composition of sublimated protein hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic and thermal pathways from sardinella scales and ridges are studied. The presence in hydrolysates of 53.3 - 97.7% of low molecular weight peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa with a total protein content of 80.8-94.1% was established. Indicators of amino acid balance (scor) of hydrolyzates of scales and ridges of sardinella were calculated in relation to the established requirements for amino acids in salmonids. Indicators of amino acid balance (scor) of hydrolyzates of scales and ridges of sardinella were calculated in relation to the established requirements for amino acids in salmonids.It was found that the introduction of an enzymatically obtained hydrolyzate is more favorable for an increase in the content of limiting amino acids in mixed feed, and the use of sardinella scales for hydrolysis is more preferable than its ridges.

scholarly journals The effect of meteorological conditions on the biochemical characteristics of sunflower seeds of the variety Skormas

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Pomorova ◽  
◽  
D.V. Beskorovainy ◽  
V.V. Pyatovsky ◽  
Yu.M. Serova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Sunflower Seeds

The seeds of early-ripening sunflower variety Skormas of the 2016-2018 years of cultivation became the material for the research. The article presents the results of oil content, total protein content, and analysis of amino acid composition. We conducted the research in the protein laboratory of the department of biological research of V.S. Pustovoit AllRussian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The protein content in the seeds of variety Skormas in different 40 growth seasons varied from 19.00 to 23.58 g, the coefficient of variation was C = 10.76 %. We established a strong inverse relation between oil content and protein content – r= -0.99. The meteorological conditions influenced the total protein content and oil content of the variety in different years of cultivation. Thus, with the hydrothermal coefficient (HC) equal to 1.2 in the growth season of 2016, the protein content in the seeds was 21.61 g, and with the HC equal to 0.6 of 2017, characterized as arid, it was 23.58 g. The protein content inversely correlates with the moisture supply of plants – r= -0.94. In years with insufficient soil moistening, sunflower seeds accumulate less oil and more protein. We identified the largest amount of the essential amino acids, 25.74 g/100g, in the seeds of variety Skormas, grown in 2018. The number of non-essential amino acids of 2016 and 2018 turned out to be nearly at the same level – 47.98 and 47.19 g/100g. Despite the differences in the total protein content, the amino acid composition of the seeds of the variety is fairly stable in the different growth seasons. The protein of seeds of the variety Skormas contains a large amount of glutamic acid – 16.46 g/100g and aspartic acid – 7.55 g/100g. In course of three years, their amount turned out to be stable. The coefficient of variation of these acids was С = 2.14 % and С = 2.40 %, respectively. The average content of the essential amino acid lysine for the same period was 2.42 g/100g with the coefficient of variation С = 12.14 %. The non-essential amino acids tyrosine and cysteine were at the level of 1.74 g/100g and 0.54 g/100g with the coefficient of variation С = 13.59 % and С = 16.32 %.

110 Evaluation of Macronutrient Composition and Amino Acid Digestibility of Select Novel Dietary Proteins for Use in Canine and Feline Nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Victoria A Gomez ◽  
Pam L Utterback ◽  
Carl M Parsons ◽  
Maria R de Godoy ◽  
Haley Russell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Abstract Demand for the inclusion of high-quality protein in companion animal diets has increased as owners have become more invested in the health of their pets. There is very little information on the nutrient content of novel proteins needed for a properly balanced diet, so as a result the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of raw chicken, spirulina, cricket meal, and fish (carp) slurry. Raw chicken has the lowest crude protein concentration (45.6%) on dry matter (DM) basis, whereas fish slurry had the highest (75.3%). All amino acids were moderately to highly digestible (70.2% to 98.8%, dry matter basis) with differences (P < 0.05) in all but arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, serine, and tyrosine. The limiting amino acid based on DIAAS-like values for adult dogs compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommended values were tryptophan for raw chicken and methionine for cricket meal. Comparing DIAAS-like values for adult dogs to National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances, the limiting amino acids were the same where raw chicken and fish slurry still had tryptophan and spirulina and cricket meal had methionine as the first limiting amino acids. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats compared to AAFCO and NRC values were all above 100% with the lowest being threonine for chicken (123.65%) compared to AAFCO nutrient profile for adult cats and histidine for spirulina (123.13%) compared to NRC for cats at maintenance. Based on the data gathered in this study, the novel dietary protein sources evaluated are of similar or superior protein quality compared with raw chicken; a traditional protein source widely used in pet foods.

scholarly journals Influence of macro and microelements on the biological value of wheat grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022130
Author(s):  
V Isaychev ◽  
N Andreev ◽  
F Mudarisov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Abstract This paper considers the influence of manganese and zinc sulfate, as well as Megamix-Zinc on the protein quality of grain of winter and spring wheat, when cultivating it on soils with a deficiency of certain microelements. It was found that treatment of seeds and growing plants of experimental crops with the studied preparations increased the content of the essential limiting amino acids in the grain of winter wheat - lysine by 85.7%, threonine by 116.7%, isoleucine + leucine by 20.9%, phenylalanine + tyrosine by 33.3% compared to the control variant. A rise in the amount and amino acid score of such limiting amino acids as lysine and threonine is also observed, which leads to a decline in the coefficient of difference of amino-acid scores up to 75.5% and an increase in the biological value of the total protein up to 24.5%. The total amount of amino acids in the grain of spring wheat increased when Megamix-Zinc was used in the cultivation technology, both on soils with natural fertility and with application of mineral fertilizers, which is associated with a rise in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism. The increase in relation to the control group is 0.42 - 1.34 mg/g, depending on the variant. Under the influence of the factors used, amino acid score of individual amino acids of the spring wheat protein increases in relation to the control group up to 2.1%.

scholarly journals Effect of the Rearing Substrate on Total Protein and Amino Acid Composition in Black Soldier Fly

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Andrea Fuso ◽  
Silvia Barbi ◽  
Laura Ioana Macavei ◽  
Anna Valentina Luparelli ◽  
Lara Maistrello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
By Products

Insects are becoming increasingly relevant as protein sources in food and feed. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is one of the most utilized, thanks to its ability to live on many leftovers. Vegetable processing industries produce huge amounts of by-products, and it is important to efficiently rear BSF on different substrates to assure an economical advantage in bioconversion and to overcome the seasonality of some leftovers. This work evaluated how different substrates affect the protein and amino acid content of BSF. BSF prepupae reared on different substrates showed total protein content varying between 35% and 49% on dry matter. Significant lower protein contents were detected in BSF grown on fruit by-products, while higher contents were observed when autumnal leftovers were employed. BSF protein content was mainly correlated to fibre and protein content in the diet. Among amino acids, lysine, valine and leucine were most affected by the diet. Essential amino acids satisfied the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) requirements for human nutrition, except for lysine in few cases. BSF could be a flexible tool to bio-convert a wide range of vegetable by-products of different seasonality in a high-quality protein-rich biomass, even if significant differences in the protein fraction were observed according to the rearing substrate.

Inter-annual and seasonal dynamics of amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition of silver belly Leiognathus splendens

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Chakraborty ◽  
Deepu Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Silver bellies, Leiognathus splendens were studied for their spatial (south-west and south-east coasts of India), annual (2008–2011) and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variations of protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The monthly mean Sea Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor data for the period from January 2008 to December 2011 were taken into account to indicate the distribution of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a to test the hypothesis that surface productivity might be related to nutritional biochemistry of this species. The four year average total protein content and chlorophyll-a showed good correlation during monsoon on the south-west coast and monsoon/post-monsoon on the south-east coast, suggesting that the protein content is prejudiced by the chlorophyll-a concentration. Amino acid scores observed monsoon maxima along the south-west and south-east coasts. Significant seasonal variations in vitamin content were observed at the study locations with high content of vitamins D3, E, K1 and C on the south-west coast. Na content was maximal during pre-monsoon on the south-west coast, while post-monsoon maxima of Ca and K content were observed. The Fe, Mn and Zn were abundant in the samples collected from the south-west coast. The concentration of Se exhibited maximum values post-monsoon along the south-west and south-east coasts. The present study demonstrated L. splendens as a valuable source of the protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins, showing that this low-value species is a good source of well balanced proteins with high biological value to be qualified as a preferred healthy food for human consumption.

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