scholarly journals Influence of macro and microelements on the biological value of wheat grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022130
Author(s):  
V Isaychev ◽  
N Andreev ◽  
F Mudarisov

Abstract This paper considers the influence of manganese and zinc sulfate, as well as Megamix-Zinc on the protein quality of grain of winter and spring wheat, when cultivating it on soils with a deficiency of certain microelements. It was found that treatment of seeds and growing plants of experimental crops with the studied preparations increased the content of the essential limiting amino acids in the grain of winter wheat - lysine by 85.7%, threonine by 116.7%, isoleucine + leucine by 20.9%, phenylalanine + tyrosine by 33.3% compared to the control variant. A rise in the amount and amino acid score of such limiting amino acids as lysine and threonine is also observed, which leads to a decline in the coefficient of difference of amino-acid scores up to 75.5% and an increase in the biological value of the total protein up to 24.5%. The total amount of amino acids in the grain of spring wheat increased when Megamix-Zinc was used in the cultivation technology, both on soils with natural fertility and with application of mineral fertilizers, which is associated with a rise in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism. The increase in relation to the control group is 0.42 - 1.34 mg/g, depending on the variant. Under the influence of the factors used, amino acid score of individual amino acids of the spring wheat protein increases in relation to the control group up to 2.1%.

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Victoria A Gomez ◽  
Pam L Utterback ◽  
Carl M Parsons ◽  
Maria R de Godoy ◽  
Haley Russell

Abstract Demand for the inclusion of high-quality protein in companion animal diets has increased as owners have become more invested in the health of their pets. There is very little information on the nutrient content of novel proteins needed for a properly balanced diet, so as a result the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of raw chicken, spirulina, cricket meal, and fish (carp) slurry. Raw chicken has the lowest crude protein concentration (45.6%) on dry matter (DM) basis, whereas fish slurry had the highest (75.3%). All amino acids were moderately to highly digestible (70.2% to 98.8%, dry matter basis) with differences (P < 0.05) in all but arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, serine, and tyrosine. The limiting amino acid based on DIAAS-like values for adult dogs compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommended values were tryptophan for raw chicken and methionine for cricket meal. Comparing DIAAS-like values for adult dogs to National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances, the limiting amino acids were the same where raw chicken and fish slurry still had tryptophan and spirulina and cricket meal had methionine as the first limiting amino acids. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats compared to AAFCO and NRC values were all above 100% with the lowest being threonine for chicken (123.65%) compared to AAFCO nutrient profile for adult cats and histidine for spirulina (123.13%) compared to NRC for cats at maintenance. Based on the data gathered in this study, the novel dietary protein sources evaluated are of similar or superior protein quality compared with raw chicken; a traditional protein source widely used in pet foods.


Author(s):  
С.В. ЗВЕРЕВ ◽  
В.А. ЗУБЦОВ ◽  
В.Г. ЛОБАНОВ ◽  
Ю.Ф. РОСЛЯКОВ ◽  
Е.В. ГЛУХОВА

Исследована комплементарность белка льняного жмыха с белком ряда семян и зерна бобовых культур с целью создания пищевых добавок повышенной биологической ценности для использования в индивидуальном,функциональном, специализированном и спортивном питании. Произведен расчет аминокислотных скоров белка зерна продуктов растениеводства по отношению к эталонному белку ФАО/ВОЗ 2013 г. для человека (без учета усвояемости). По общему уровню белка и основным показателям льняной жмых существенно уступает только соевому жмыху и обрушенному люпину. Однако белок семян льна неполный. Разработан алгоритм оптимизации пятикомпонентных пищевых белковых систем по критерию максимума минимального аминокислотного скора лимитирующих аминокислот смеси. Программа расчета рационального состава белковых смесей выравнивает скоры лимитирующих аминокислот двух компонентов при ограничениях на содержание остальных трех компонентов. Определено, что идеальный белок (18–20%) получается при смешивании льняного жмыха с продуктами переработки зерна амаранта с долей льна (д. л.) 13–27%. Смеси льняного жмыха (ЛЖ) с нутом (Н) и люпином обрушенным (ЛО) с д. л. 37,0 и 6,5% соответственно имеют меньшее общее содержание белка, чем каждая компонента в отдельности, например, %: (ЛЖ + Н) 28, (ЛЖ + ЛО) 39, ЛЖ 31, ЛО 40. Однако смеси содержат большее количество эталонного белка: (ЛЖ + Н) 28%; (ЛЖ + ЛО) 37,6%. Для сравнения, содержание эталонного белка в продукте составляет, %: ЛЖ 23,3; ЛО 36,7; Н 25,0. Установлено, что высокое содержание белка в жмыхе, полученном из семян льна, позволяет создавать смеси с зернобобовыми продуктами, чей белок комплементарен льняному белку, иполучать пищевые системы с белком улучшенного аминокислотного профиля. The complementarity of flaxseed cake protein with the protein of a number of seeds and legume grains was studied in order to create food additives of increased biological value for use in individual, functional, specialized and sports nutrition. The calculation of the amino-acid score of the grain protein of some leguminous crops in relation to the FAO/WHO 2013 reference protein for humans (excluding digestibility) was made. In terms of the overall protein level and main indicators, flaxseed cake is significantly inferior only to soy cake and collapsed lupine. However, the protein of flax seeds is incomplete. An algorithm for optimizing five-component food protein systems based on the criterion of the maximum of the minimum amino-acid score of the limiting amino acids of the mixture is developed. The program for calculating the rational composition of protein mixtures equalizes the scores of limiting amino acids of two components with restrictions on the content of the other three components. It was determined that the ideal protein (18–20%) is obtained by mixing flaxseed cake with products of amaranth grain processing with a proportion of flax of 13–27%. Mixtures of flaxseed cake (FC) with chickpeas (Ch) and collapsed lupine (CL) with a proportion of flax of 37,0 and 6,5%, respectively, have a lower total protein content than each component separately, for example, %: (FC + Ch) 28, (FC + CL) 39, FC 31, CL 40. However, the mixtures contain more of the reference protein: (FC + Ch) 28%; (FC + CL) 37,6%. For comparison, the reference protein content in the product is, %: FC 23,3; CL 36,7; Ch 25,0. It was found that the high protein content in the cake obtained from flax seeds makes it possible to create mixtures with leguminous products whose protein is complementary to flaxseed protein, and to obtain food systems with protein of an improved amino acid profile.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
A.T. Vasyukova ◽  
◽  
D.A. Tikhonov ◽  
A.V. Moshkin ◽  
I.A. Bogonosova ◽  
...  

The article presents a comparative characteristic of the amino acid composition of the «ideal» protein and the developed formulation of combined products. The results of calculation of the amino acid score (AAS) of the essential amino acids in the novel protein product are given. AAS is within the range from 105 to 143%. The developed formulation of a combined product has an insignificantly limited amount of valine (98%). Based on AAS, the difference coefficients of the examined amino acids were calculated (from –0.2 to 4.36%) and the biological value of each of the components of the formulation was determined. The nonessential amino acid composition of the «ideal» protein, raw materials of vegetable and animal origin and products produced according to the developed formulation are considered. The formulation of the novel combined product has been characterised as a full and balanced amino acid composition, suitable for nutrition, containing all the amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. The maximum AAS has been noted in steamed meatballs with beef, mutton and cabbage, which by 7.61% exceeds the AAS of steamed meatballs with beef and mutton and by 9.38% – the AAS of steamed meatballs with beef. The examined product has a high biological value – from 95 to 99%. The developed mathematical model is applicable to specification of the formulation under more specific conditions, for instance, for a particular age category. The novelty of the model consists in its priority with respect to the organoleptic properties and consumer preferences of the developed formulation. Key words: combined products, simplex method, amino acid score, formulation composition, protein


2001 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Biljana Bauer Petrovska

The nutritional quality of mushroom protein varies and is strongly affected by the relative proportion of each amino acid. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate the concentration of the amino acids present in mushroom proteins in order to evaluate the protein nutritional value. In this investigation fifteen field-collected mushroom samples of the Boletaceae family from various parts of Macedonia were included. After acid hydrolysis and pre-column derivatisation with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) determination of seventeen amino acids was carried out by the HPLC method. Tryptophan was determined spectophotometrically in the alkaline hydrolysates. The dietary protein quality of the investigated mushrooms was evaluated by comparison of the essential amino acid content with the reference FAO/WHO pattern. Essential amino acids made up 47-75 % of all determined amino acids depending on the origin and the species of the fruit body. Lysine was the most often found limiting amino acid in the investigated mushrooms samples. The nutritional value of proteins calculated by biological value, protein ratio, chemical score and essential amino acid index was very high in the majority of mushrooms studied. The biological value of the mushroom protein varied from 51.3 to 78.9 %. Protein amino acids accounted for about 66.7 % of the total nitrogen, suggesting that a practical nitrogen to protein conversion factor for this Macedonian edible Boletaceae mushroom may be considered to be about 4.17 on average.


Author(s):  
V. М. Kondratiuk ◽  

The effect of use of complete feed with different lysine and methionine levels on the hematological and biochemical indicators of rainbow trout blood is studied in the article. The aim of the experiment was to establish the effect of different levels of amino acid nutrition of commercial rainbow trout on hematological and biochemical indicators of its blood. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the analog method. The study lasted 210 days and was divided into two periods: equalizing (10 days) and basic (200 days). In the equalizing period, the trial fish consumed feed of the control group. In the basic period of the experiment, the level of lysine and methionine in the production feed ranged from 2.5 to 2.9% and from 0.8 to 1.0%, respectively. It was found that the different content of lysine and methionine in the diets of two-year-old rainbow trout did not cause significant changes in biochemical indicators of blood. The increase in the content of limiting amino acids in the combined feed of young rainbow trout caused slight deviations in hemoglobin content compared to control. The analysis of the obtained results revealed the highest content of erythrocytes (1.28 T/l) in the blood of specimen of experimental group 5, the level of amino acids in combined feeds was the lowest. Its highest content was found in the blood plasma of trout of experimental group 4, which received combined feed with a content of 2.8 % lysine and 0.95 % methionine. The concentration of total protein in the blood serum was almost the same in all experimental groups of commercial rainbow trout. It was found that different levels of amino acid nutrition of rainbow trout did not affect the dynamics of changes in the blood cell morphology differentials.


Author(s):  
Maryam Abdulkadir Dangambo ◽  
Adamu Jibrin Alhassan ◽  
Atiku Muhammad Kano ◽  
Hafiz Abubakar ◽  
Zinat Suleiman Muhammad

Background and aims: Amino acids composition of local and regional dietary proteins determines the protein quality. The study was aimed at evaluating amino acid profiles of some selected traditional diets commonly consumed in Jigawa (JG), Kano (KN) and Katsina (KT) States, Northwest Zone-Nigeria. Methods: The selected prepared diets (four per state) include; JG Tuwon masara using white maize served with Kuka soup (JG TMW SWKS), JG Tuwon masara using yellow maize served with Kuka soup (JG TMY SWKS), JG Danwake served with groundnut oil and pepper (JG Danwake SWGOP), JG Moimoi, KN Tuwon masara using white maize served with Kuka soup (KN TMW SWKS), KN Tuwon masara using yellow maize served with Kuka soup (KN TMY SWKS), KN rice and beans served with groundnut oil and pepper (KN Rice and Beans SWGOP), KN Danwake served with groundnut oil and pepper (KN Danwake SWGOP), KT Tuwon masara using white maize served with Kuka soup (KT TMW SWKS), KT Tuwon masara using yellow maize served with Kuka soup (KT TMY SWKS), KT Danwake served with groundnut oil and pepper (KT Danwake SWGOP) and KT Dambu. The preparations were dried and grounded into powdered form and analyzed using standard methods. Results: The amino acid profile of the diets consumed in the three states show higher content of total non-essential amino acids (NEAA) compared with essential amino acids (EAA). The amino acid score of the prepared diets though higher than the standard amino acid score by WHO/FAO/UNU (2007), may support the normal growth of all age groups except lysine. The limiting amino acid score was found to be either lysine or SAA (cysteine + methionine) in all the 3 states’ diets. Histidine was found to have the highest score in all the diets except in JG Moimoi and KN Danwake served with groundnut oil and pepper (SWGOP) respectively. The low levels of lysine and SAA in some of the diets may be due to low contents of these amino acids in the ingredients used. Conclusion: This study showed that, the amino acid score of the prepared diets though higher than the standard amino acid score established by WHO/FAO/UNU may support the normal growth of infants, children as well as adults except lysine. Keywords: traditional diets, amino acids, amino acid profile, amino acid score.


Author(s):  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Ivanova

The article focuses on protein content and amino acid composition in different varieties of forage beans (Istok, Maria, Uzunovskie, Alfred), which are used in fodder of the farm poultry. Among them, there was studied a limiting factor - methionine, cysteine and lysine content. Portion of crude protein in the studied varieties of forage beans made between 24.7% (Alfred variety) - 27.9% (Maria variety), mean value made 26.3%. According to absolute portion of amino acids, Istok variety stands out among the rest. Amount of essential amino acids in crude protein is mean 44.32% with great instability of values: from 36.6 to 49.6%. The ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids (amino acid index) is an average of 0.53. Biological value of forage beans samples varied from 45.7% (Maria variety) to 52.8% (Istok variety), an average value made 49.9%. A comparative analysis of amino acid content of forage beans and eggs showed low biological value of forage beans due to the shortage of amino acids, particularly sulphur bearing ones: methionine and cysteine. Taking into account the fact that the better protein in the fodder meets the animals’ need in amino acids, the more of it is used to support vital functions of the organism, maximum fertility. In order to increase biological value of forage beans it is necessary to select varieties with greater content of essential amino acids, especially, limiting ones.


Author(s):  
I. M. Inuwa ◽  
M. K. Atiku ◽  
J. A. Mashi

Cadaba farinosa Forssk is a wild shrub whose seeds are eaten as a famine food in North Eastern Nigeria when there is poor harvest of conventional crops. This research was carried out in order to evaluate the protein quality of the seeds and to carry out the growth performance of experimental animals fed on seeds processed by different methods. The processed methods include cooking, cooking with the addition of potash, fermentation and sprouting. PTH-Amino acid analyzer was used to determine the amino acid profile and milk reference protein was used for scoring the essential amino acids. The products were fed to weaning albino rats for 28 days growth performance studies. The determination of nitrogen content of the feed, faeces, urine and the carcass of the animals were carried out by Kjeldahl method. Protein quality evaluation of the processed products was carried out by calculating the Biological Value (BV), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU) and The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acids Score (PDCAAS). Results of Amino acid analysis showed that the sample cooked with addition of potash contain higher levels of amino acids. Glutamic acid was found to the most abundant amino acid with a value of 11.96 g/ 100 g and 13.96 g/ 100 g in the sprouted and raw seeds respectively. Chemical score of amino acids revealed higher score for protein of seeds cooked with addition of potash except tryptophan which was 219.29% for seeds cooked without potash. The highest PDCAAS (49.84%) was found in the diet cooked with potash, however, it showed lower biological value (95%) and protein efficiency ratio (0.32). The group fed with sprouted diet showed significant increase (P=.05) in body weight (52.13%). Though cooking with addition of potash showed higher distribution of amino acids, but sprouting and fermentation were more promising in terms of promoting the growth of the experimental animals.


2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kareem & Shakir

The present study aimed to study the functional and nutritional properties of Defatted Okra Powder DOP and Okra Protein Concentrate OPC and Okra Protein Isolate OPI product from okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus), Essential amino acids 39.64, 40.93, 42.04% to DOP, OPC and OPI  respectively, the theoretical biological value (BV) 66.12, 68.3, 69.94 for DOP, OPC and OPI respectively, the degree amino acid score (AAS) 104.01, 106.73, 109.23  respectively  for the same groups and the same order, mineral ratio for  phosphorus 1750, 2430, 110 mg/kg-1 of the three groups respectively, water absorption 1.82, 2.81, 3.36, fat absorption 2.03, 2.62, 3.03, foam capacity 58.1 0.64, 76.6%, and emulsion activity 50.23, 59, 60.38 m2/g-1.


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